This article deconstructs the portrayal of HIV/AIDS in the tribal dominated district of Koraput, India, among program planners, service delivery personnel, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), etc. who plan, implement, and evaluate HIV/AIDS interventions targeting tribal communities in the region. Drawing upon postcolonial and subaltern studies approaches, we critically examine the ideological ...

Although homeless youth exhibit numerous problem behaviors, protective factors that can be targeted and modified by prevention programs to decrease the likelihood of involvement in risky behaviors are less apparent. The current study tested a model of protective factors for multiple problem behavior in a sample of 474 homeless youth ...

After an epidemic rise in Australian young male suicide rates over the 1970s to 1990s, the period following the implementation of the original National Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy (NYSPS) in 1995 saw substantial declines in suicide in young men. To investigate whether areas with locally targeted suicide prevention activity implemented ...

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an important etiologic factor in the development of colorectal cancer. However, the mechanism underlying carcinogenesis through chronic inflammation is still unknown. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is induced by the inflammation and involved in various human carcinogenesis via its mutagenic activity. In the current study, we ...

Automated diagnostic aids prone to false alarms often produce poorer human performance in signal detection tasks than equally reliable miss-prone aids. However, it is not yet clear whether this is attributable to differences in the perceptual salience of the automated aids' misses and false alarms or is the result of ...

The goal of this research was to understand why some people use online interventions for drinking problems, whereas others with comparable access to the interventions do not. As part of a randomized controlled trial, 92 participants in the experimental condition were provided access to a password-protected version of a Web-based ...

The ability to find good solutions to the traveling salesman problem can benefit some biological organisms. Bacterial infection would, for instance, be eradicated most promptly if cells of the immune system minimized the total distance they traveled when moving between bacteria. Similarly, foragers would maximize their net energy gain if ...

Progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) has been mixed, and many observers have noted the tendency for development actors to address individual MDGs largely in isolation from one another. This in turn has resulted in missed opportunities to catalyse greater interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation towards MDG achievement. The term ...

Antibody maturation requires class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), both of which are initiated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). AID deaminates cytosine residues resulting in mismatches that are differentially processed to produce double-strand breaks in Ig switch (S) regions that lead to CSR, or to point mutations in ...

This paper examines the effectiveness of multimodal texts used in HIV/AIDS campaigns in rural western Kenya using multimodal discourse analysis (Kress and Van Leeuwen, 2006; Martin and Rose, 2004). Twenty HIV/AIDS documents (posters, billboards and brochures) are analysed together with interview data (20 unstructured one-on-one interviews and six focus groups) ...

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is expressed in B cells within germinal centers and is critically involved in class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin loci. Functionally active AID can additionally be detected within ectopic follicular structures developed at sites of chronic inflammation. Furthermore, AID may target non-Ig genes in ...

This article reviews potential risk areas and legal issues in quality and colonoscopy. These include issues about open access colonoscopy, informed consent for colonoscopy, missed colorectal cancer, problems related to anticoagulation or its withdrawal for colonoscopy, procedural problems with sedation, failure to follow up appropriately, and failure to identify and ...

Patients must be informed about risks before any treatment can be implemented. Yet serious problems in communicating these risks occur because of framing effects. To investigate the effects of different information frames when communicating health risks to people with high and low numeracy and determine whether these effects can be ...

Changes within the NHS have established perioperative practitioners, as well as other healthcare professionals, in roles that include obtaining informed consent. Practitioners involved in these roles require highly developed communication skills (Church 2008a). This article examines the philosophy of risk communication and explores the often complex skill of communication in ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ways that the risk of a bushfire emergency and communication strategies are perceived by different community segments. METHODS: A brief questionnaire preceded focus group discussion of a bushfire scenario with four communications from different sources. Groups were recruited to represent different community segments within a bushfire-prone ...

Chaos synchronization, in particular isochronal synchronization of two chaotic trajectories to each other, may be used to build a means of secure communication over a public channel. In this paper, we give an overview of coupling schemes of Bernoulli units deduced from chaotic laser systems, different ways to transmit information ...

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is nearly ubiquitous in microfluidic devices, being easy to work with, economical, and transparent. A detailed protocol is provided here for using PDMS in the fabrication of microfluidic devices to aid those interested in using the material in their work, with information on the many potential ways the ...

