Research has shown that implicitly guiding attention via visual cues or unrelated tasks can increase the likelihood of solving insight problems. We examined whether following another person making specific skin-crossing saccades could induce similar attentional shifts and increase solution rates for Duncker's ((1945)) radiation problem. We presented 150 participants with ...

Using a novel blinded intrapatient vehicle control design, we conducted a phase II study of topically administered halofuginone, an angiogenesis inhibitor that inhibits collagen type-I and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. Serial Kaposi sarcoma biopsies assessed treatment effects on angiogenic factors and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-latency associated ...

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have strongly diminished in the HAART era, but their impact on life expectancy of people with AIDS (PWA) needs to be monitored. We aimed at quantifying the burden of KS and NHL on mortality of PWA in the HAART period in Italy. Death ...

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is related causally to Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and a subset of cases of multicentric Castleman's disease. As the numbers of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients have increased, KSHV-associated diseases have also increased in Japan. Sporadic cases of classic Kaposi's sarcoma have also been reported ...

Since the first reports between the association of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and neoplasia, there has been a dramatic change in the incidence and epidemiology of AIDS-related malignancies. Kaposi sarcoma (KS), non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), and cervical cancer are classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as ...

Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) variants have been found heterogeneously distributed among human populations living in diverse geographic regions, but their differential pathogenicity in Kaposi's sarcoma development remains controversial. In the present study, HHV-8 variant distribution has been analyzed in classic, iatrogenic, endemic as well as epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) during pre-AIDS ...

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) may be categorized into four primary clinical variants: classic, iatrogenic, endemic or African, and epidemic or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related KS. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated Kaposi sarcoma typically presents on the face and trunk as pink to red macules and papules and can be rapidly progressive leading to ...

AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma is an important, life-threatening opportunistic infection among people living with HIV/AIDS in resource-limited settings. In western countries, the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and new chemotherapeutic agents has resulted in decreased incidence and improved prognosis of AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. In African cohorts, however, mortality remains high. ...

The AIDS Malignancy Consortium undertook a pilot trial of valproic acid among patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma (KS). Treatment was associated with low toxicity, but the KS clinical response and KS herpesvirus lytic induction rates were not sufficiently high to meet predefined criteria for efficacy.

The aim of the study was to describe the temporal trends in the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in black South Africans in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). The study was designed as a retrospective record review. The incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma was estimated using administrative records for patients receiving care for KS ...

The simultaneous presence of infectious organisms within cutaneous lesions of Kaposi sarcoma in persons with AIDS has been demonstrated. We describe a patient with concurrent leprosy and Kaposi sarcoma presenting as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in the setting of AIDS.

AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. We describe the pattern of presentation and survival in Jos, Nigeria. We identified 48 HIV-positive patients with AIDS-KS and matched them for age and sex with an equal number of HIV-positive patients without AIDS-KS. We compared their clinical, ...

Kaposi sarcoma is a neoplasm commonly seen in HIV patients. Cutaneous lesions may vary in presentation between patients. In AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma, small red papules or nodules initially present on the face, especially on the nose, and the trunk, that then rapidly spread to other areas. We present an unusual ...

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a fulminate and disseminated form of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining neoplasm, usually presenting pulmonary involvement. We report a 40-year-old woman with AIDS and biopsy-proven KS showing unusual high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings. HRCT showed areas of ground-glass attenuation with superimposed septal thickening ("crazy-paving" pattern). CT-pathologic correlation ...

BACKGROUND: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes genetically diverse K1 alleles which have unique geographic distributions. Little is known about K1 genetic diversity in Zimbabwe where acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated KS (AIDS-KS) is epidemic. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate K1 diversity in Zimbabwe and compare Zimbabwean K1 diversity to other areas in Africa. STUDY DESIGN: ...

PURPOSE: Registry-based studies provide valuable data regarding cancer risk among people with HIV/AIDS (PWHA). Such studies utilize the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) to estimate the relative risk (RR), an etiologically relevant measure. However, SIR may underestimate RR when HIV/AIDS prevalence in the general population or RR is high. We quantified ...

This case report describes an exacerbation of AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma (KS) in the setting of iatrogenic Cushing syndrome caused by an interaction between ritonavir-boosted atazanavir and fluticasone. Discontinuation of fluticasone resulted in resolution of the cutaneous KS. Clinicians should be aware of this potential drug-drug interaction that can result in ...

