Anterior open bite is a major orthodontic problem that is very difficult to treat (Fig. 1). It may not be the most frequent problem but it is a major functional problem. Quite often it is very difficult to correct an anterior open bite problem and even more difficult to treat ...

This study investigated variables predicting different help-seeking patterns (no treatment, AA participation only, or treatment plus AA participation) by problem drinkers who had maintained stable abstinence (n = 57). Collaterals verified subjects' help-seeking and drinking status. Help-seeking was predicted by greater alcohol-related psycho-social problems, especially in interpersonal relationships, but was ...

We report information on trends in alcohol problems, alcohol consumption, alcohol availability and prevention measures in Ontario for the period 1975-1993. Problem measures show substantial declines over the period. Measures of consumption have declined as well, but not as much as problem measures. Economic availability (relative price) has remained stable, ...

OBJECTIVE: Heavy drinking among college students carries with it the risk of adverse consequences. This study explored the relationship between alcohol-related problems and the social-emotional contexts of drinking in college students. METHOD: Undergraduate volunteers (N = 139; 61% female; 27% minority) completed an assessment of drinking patterns, the short form ...

OBJECTIVE: As a brief alcohol screening instrument the CAGE has demonstrated a high degree of accuracy in identifying problem drinkers among adults. However, some studies have questioned its screening accuracy within a college population. The research presented in this article contains the results of two additional studies that examined the ...

77 correctional officers from two Canadian medium security penitentiaries were surveyed concerning their use of alcohol. 94% reported drinking at least once during the preceding year. 45 men consumed alcohol more frequently than the 29 women, more often felt obligated to drink at social gatherings, and were more likely to ...

Most people who have a drinking problem are not alcoholics. Even though problem drinkers tend to drink less than alcoholics and to have a shorter history of heavy drinking they are still at increased risk of health problems. To significantly reduce the burden of alcohol-related problems on society, priority should ...

The prevalence and course of alcohol and drug use were examined in a longitudinal, retrospective study of 100 schizophrenic outpatients. During the 18 month study period, problem substance use (abuse and dependence) was not associated with differential attrition from outpatient treatment. Thirty to forty percent of subjects were using drugs ...

Use of general population surveys in addition to institutional samples is critical to disentangling the relationship between criminal behavior and alcohol problems or use of illicit drugs. Local area studies can be useful but generalizability of their results is seldom studied. Data from recent US national (n = 2058) and ...

A chance sample of people exiting pubs in Israel were interviewed and their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was measured with a portable breathalizer. Approximately 50% of the people intended to drive away themselves, while 50% were driven by others. People's decision whether or not to drive was unrelated to their ...

Alcohol use and related problems were studied from the senior year in high school to the first autumn in college for 366 heavy drinking students. Four risk factors-subject sex, family history of drinking problems, prior conduct problems, and type of college residence-were evaluated as predictors of: (1) differential changes in ...

One-hundred thirty-five alcohol-using college students completed a questionnaire on their levels of alcohol use, moderate-to-severe problems with alcohol use, the Eysenck 1.7 measure of impulsiveness and venturesomeness, the Zung depression scale, the "Hassles and Uplifts" scale of life stresses, and a scale of proneness to irrational beliefs. Impulsivity and venturesomeness ...

After a brief description of employee assistance programs (EAP), we present data collected from 6,400 employees from 84 worksites who used the services of EAPs, a portion of whom were assessed by the EAP as having alcohol-related problems and/or received scores on the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) indicative of a ...

Research on unemployment has paid only little attention to drinking and drinking problems. From the 1970s onwards the association of drinking and unemployment has come under systematic study. Contrasting tendencies emerge from this research. This paper distinguishes three instances of drinking and drinking problems and examines their association with employment ...

Volunteers at a local science center were asked their reasons for quitting or reducing their alcohol consumption. Of 248 respondents, 64 were classified as having had an alcohol problem from which they had successfully resolved for 1 or more years. Three quarters of all respondents resolved without treatment or self-help ...

The aim of this paper is to report on the findings from a survey of key respondents with regard to the prevention of alcohol and other drug problems among women. The findings suggest that key respondents were concerned about the problems related to legal substances, alcohol, nicotine, minor tranquillisers, over-the-counter ...

The US Preventive Services Task Force recommended that physicians use the CAGE questions to screen patients for alcohol abuse. A similarly brief screening instrument for abuse of other drugs is needed. Two conjoint screening questionnaires for alcohol and other drug abuse were adapted from the CAGE questions and the Short ...

