Objectives:To pilot-test a visual aid developed to help counsel pregnant women.Methods:After agreeing to participate, pregnant women at >28 weeks of gestation were assigned randomly to counseling with or without a visual aid. The visual aid contained pictures, graphics, and short messages about delivery room resuscitation, chances of survival, anticipated neonatal ...

The prior identification of local people's preferences for conservation-development projects will help gear nature-conservation strategies toward the needs of different groups of local people. This will help policy-makers in designing a more acceptable and effective conservation strategy. This article reports a study of local perceptions of a community forestry project ...

Communication targeting resource communities, sites of potentially damaging industries such as forestry, mining, and logging, requires an understanding of risk perceptions among residents living within these communities. Among concerns facing these communities is social stigmatization, an actual or feared negative psychological experience associated with living in a community with an ...

To outline the prevalence and disparities of vision problems among school-aged urban minority youth, causal pathways through which vision problems adversely affects academic achievement, and proven or promising approaches for schools to address these problems. Literature review. More than 20% of school-aged youth have some kind of vision problem. In ...

Given the expectation that trainees develop into adaptive experts, able to effectively solve both routine and nonroutine problems of practice, and that they do so by actively guiding and shaping their own learning, the purpose of this study was to explore how residents at the postgraduate level of training conceptualize ...

The present study investigated the relationship between non-verbal behaviours and perceptions of the communication abilities of an individual with anomia secondary to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Thirty-four university students studying Communication Sciences and Disorders were randomly assigned to watch or listen to six short clips of an individual with TBI ...

A random digit dialing telephone survey was used to interview 8,467 adults in Ontario, Canada. The NODS-CLiP was used to identify a representative sample of 730 gamblers (54.3% male, mean age 45.3 years) with possible past year gambling problems in order to explore factors that might affect disordered gamblers' motivators for ...

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common physical disability in early childhood. The worldwide prevalence of CP is approximately 2-2.5 per 1,000 live births. It has been clinically defined as a group of motor, cognitive, and perceptive impairments secondary to a non-progressive defect or lesion of the developing brain. Children ...

Recent trends show a disproportionate increase in new incidences of HIV infection among teenagers compared to other population segments. This study assessed secondary school students' perception of AIDS epidemic, and the influence of sociodemographic variables and AIDS knowledge on their perception and sexual practices. Nigerian teenagers (N=1143) were surveyed using ...

Perception of safety is an important component to the well-being of community members in their own neighborhood. The present study was the first of its kind to model community perception of safety utilizing a primarily Native Hawaiian and Asian American community sample (N = 101) and with perceived youth violence and delinquency ...

This study evaluated the effects of mobilizing community coalitions and implementing prevention intervention concerning public awareness, knowledge, and perception of the risks associated with club drug use by Taiwanese urban youth. A quasi-experimental design was used. Three communities in Taipei city were included in the present study. A total of ...

ABSTRACT. Objective: To evaluate how adolescents with marijuana problems who received a research-based treatment (five sessions of motivational enhancement therapy plus cognitive behavioral therapy [MET/CBT5]) in an experimental setting would have fared had they received exemplary community-based outpatient treatment. Method: Twelve-month outcomes representing six domains (substance use problems, substance use ...

Research on treatment utilization among offenders with mental health problems and substance use problems, i.e. the 'triply troubled', is scarce. The aim was to contribute to the general knowledge about treatment patterns among the triply troubled. This register-based study explored treatment patterns during a 3-year follow-up among 157 Swedish offenders ...

BACKGROUND: Polysubstance use is common in substance users, and may complicate their clinical course. This study, in a criminal justice setting in Sweden, examines the association between the number of concurrently used substance types and psychiatric symptoms during 30 days before incarceration, while controlling for background variables such as family ...

Despite high rates of comorbidity among pathological gambling, substance use disorders, and other psychiatric conditions, health professionals rarely screen their clients for gambling problems. We report on the performance of the NODS-CLiP, an existing brief, three-item screen for problem and pathological gambling, and an alternative four-item screen that demonstrates improved ...

Although deficits in impulse control have been linked to adolescent use of alcohol and illicit drugs, less attention has been given to variability in change in impulse control across adolescence and whether this variability may be a signal of risk for early substance use. The goals of the current study ...

This study assessed the factor structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity of the Problems Assessment for Substance Using Psychiatric Patients (PASUPP; Carey, Roberts, Kivlahan, Carey, & Neal, 2004) with a sample of 278 men and women seeking outpatient dual-diagnosis treatment. All participants were diagnosed with a current AUD ...

