Recently, prevention programs for youth have been aimed at the social spheres presumed to influence health behavior decisions. Community-level programs have emerged as part of this trend. Communities are, however, dynamic, complex, and fluid. Describing community prevention efforts within the bounds of "normal" science has rendered invisible certain important features. ...

The preventive use of isoniazid (INH) has been controversial since 1975, but official agencies continue to advocate the procedure. Cost-effectiveness and risk benefit studies of preventive INH use have come to conflicting conclusions. A review of eight such studies indicates an increasing tendency to minimize INH hepatotoxicity and to disregard ...

A series of open interviews and a survey were conducted in several neighbourhoods in the city of Mérida, Mexico to find out whether poor response to government dengue control programmes might be related to the explanatory models about dengue and its prevention held by community members. Dengue was grouped by ...

Deployment of troops to the countries surrounding the Persian Gulf will result in exposure to a unique and dangerous environment. The austere and hostile environment is marked by extremes of temperature, dangerous snakes and scorpions, and hazardous marine conditions, in addition to the problems that will be faced by those ...

While the prevention of drug use problems comes well recommended, there is limited agreement on which preventive strategies are the most effective. Furthermore there is debate as to where activity most effectively occurs-should it be at the national or local level? In this study a university community was investigated with ...

The authors have developed three AIDS prevention workshops and conducted them for thousands of gay and bisexual men. The workshops' evolution, design, and development, as well as their implicit assumptions and values, are presented. The concept of different generations of AIDS prevention efforts is introduced. The goals of each generation ...

If emphysema is identified early, much can be done to prevent or even reverse its progress. Smokers must be helped to stop smoking, and early, aggressive therapy with bronchodilators (plus corticosteroids, if needed) should be instituted. By preventing emphysema, the desperate cost of progressive respiratory insufficiency and curtailment of the ...

A multiple-indicator model reveals the impact of AIDS prevention advertising on dimensions of arousal and subsequent cognitive impressions of the advertisement. Exploratory results obtained from a sample of college students indicate that levels of arousal and impressions of the advertisement vary according to emphasis on the deadly consequences of AIDS. ...

In summary, epiphysiodesis, by either "pinning" or "pegging," seems to be necessary to further prevent displacement of the SCFE. To minimize complications, aggressive closed reduction, open reduction, pin penetration, and unnecessary drill holes should be avoided. Avascular necrosis and chondrolysis, the most frequent and devastating complications, appear to be related ...

AIDS, with the number of cases and death toll increasing every day, puts caregivers at great risk for burnout. In order to prevent the detrimental consequences of burnout and to meet the challenge of this catastrophic illness, strategies need to be implemented. This overview not only explores the sources of ...

An appliance is used as a beginning in the prevention of self-mutilative oral behavior. The patient in the case reported here required a quick solution to a severe problem of self-inflicted trauma. The design presented here can be improved on or an altogether new approach may be developed.

A recently completed study of the existing substance abuse prevention programs in Iowa is discussed. Content analyses were made of three sets of material: the prevention grants made to (1) community agencies and (2) community/parents' groups which were funded by the Iowa Department Substance Abuse, and (3) state agency documents. ...

Antenatal anticipation of problem pregnancies and improvements in resuscitation and care of newborns have led to increasing survival of babies born prematurely. Nevertheless, the potential for neurologic handicaps is significant in this population of children, and the prevention of intracerebral, peri- and intraventricular hemorrhages and associated brain lesions remains a ...

Over one half of all neurotrauma occurs in or by motor vehicles. The other causes of neurotrauma are falls, violent assaults, sports and recreation, and firearms. The victims who survive are left with paralysis, disfigurement, loss of sight and hearing, seizures, epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, amnesia--in short, significant and often permanent ...

The pediatrician can prevent or improve most sleep problems. Colicky babies need holding and cuddling. All babies should be placed in their cribs when sleepy but awake. Trained night feeding can be prevented by stretching out the daytime feeding intervals and making middle-of-the-night feedings "brief and boring." Trained night crying ...

Although there is no indication that the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is a health hazard to hospital personnel, precautions should be taken to prevent inanimate objects and surfaces from becoming contaminated during the autopsy of a victim of AIDS. A third person should act as "circulator," the author advises, and he ...

Newer programmable DDD pacemakers prevent pacemaker-mediated tachycardia by automatic extension of the atrial refractory period after a detected premature ventricular contraction. We present an example in which the automatic extension of the atrial refractory period resulted in pacemaker inhibition, which should not automatically be assumed to represent pacemaker malfunction. A ...

The demonstration of the ultrastructural localization of glucose-6-phosphatase in rat liver is hampered by penetration problems of the medium as appears from ultrathin cross-sections of vibratome sections. Besides the plasma membrane, also the cytoplasm forms a serious barrier for the penetration of the medium constituents. Prolonged preincubation for as long ...

In an era of limited resources, cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-benefit analysis (CEA/CBA) can be significant policy-making aids. Because the often stated belief that prevention is cost-effective has not been systematically examined, we surveyed about 250 CEA/CBA articles concerning prevention. We found that few authors have followed generally accepted methodological standards, ...

Extrinsic discoloration of teeth has frequently been observed in connection with the use of chemical plaque-preventive agents. Preliminary investigations have indicated that oxidizing peroxymonosulfate may effectively reduce this discoloration without interfering with the plaque-preventive capacity of chlorhexidine. In the present experiment a 0.2% chlorhexidine and a 1% peroxymonosulfate solution were ...