Empirical evidence regarding the role of childhood victimization in the development of women's alcohol problems is examined in this chapter. In particular, childhood sexual abuse and father-to-daughter violence are found to predict later alcohol problems. Key variables that link experiences of childhood victimization and the development of adult alcohol problems ...

Preventive strategies for alcohol-related problems need to be in keeping with their socio-political context. Prohibition is inappropriate except where it has widespread support within the culture. Preventive strategies focus on the population and/or high risk groups and behaviours. Primary prevention can be achieved by control policies, education and provision of ...

A questionnaire concerning alcohol and drug use was mailed to a random sample of male students at the University of California at San Diego in 1980, and similar procedures were used in 1992. Both mailings yielded response rates of approximately 70% (1980: N = 1,024; 1992: N = 721). The ...

This paper gives an overview of the variety of approaches that have been used in the treatment of alcohol problems. There is good evidence that approaches directed at improving social and marital relationships, self-control and stress management are effective. There is at present little to suggest that aversion therapies, confrontational ...

OBJECTIVES: 1) To determine the operating characteristics of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in an inner-city population and 2) to compare AUDIT performance with physician recognition of alcohol-related problems. DESIGN: New patients were administered a health habits questionnaire, which included the AUDIT and the alcohol portion of the ...

This review examines the validity of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) as a screening instrument for alcohol problems. Studies that compare the MAST-questionnaire with other defined diagnostic criteria of alcohol problems were retrieved through MEDLINE and a cross-bibliographic check. A total of 20 validity studies were included. The studies ...

OBJECTIVE: To examine Canadian family physicians' attitudes, beliefs, and practices regarding alcohol use and alcohol-related problems among their patients. DESIGN: A self-administered questionnaire mailed to a random sample of 2883 family physicians. The survey was conducted using a modified Dillman method. PARTICIPANTS: Canadian physicians in active office-based practice during 1989. ...

This 4-year follow-up study compared stably remitted late-life problem drinkers to nonremitted problem drinkers and nonproblem drinkers. At time 1, to-be-remitted drinkers reported less alcohol consumption and fewer drinking problems, more depression and less self-confidence, less spousal support and approval of drinking from friends, and more help-seeking than did to-be-nonremitted ...

This article describes preferred sources of support after having drinking problems, reasons for drinking and the social context of drinking of 1458 Israeli adolescents in the North of Israel in winter 1992. The article analyses the results by gender, grade and place of living (large city, small or developing town, ...

People in the Magadan Region are hopeful that citizens of Alaska will make contact with Native peoples, especially in the Magadan region. Right now, rates of alcohol-related problems are high and economic difficulties are leading to cutbacks in existing programs (see Chart 2). Alaskans have much good experience and information ...

The major focus of research on alcohol is not on the majority who drink without problems, but on the small minority who have extreme problems. Difficulty in conceiving, measuring, and analyzing non-problem drinking lies in the exclusively problem-drinking orientation of most drinking measures. Drawing on conventionally used scales (e.g. Short ...

Alcohol use in farmworker communities has not been investigated to any extent. The literature on alcohol consumption and farmworkers is virtually nonexistent. This case study provides information on drinking patterns and problems in a Mexican farmworker community in Northern California. The focus is on Mexican farmworker women's perspectives on drinking ...

The Alcohol Problems Questionnaire (APQ) was designed as a clinical instrument for measuring alcohol-related problems. It has been used to study the relationship between alcohol-related problems and dependence within the bi-axial model. The reliability of the APQ was, however, unknown. In the present study 101 subjects participated in a test-retest ...

PURPOSE: This study identified predictors of older adolescents at risk for problem drinking. METHODS: College freshmen (n = 492) completed a questionnaire that addressed drinking patterns, risk factors for problem drinking, the CAGE questions, the Perceived-Benefit-of-Drinking Scale (PBDS), and the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST). They also responded to ...

Associations of age, membership in a sorority or fraternity, and whether a family member had an alcohol-related problem with the number of alcohol-related problem behaviors were examined by asking 160 people on campuses and one Board of Education in the northeastern United States to complete anonymously a 17-item questionnaire reporting ...

While there is a growing body of empirical evidence to suggest that the types of interventions which General Practitioners (GPs) could offer patients with potential or established alcohol problems are effective, there are still, in practice, many barriers to the treatment of alcohol problems in the primary care setting. These ...