Limited research has examined the prevalence and frequency of specific problems of concerned family members and significant others (CSOs) of alcohol- or substance-using individuals (SUIs). We surveyed CSOs of SUIs to determine the prevalence and frequency of their problems and explored whether relationship to the SUI, gender of the CSO, ...

Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) audiologists were surveyed regarding their perceptions and evaluations of hearing aid (HA) brands on seven factors previously published in peer-reviewed research as important to the HA brand preference decision of audiologists. One of the seven factors formed a distinct dimension of brand differentiation based on ...

BACKGROUND: Illicit methamphetamine use has risen dramatically over the last decade. We sought to examine methamphetamine use among individuals presenting for drug treatment in South Carolina, USA, to assess trends over time, correlates of methamphetamine use, and the relationship between methamphetamine use and functional/behavioral problems. METHODS: Data from 2000 to ...

Setting priorities is critical to ensure guidelines are relevant and acceptable to users, and that time, resources and expertise are used cost-effectively in their development. Stakeholder engagement and the use of an explicit procedure for developing recommendations are critical components in this process. We used a modified Delphi consensus process ...

The weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an important pest of palms. It has recently colonized the Mediterranean Basin where it is a serious problem on ornamental Phoenix canariensis (hort. ex Chabaud) palms. The efficacy of an insecticidal paint based on chlorpyrifos and pyriproxyfen in a microencapsulated formulation (Inesfly ...

Accessibility to prevention and remediation programs is critical for today's children who face a broad range of adversities placing them at risk for emotional and academic problems. This introduction briefly summarizes the articles in the Special Section, which provide an overview of different interventions aimed at preventing or ameliorating various ...

This study describes the inequalities in preventable avoidable mortality in relation to socioeconomic levels and analyses their evolution during the period 1996-2003 in the cities of Alicante, Castellon and Valencia. Four causes of preventable avoidable mortality were analysed according to sex: malignant tumour of the trachea, bronchus and lung, cirrhosis ...

For many students the importance of primary prevention is unquestionable. However, once they are exposed to the large number of problems that prevention practitioners and prevention scientists face, their preliminary enthusiasm decreases. It is suggested that in order to keep students' positive attitude toward primary prevention and to empower them ...

Falls prevention is a complex problem. Following in the footsteps of an earlier fall prevention team, the Safe Landings Fall Prevention Team used many strategies for implementing a fall prevention/reduction program. The tactics we used to prevent falls combined with the adoption of a fall assessment risk model are shared.

This article describes a community crime prevention program in China, set against a background of rapid economic development, large internal population migration, and increasing crime rates. Traditional social control in China has been transformed to adapt to the new reform era, yet some mechanisms remain intact. Crime prevention measures and ...

Hand and arm problems are frequent in flautists. Severity is greatest in professional players, which can result in being unable to work. Based on a biomechanical analysis a support for the right hand was designed, which can be easily clipped on to the flute. Tests by professional flautists demonstrated that ...

This paper describes some of the more prohibitive aspects of HIV prevention among gay men in England. It argues that much current HIV prevention work assumes that prohibition is the most appropriate means of governing gay male sexual practice--most particularly in relation to the treatment of unprotected anal sex or ...

Pristimerin and celastrol isolated from the roots of Celastrus hypoleucus (Oliv) Warb f argutior Loes exhibited inhibitory effects against diverse phytopathogenic fungi. Pristimerin and celastrol were found to inhibit the mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and Glomerella cingulata (Stonem) Spauld & Schrenk in vitro by 83.6 and 62.6%, respectively, ...

van der Waals (VDW) dispersion forces are often calculated between colloidal particles by combining the Dzyaloshinskii-Lifshitz-Pitaevskii (DLP) theory with the Derjaguin approximation; however, several limitations prevent using this method for nanocolloids. Here we use the Axilrod-Teller-Muto 3-body formulation to predict VDW forces between spherical, cubic, and core-shell nanoparticles in a ...

Inadvertent dislodgment of laparoscopic port can occur despite preventive measures. We describe a simple maneuver to replace a dislodged port using a palpation probe. The principle is analogous to that of using a laparoscopic grasping forceps. It is easy to perform, quick, reliable, safe, and particularly useful for the laparoscopists ...

Bazedoxifene is a tissue-specific selective estrogen receptor modulator being developed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals (formerly Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories) to be used alone for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and in combination with Premarin for menopausal symptoms. As of March and June 2004, worldwide phase III trials for bazedoxifene, ...