This work shows that cis-diaminedichloroplatinum(II)'s (cis-DDP) mutagenicity, as well as its cytotoxicity, can be prevented by subsequent treatment with thiourea. Sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) induced by cis-DDP are only partially prevented by thiourea under conditions where mutagenicity is totally inhibited. A 4.5-h delay in the addition of thiourea following cis-DDP treatment ...

The effects of colchicine, cytochalasin-B and papaverine on wound healing in Xenopus early embryos have been studied. Colchicine does not prevent wound healing, whereas cytochalasin-B does. Papaverine, under conditions which prevent the completion of neurulation, does not prevent wound healing. A model is given which might explain these observations.

Serious envenomation of an adult pregnant woman by a box-jellyfish (Chironex flecteri) in North Queensland is reported. Quick thinking and resuscitation by bystanders which was followed by early hospital treatment resulted in a successful outcome both for mother and for fetus. A brief review of the historic background of box-jellyfish ...

The author presents a survey of his experience with the use of benzoin as an aid to prevent and to treat wound complications as: CSF leakage ruptured meningoceles, prevention of leakage and wound infections, during the use of external cranial drainage, indwelling catheters or implanted cannulas and electrodes. A few ...

The family physician is ideally situated to deal with most chronic-recurrent nasal problems. The physician is alerted to the real problem by the recognition that terms such as 'sinus' and 'colds' often camouflage the problem of chronic rhinitis and chronic nasal obstruction. Avoidance of offending substances, the use of medications, ...

We devised a frontalis sling by using two No. 40 silicone bands. Each free end was sutured to the tarsus and joined in the central brow area. We used pulley sutures in the medial and lateral brow incisions to prevent migration of the bands. With this method, adjustment of the ...

The paper describes a study, carried out over 16 years, of the use of iodized salt for the control of endemic goitre in a valley of the Himalayan foothills. From 1956, salt was fortified with either potassium iodide or potassium iodate to provide an estimated daily intake of 200 mug ...

A previous impression that corticotrophin provided prophylaxis against delayed traumatic facial palsy has now been confirmed by the results obtained from the first 50 patients so treated.

Aiming for Prevention. IPPNW.

The prophylactic effectiveness of amantadine against A2/Hong Kong influenza was investigated in the course of a double-blind trial in Braşov, Romania, during an epidemic due to the Hong Kong virus that started there in March 1969.Altogether 215 subjects were included in the trial; 112 received 100 mg of amantadine twice ...

A prospective study of 1,000 consecutive primigravid deliveries has shown that active management in labour can ensure that every woman is delivered within 24 hours. Emphasis is laid on the importance of a correct initial diagnosis of labour based on objective criteria. Amniotomy followed by oxytocin infusion is advocated to ...

A double-blind controlled trial of aqueous vasopressin injection (Pitressin) in the prophylaxis of lumbar puncture reactions in 50 patients showed that the incidence of reactions was unaffected, but that severe reactions occurred less frequently in the treatment group. Moderately severe side-effects occurred in 27% of those receiving vasopressin.

A solution to the problems of nitrogen balance and ileus in the postoperative period is presented. A new three-lumen nasogastric tube (Moss decompression tube) was used in three patients on whom aortic grafts were carried out and in five who underwent cholecystectomy, and these patients are compared to control groups. ...

The prevention of phosphate-induced mitochondrial swelling in the whole retina of the rabbit was studied with the electron microscope. It was found that a mixture of ATP, Mg(++), and bovine serum albumin protected the mitochondria in vitro. This finding confirmed the results obtained spectrophotometrically with isolated rat liver mitochondria by ...

Scorbutic guinea pigs injected with CNS and mycobacterium to induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) showed no clear-cut neurological signs and failed to show histological evidence of central nervous system damage. The degree of protection afforded by vitamin C deprivation was related directly to the duration of the scorbutogenic diet and ...

The authors report on guinea-pig experiments conducted to determine the effect of dried antirabies gamma-globulin in the local treatment of wounds infected with street rabies.The results showed that local application of dried gamma-globulin within 30 minutes of the time of infection of the wound protected the majority of animals and ...

In 1954-56 a series of experiments was carried out in Central Asia, under the guidance of the author, in which camels were infected with plague by infesting them with Ixodes and Argas ticks which had previously fed on plague-infected laboratory animals. Subcutaneous, intradermal and intravenous injection was also used. The ...

Studies on the extent and severity of endemic goitre-a serious public health problem in Hungary-have been carried out in that country since 1925, but by uniform methods since 1943 only. They show that over 400 000 persons suffer from goitre or other thyroid disorders, which are endemic in about 20% ...

There was no satisfactory solution to the plague problem until the advent of DDT, which made it possible to break one of the links in the chain of spread of the disease. DDT has been used in Ecuador since 1946 with great success, particularly in the control of rural plague; ...

The study of goitre in Yugoslavia has been actively prosecuted since 1923, with some interruptions, and it is estimated that some 1,400,000 persons suffer from the disease. The use of iodized salt (5 mg of potassium iodide per kg of salt) as a prophylactic measure was begun in 1937 but ...

The importance to the community of the prevention of endemic goitre-a food-deficiency disease which causes feeble-mindedness, deaf-mutism, and general physical and mental degeneration from one generation to the next-and the simplicity of prevention, have only gradually been realized in the course of the past hundred years. In the early 19th ...