INTRODUCTION: Malignant disorders have been linked to the HIV epidemic from its onset. Implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has resulted in a dramatic reduction in the HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality. The present study evaluates the neoplasm prevalence before and after the implementation of HAART. METHODS: A cross-sectional study ...

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a neoplasm often associated with iatrogenic and acquired immunosuppression, is characterized by prominent angiogenesis. Angiogenic factors released from KS and host cells and HIV viral products-the protein Tat are reported to be involved in angiogenesis. Mounting evidence further suggests that multiple angiogenic activities of Tat contribute to ...

To identify factors related to progression to CMV end-organ disease, cytokine production, proliferative capacity and phenotype of CMV-specific CD4(+) T-cells were analysed longitudinally. Numbers of IFNgamma(+)CD4(+) and IFNgamma(+)IL-2(+)CD4(+) T-cells tended to decrease in individuals progressing to AIDS with CMV end-organ disease (AIDS-CMV), whereas they remained detectable in long-term asymptomatics (LTAs) ...

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is characterised by proliferation of vascular endothelial and lymphoreticular cells, frequently with a multicentric expression developed from a single node and evolving to multiple cutaneous lumps or plaque-like appearance. Four types of KS with similar histological patterns have been described in terms of their clinical and epidemiological ...

Reasons for gender-related differences in the risk of AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma (AIDS-KS) are unknown. Four hundred thirty-eight male and 166 female AIDS-KS patients were evaluated in Harare, Zimbabwe. Female patients were younger than male patients in this study (median of 33 vs. 38 years; P < 0.001), mirroring the epidemiology ...

The recent progress in the genetic characterization of many primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) allows for a better understanding of immune molecular and cellular mechanisms. The present chapter discusses associations between PIDs and autoimmune diseases (AIDs) in this new light. PIDs are classified according to the frequency of association with AIDs, defining ...

Kaposi's sarcoma is a vascular tumor of skin and viscera first described in 1872. Prior to the 1980s, this disease was rarely seen in the Western world, but was quite prevalent in Sub-Saharan African countries. Since the onset of the HIV pandemic in the 1980s, the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma ...

The AIDS Cancer and Specimen Resource (ACSR) supports scientific discovery in the area of HIV/AIDS-associated malignancies. The ACSR was established as a cooperative agreement between the NCI (Office of the Director, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis) and regional consortia, University of California, San Francisco (West Coast), George Washington University ...

INTRODUCTION: Kaposi's sarcoma is an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining illness, and with the size of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) are now being diagnosed more frequently, although the true incidence of HIV-associated KS is not known. The clinical presentations of AIDS-related KS ...

There have been a number of reports on the improvement of concomitant autoimmune disease (AID) after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) performed for hematologic malignancy. However, in some cases of hematologic malignancy with AID, exacerbation of AID after autologous SCT has been reported. We have treated 27 adults with ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma results from co-infection with HIV and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8, which leads to the development of an angiogenic-inflammatory state that is critical in the pathogenesis of the condition. Recent discoveries regarding Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8 infection and its activation of signal transduction have led ...

Somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination in germinal centers critically depend on activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Deregulation of AID may lead to the aberrant activation or persistence of both genetic processes, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphomas by mistargeted mutagenesis or recombination. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes an asymptomatic ...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with phenotiazinium compounds (methylene blue and toluidine blue) and excitation by a non-coherent light source (RL50) to treat AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (Sk-AIDS). BACKGROUND DATA: Sk-AIDS is a malignant disease that is recurrent in AIDS patients. ...

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most frequent type of cancer in patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). In the western world, its incidence decreased dramatically in the era of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). In contrast, the incidence of KS has been steadily climbing in parallel with the AIDS ...

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a low-grade vascular tumor that typically manifests as one of four variants: classic KS, endemic (African) KS, iatrogenic (organ transplant-related) KS, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related KS. Several clinical and epidemiologic differences have been noted among these variants. Classic KS and endemic KS rarely require radiologic ...

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), an enzyme with homology to members of the APOBEC family, is involved in somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, either by direct deamination of DNA or by an indirect action through its putative RNA editing activity. AID is able to mutate both Ig-like reporter constructs ...