Marcello Malpighi was born in Crevalcore on March 10, 1628 and died in Rome on July 25, 1694. In Bologna he had among his opponents Giovanni Gerolamo Sbaraglia and Paoli Mini who prevented him being appointed to the chair of anatomy. This paper describes the reasons for this long term ...

A review of the economic and programmatic aspects of congenital syphilis was conducted and recommendations made for improvement of its prevention. Congenital syphilis is a preventable disease and the tools to prevent it have been available for decades. In both industrialized and developing countries, but particularly the latter, the prevention ...

This study examines gender and class differences in young people's beliefs about sexuality and HIV/AIDS risk-taking behaviours in Thailand. Sixty young people aged 15-19, divided equally by gender and socioeconomic background, participated in focus groups and in-depth interviews. Four topics were explored: the differences between 'good' and 'bad' girls/boys; young ...

Laboratory studies were developed to permit the evaluation of chemical actions of toothpaste components in the non-abrasive prevention and removal of tea stains. Powdered hydroxyapatites were used as substrates for adsorption of tea chromogens. Pre-treatment with a sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice (Crest Dual Action Whitening) reduced tea adsorption to powdered apatite, ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate an allergy prevention programme in a community. DESIGN: Allergy prevention programme initiated by a special community allergy prevention committee and evaluation of this programme by means of a questionnaire to schoolchildren on repeated occasions during the period 1980 to 1998. SETTING: The community of Habo in Sweden ...

Despite reductions in AIDS deaths in the general population, Latino AIDS deaths in the United States have been increasing. The underlying cause of the rising HIV infection rates in the U.S. Latino population is not fully understood. Focus groups among Mexicans in North Carolina revealed methods of prevention that were ...

Many have argued that the prevention of contamination becomes a problem when gutta-percha cones are used to obturate the root canal space. This study evaluated the extent of contamination of commercially available gutta-percha cones taken directly from the manufacturer's box. Results show that if gutta-percha is not intentionally contaminated, there ...

This article emerged from the work of the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Washington, DC. The commission addressed several fundamental questions: (1) What are the problems posed by deadly conflict, and why is outside help often necessary to deal with these problems? (2) How can disputes be resolved peaceably? ...

AIMS: To identify existing falls prevention activities and support for future initiatives among residential institutions for older people. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was sent to all principal nurses/managers of residential institutions. Information was sought on whether falls were perceived to be a problem in the Auckland region, current falls prevention ...

This article describes a device that is intended to prevent the clenching of the teeth. The principle involved is that to clench the teeth for an extended period, an intraoral vacuum must be formed and maintained. A tube or drinking straw held between the lips extending out of the mouth ...

As reflected in a recent series of highly visible suicide awareness and prevention activities, the call for a comprehensive suicide prevention strategy has never been stronger, nor more unified. Using the framework provided by the transactional model of human development, the author illustrates the central implications that a developmental perspective ...

Feather pecking and cannibalism are obviously detrimental to birds' welfare. Moreover, the introduction of alternatives to battery cage housing of laying hens is seriously hampered by these behaviours. Our experimental work reviewed here supports the hypothesis that feather pecking evolves as redirected ground pecking. Thus the main practical strategy to ...

BACKGROUND: Since 1992, the Consultative Committee on Road Traffic Fatalities in Victoria has identified problems in the management of traffic fatalities. Its two evaluative committees have additionally assessed the potential preventability of death. Previous studies have shown only poor to fair reproducibility of death judgments. METHODS: Problems in the management ...

The abundance of perceived 'possibilities' for prevention contrasts sharply with the difficulties that face preventive programmes. We argue that this situation has emerged from an incomplete understanding of the process of prevention, involving a mixture of biological factors, human decision making and time perspectives. Based on examples, an analysis of ...

Broken teeth on a diagnostic or master cast, which usually occurs during separation from the impression, is a common problem experienced by dentists. This article aids in diagnosing and modifying noncritical areas of the impression to prevent this problem. One advantage of this method is that casts of periodontally involved ...

Extensor tenosynovitis is a common presenting upper extremity problem and, unless it resolves with medical management, preventative tenosynovectomy is indicated to prevent tendon rupture. When a rupture has occurred, tendon reconstruction with either a transfer or a graft has a reasonable chance of restoring function as long as the number ...

Cyclists are vulnerable to weather and commonly experience problems as they relate to extremes in both heat and cold. Educating cyclists on prevention of sunburn, dehydration, heat illness, hypothermia, and frostbite is the key. Limited sun exposure and proper use of sunscreens are the mainstay of treatment for prevention of ...