Effective communication is essential to safe and efficient patient care. We aimed to understand the current patterns and perceptions of communication of common goals in the ICU using the distributed cognition and clinical communication space theoretical frameworks. We conducted a focus group and 5 interviews with ICU clinicians and observed ...

The problem of kidney exchanges shares common features with the classical problem of exchange of indivisible goods studied in the mechanism design literature, while presenting additional constraints on the size of feasible exchanges. The solution of a kidney exchange problem can be summarized in a mapping from the relevant underlying ...

Under natural growth conditions, bacteria live in complex hierarchical communities. To conduct complex cooperative behaviors, bacteria utilize sophisticated communication to the extent that their chemical language includes semantic and even pragmatic aspects. I describe how complex colony forms (patterns) emerge through the communication-based interplay between individual bacteria and the colony. ...

The quantification of the complexity of networks is, today, a fundamental problem in the physics of complex systems. A possible roadmap to solve the problem is via extending key concepts of information theory to networks. In this Rapid Communication we propose how to define the Shannon entropy of a network ...

Molecular communication is a new paradigm for communication between biological nanomachines over a nano- and microscale range. As biological nanomachines (or nanomachines in short) are too small and simple to communicate through traditional communication mechanisms (e.g., through sending and receiving of radio or infrared signals), molecular communication provides a mechanism ...

Factual information is more frequently read and discussed than fictional information. However, research on the role of communication in shaping stereotypes has focused almost exclusively on fictional narratives. In Experiments 1 and 2 a newspaper article containing information about heroin users was communicated along chains of 4 people. No stereotype-consistency ...

Fireworks are used worldwide during national and cultural celebrations. Iranians celebrate the last Wednesday of the Persian year (ILWEF) as an ancient custom. The aim of this study was to determine safety preparedness of inhabitation in Tehran, the capital city of Iran, for 2007 ILWEF fireworks. In this study, interviewers ...

We sought to understand how low-income urban mothers explain feelings of sadness, stress or demoralization in the context of their life experiences. 28 in-depth qualitative interviews, constituting part of a community-based participatory research (CBPR) project aimed at developing a culturally relevant, community-based intervention for maternal depression. Qualitative data validity was ...

In respose to de Marco and colleagues 'Minimum Information for Protein Functional Evaluation,' I observe that they run the risk of imposing a Procrustean solution to the problem of rigorously reporting experimental results involving recombinant proteins. While they rightly identify a need for experimental reporting standards defined by their scientific ...

BACKGROUND: Internet-based applications, in particular those that allow communication, have great potential to meet information needs. Limited research has indicated that people with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS; PHAs) use these technologies, but it has not yet been examined how resources are used collaboratively and in conjunction with ...

Security of the emerging body sensor network (BSN) in telemedicine applications is a crucial problem because personal medical information must be protected against flaws and misdeeds. The solution is, however, nontrivial because lightweight mechanisms have to be deployed to meet the stringent resource constraints of these networks. It has been ...

The Proteolysis MAP (PMAP, http://www.proteolysis.org) is a user-friendly website intended to aid the scientific community in reasoning about proteolytic networks and pathways. PMAP is comprised of five databases, linked together in one environment. The foundation databases, ProteaseDB and SubstrateDB, are driven by an automated annotation pipeline that generates dynamic 'Molecule ...

With 3.1 million people estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS in India and 39.5 million people globally, the epidemic has posed academics the challenge of identifying behaviours and their underlying beliefs in the effort to reduce the risk of HIV transmission. The Health Belief Model (HBM) is frequently used to ...

Replying to: P. W. Thorne 455, 10.1038/nature07256; A. N. Grant, S. Brönnimann & L. Haimberger 455, 10.1038/nature07257; C. M. Bitz & Q. Fu 455, 10.1038/nature07258 (2008)These three communications question the validity of some of our conclusions. We found Arctic temperature trend amplification well above the boundary layer. In summer, the ...

In 3 experiments the authors examined how specific characteristics of charitable volunteer organizations contribute to the recruitment of new volunteers. In line with predictions, Study 1 revealed that providing non-volunteers with information about organizational support induced anticipated feelings of respect, which subsequently enhanced their attraction to the volunteer organization. However, ...

Numerous grounds have been offered for the view that healthcare workers have a duty to treat, including expressed consent, implied consent, special training, reciprocity (also called the social contract view), and professional oaths and codes. Quite often, however, these grounds are simply asserted without being adequately defended or without the ...