According to the "bi-axial" concept of alcohol dependence, the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome (ADS) constitutes an axis or dimension of alcohol difficulties, while other alcohol-related problems (social, legal, etc.) constitute one or more separate dimensions. The validity of the bi-axial distinction was investigated in a stratified probability sample of 3212 US ...

Using data from the first epidemiological study of mainland Puerto Rican drinking, the authors explore the relationships between negative affect, alcohol expectancies and drinking problems. Results revealed that the co-occurrence of depressed mood and drinking problems was strongly moderated by alcohol expectancies. More specifically, the co-occurrence was strongest among those ...

A review is presented of evidence related to the epidemiology of alcohol-related problems in employment and of policies to prevent or curb such problems. It is concluded that, although alcohol use is associated with accidents, absenteeism and inefficiency, epidemiological data from most countries are scarce. Available evidence is so limited ...

This article reports data from a 12-year cross-sectional study of drinking and drinking problems among students in grades 7-13 in Ontario schools. It was expected that rates of drinking and levels of drinking problems would be related. Large declines in drinking levels were found, however declines were found for only ...

The present study introduces two new scales for the assessment of alcohol and other drug problems developed from the new Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A), including the rationally constructed Alcohol/Drug Problems Acknowledgement Scale (ACK) and the empirically-derived Alcohol/Drug Problems Proneness Scale (PRO). Validity of these scales is examined by comparing ...

As alcohol (ETOH) abusers and AIDS patients have nutritional disorders, the influence of chronic ETOH consumption (5% v/v for 10 weeks) on levels of immunomodulatory nutrients (vitamins A and E, Zn, and Cu) in the serum, liver, small intestine, spleen, and thymus was determined during murine AIDS. The hepatic levels ...

Although research has been conducted to determine the effects of the duration of problem drinking on cognitive functioning, the findings are inconclusive. The duration of problem drinking does not seem to be in a linear relation to the cognitive functions of alcoholics. This study tested the hypothesis according to which ...

This paper investigates the impact of a training course for Employment Service staff which was designed to provide basic level training on the identification and appropriate management of clients with drug and alcohol problems. The 2-day course was specially designed to meet the needs of staff working with unemployed people ...

Analogies are drawn between important unknowns in AIDS and alcohol research, related to underlying common pathogenetic mechanisms, immunodysregulation, cofactors, and prominent vascular manifestations. The central role of the blood and lymphatic vasculatures and specifically their endothelial lining in many facets of the immune response is reviewed. Evidence is presented that ...

To determine how one specific at-risk population problematizes alcohol use and responds to alcohol-related difficulties, findings from an ethnographic interview study of lesbians recovering from alcohol problems were used to develop a theoretical model of problematization. Problematization consists of two phases: recognition and response. Recognition involves problem indicators varying by ...

OBJECTIVES: The relationships between television beer advertising and drinking knowledge, beliefs, and intentions were investigated in a survey of schoolchildren. The research was guided by a theoretical model specifying that awareness of advertising, and not mere exposure, is necessary for it to have an effect on beliefs or behaviors. METHODS: ...

Drinking problems are a major public health concern and a significant part of this concern arises because drinking habits are very difficult to change once established; although many patients can detoxify successfully there is a high rate of relapse. This chapter describes the analysis and treatment of drinking problems using ...

Many studies have focused on the special needs of American Indian populations. Some of these studies have special impact on Indian veterans. These can be grouped for consideration around cultural and personal identity problems. These problems are multifaceted and interacting. They bear directly on the community and individual self-esteem. The ...

The evidence on the relative impact of intensive intervention(s) and brief advice for alcoholic populations has been interpreted as indicating that there is little advantage for the intensive form of treatment over brief advice. The current review suggests that this conclusion is based on studies with serious and important methodological ...

Public and political concern and action focussed on the problem of drinking and driving during the 1980s was unprecedented. This paper examines the impact of these collective efforts by analyzing trends in the magnitude of the alcohol crash problem in Canada as reflected by drinking driver fatalities. After many years ...

This study describes the prevalence of alcohol-related problems and develops predictive models to explain racial differences in subsamples of 494 black and 568 white men from a national probability survey of drinking patterns and problems. The results showed that although black men exhibited higher mean scores on many types of ...

Post-structuralist theory questions the rational pursuit of an underlying 'truth' that often characterizes social scientific inquiry, proposing instead the simultaneous existence of multiple and often contradictory truths. The problem family can, from this perspective, only be known through the different discourses that produce it. This paper suggests some of the ...