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a unique cellular enzyme that can trigger point mutations and chromosomal translocations, both of which potentially disturb normal cellular metabolism and affect cancer initiation and progression. The involvement of AID in the progression of leukemia has been suggested by multiple groups on the basis of ...

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We investigated the prevalence of functional hyposplenism in autoimmune disorder (AID)-associated and complicated celiac disease (CD). In addition, because the association between hyposplenism and overwhelming infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in patients with CD is well known, we investigated whether immunoglobulin (Ig)M memory B cells, which are ...

OBJECTIVE: To review the current South American literature on classic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), and point the way for studies that still need to be performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors performed an exhaustive search in LILACS, SCIELO and PUBMED databases for classic KS and HHV-8 ...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients are at increased risk of developing cancer, particularly in the later stages of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite the advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), malignancy in this population is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's ...

Kaposi sarcoma is a vascular neoplastic disorder that is associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The causative factor in Kaposi sarcoma is human herpes virus-8. This complication of AIDS has a predilection for homosexual males and is rarely associated with the female AIDS population. However, we present a case ...

Biopsied tissue specimens from 40 cases of classic, atypical classic, endemic, and AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) were investigated by electron microscopy. To search for ultrastructural differences between non-AIDS-associated KS and AIDS-associated KS, the occurrence of the following 2 ultrastructural abnormalities of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in KS cells was evaluated ...

The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has changed the natural history of AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Although the use of HAART remains limited in low-resource settings, there are global initiatives to make these drugs available to several millions of HIV-infected persons. While there are multiple reports of KS ...

A 29-year-old male with AIDS was treated with bleomycin and vincristine for visceral Kaposi's sarcoma. Three days later, he developed two distinct eruptions simultaneously. One eruption was characterized by tender, erythematous, edematous plaques and nodules on the palmar and dorsal surfaces of the hands, forearms, and elbows. The other consisted ...

While there have been many important advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), it remains both a challenge and an enigma in many ways. Kaposi's original description of "multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic sarcoma[s]" in patients who died within 2-3 years resembles KS in AIDS more than classic KS in elderly ...

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the most common tumor arising in HIV-infected patients and is considered an AIDS-defining illness by CDC guidelines. Recent advances in the elucidation of the pathogenesis of KS continue to uncover potential targets for therapies. Such targets include the KS herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 and the processes of ...

BACKGROUND: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is associated epidemiologically with HIV infection and a number of countries have reported a dramatic increase in the incidence of KS with the advent of AIDS. Although AIDS is prevalent in Kenya, no studies on the impact of AIDS on the pattern of KS has been ...

AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS), which is the most prevalent AIDS related cancer, arises in a unique environment characterized by profound immunosuppression in conjunction with sustained immunostimulation. Persistent inflammation and the accompanying increased production of reactive species can promote carcinogenesis by numerous routes including sustained cell proliferation, initiation of nuclear and ...

A record linkage was carried out between the Italian National Registry of AIDS and 19 cancer registries. The aim was to evaluate the 1986 through 1998 trends in incidence rate (IR) of AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs) among persons with AIDS (PWA) in Italy overall and according to various characteristics. A steady ...

AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma can affect the eye: the (bulbar) conjunctiva and lacrimal gland being rare sites of occurrence. We present a case of AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma of the conjunctiva in which MR imaging was effective in suggesting the diagnosis and aiding therapeutic strategy. We also discuss advances in imaging of ...

The relationship between Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) viremia and KS disease was investigated in 500 subjects who received treatment in Harare, Zimbabwe. Subjects were grouped by results of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 serological tests, KS diagnosis, and KS clinical stage. The plasma KSHV DNA concentration was associated with ...

Human herpesvirus type 8, or Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is the only known human g(2) herpesvirus (rhadinovirus) and the most recently discovered tumor virus. KSHV is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma and two other lymphoproliferative disorders in the AIDS setting: primary effusion lymphoma and the plasma cell variant of multicentric Castleman's ...

BACKGROUND: Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) is a proliferation of aberrant vascular structures lined by spindle cells, and is caused by a gammaherpes virus (HHV8/KSHV). Its course is aggravated by co-infection with HIV-1, where the timing of infection with HIV-1 and HHV8 is important for the clinical outcome. METHODS: In order to ...