We present a method for detecting communities in bipartite networks. Based on an extension of the k -clique community detection algorithm, we demonstrate how modular structure in bipartite networks presents itself as overlapping bicliques. If bipartite information is available, the biclique community detection algorithm retains all of the advantages of ...

OBJECTIVE: In genetic counseling, counselees' understanding of risk information is considered crucial for informed decision-making. The counselors' task is to convey risks in a format that is understandable. It is therefore important to know how and why counselors say they communicate risks in different formats, and to identify any perceived ...

For user-oriented design of modern information and communication systems we investiate the perception of acoustic signals as sign carriers: How do listeners process acousticauditory events when they treat them as information carriers and which meaning do they associate with them? Sign carriers (in our case the acoustic signals) transport information ...

We introduce a new approach to constrained independent component analysis (ICA) by formulating the original, unconstrained ICA problem as well as the constraints in mutual information terms directly. As an estimate of mutual information, a robust version of the Edgeworth expansion is used, on which gradient descent is performed. As ...

We consider the problem of finding communities or modules in directed networks. In the past, the most common approach to this problem has been to ignore edge direction and apply methods developed for community discovery in undirected networks, but this approach discards potentially useful information contained in the edge directions. ...

We propose that the combination of human expertise and automatic text-mining systems can be used to create a first generation of electronically annotated information (EAI) that can be added to journal abstracts and that is directly related to the information in the corresponding text. The first experiments have concentrated on ...

Spanish-translated Miranda warnings are administered annually to thousands of Hispanic custodial suspects. In examining 121 Spanish translations and their English counterparts from 33 states, the lengths of Miranda warnings were generally comparable but marked differences were observed in the reading levels for individual Miranda components. The adequacy of Miranda translations ...

Explanations of psychological phenomena seem to generate more public interest when they contain neuroscientific information. Even irrelevant neuroscience information in an explanation of a psychological phenomenon may interfere with people's abilities to critically consider the underlying logic of this explanation. We tested this hypothesis by giving naïve adults, students in ...

This article considers some of the problems of the interpretation of information from other national arthroplasty registers when setting up a new register. In order for the most useful information to be available from registers much international co-operation is required between all those responsible for the design of registers as ...

INTRODUCTION: The Solomon Islands is experiencing instability and insecurity and also a concomitant increase in aid. This article aims to address the need for theoretical coordination frameworks to be further informed by the actual experiences, requirements, and views of the recipients of aid. METHODS: Qualitative research techniques were used to ...

We present an observational tool to capture computer usage patterns during rounds to inform designs of information and communication technology to support clinical discourse during rounds. The tool captures choreography and logistics of information exchanges supported by clinical information systems during rounds. We developed the tool as part of an ...

Key informants are individuals with insight into a community or a problem of interest. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of the employment type of key informants on the outcome of a pediatric needs assessment for an urban community. Twenty-one interviews were conducted during the course of a pediatric ...

BACKGROUND: SentenceShaper((R)) (SSR) is a computer program that is for speech what a word-processing program is for written text; it allows the user to record words and phrases, play them back, and manipulate them on-screen to build sentences and narratives. A recent study demonstrated that when listeners rated the informativeness ...

PURPOSE: To understand how the technology of electronic prescription (e Rx) can transform the community pharmacist's role through its effects on professionalization. We define professionalization as a pharmaceutical practice centred on clinical activities and made possible by the establishment of professional pharmaceutical services. METHODS: We asked 12 community pharmacists who ...

Biomedical knowledge is to a very large extent represented only in textual form. To make this knowledge accessible to humans and/or further automatic processing, text mining applications have been developed. At the end of this chapter we present an overview of the most important open access applications and their functionality. ...

Communicators tend to share more stereotype-consistent than stereotype-inconsistent information. The authors propose and test a situated functional model of this stereotype consistency bias: stereotype-consistent and inconsistent information differentially serve 2 central functions of communication--sharing information and regulating relationships; depending on the communication context, information seen to serve these different functions ...

The primary objective of this research was to create a detailed characterization of human milk donors, including descriptive information about demographics and lifestyle, involvement with the milk bank, reasons for donating, problems encountered while breastfeeding and pumping milk, barriers to donating milk, affective experiences, and personal values. Data were collected ...