The study examined the relationship between children's conceptual understanding and addition problem-solving procedures. Forty-eight 6- to 8-year-olds solved addition problems and, in a 2nd task, were prompted to judge whether a puppet could use the arithmetic properties of one problem to solve the next problem. Relational properties between consecutive problems ...

This study examined clinical problem-solving processes in the context of a telemedical consultation, in order to verify to what extent the technological environment preserves the characteristics of medical reasoning that are known to occur in more traditional clinical settings. This study also provided an opportunity for examining certain fundamental aspects ...

Active participation by all group members as well as the generation, presentation, and critical evaluation of a wide range of perspectives and alternatives are hallmarks of effective problem-solving teams. Diverse groups with an odd number of participants (five to seven members are generally best) are manageable and provide an adequate ...

Experts generally solve problems in their fields more effectively than novices because their well-structured, easily activated knowledge allows for efficient search of a solution space. But what happens when a problem requires a broad search for a solution? One concern is that subjects with a large amount of domain knowledge ...

Both lay concept and scientific theory claim that worry may be helpful for defining and analyzing problems. Recent studies, however, indicate that worrisome problem elaborations are less concrete than worry-free problem elaborations. This challenges the problem solving view of worry because abstract problem analyses are unlikely to lead to concrete ...

As a profession, we need to be more conscious of the way in which our discipline has been subsumed into techno-rational science and away from our 'with women' focus. The ACMI Philosophy says that we value 'being with' women as the foundation for midwifery practice, therefore the concept 'being with' ...

Detailed observation of manifest dream sequences indicated self-advocating occurrences facilitating the dreamer's self interests, opposed by self-adversarial interferences. Further examination of manifest dream syntactical structure additionally suggested a recurrent, four-step, algorithm for personal problem-solving within an interpersonal matrix consisting of the following cycle: (1) an opening scene setting the stage, ...

Although much research has shown positive outcomes of teaching problem solving and communication skills to persons with schizophrenia, the amount of research on the assessment of these two sets of skills has been modest. The current study demonstrates an effective model for their assessment and includes a previously neglected procedure ...

A structured approach to problem solving and solution documentation is one of the keys to continuous improvement. Without it, it is quite possible to solve the wrong problem, to solve the right problem in the wrong way, or (maybe worst of all) to solve the same problem over and over ...

Although managers will always be responsible for solving problems on a daily basis, expert problem solving will not ensure survival for an organization. It will be more effective in the long run to find out what structural issues support the problems and work toward restructuring. This will be the way ...

Compartmental analysis (CA) in laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) means deciphering the nutritional and thermoregulating flows from the measured perfusion flux. Based on the new theories proposed in [1] and [2], the CA is formulated here as an optimal approximation without directly involving the geometric information of the vessel network. It ...

This paper describes PedHunter, a software package that facilitates creation and verification of pedigrees within large genealogies. A frequent problem in medical genetics is to connect distant relatives with a pedigree. PedHunter uses methods from graph theory to solve two versions of the pedigree connection problem for genealogies as well ...

The present study's main objective is to examine whether problem orientation and problem-solving skills differ according to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptom level or clinical status (seeking help for GAD). Its secondary goal is to examine whether two cognitive variables (intolerance of uncertainty and beliefs about worry) vary according to ...

"Clinical pragmatism" is an important new method of moral problem-solving in clinical practice. This method draws on the pragmatic philosophy of John Dewey and recommends an experimental approach to solving moral problems in clinical practice. Although the method may shed some light on how clinicians and their patients ought to ...

People make subjective judgments about the severity of environmental problems and on future land use relying on certain information, and on their experiences with the problem. This article examines perceptions of the severity of environmental problems, willingness to expend future funds to solve these problems, and future land use for ...

The purpose of the present study was to provide a basis for enhancing personal development in older adolescents by examining the usefulness of two information-processing tools in solving personal problems: schematic maps and peer feedback. Ninety-five college students were assigned to either a schematic map group or an essay group, ...

Statistics initially developed as a recognized field in the social sciences in the middle of the nineteenth century. The European medical profession first made use of mounting statistical evidence to dramatize infant mortality, one of the great social problems of the century. Those telling statistics amply demonstrated the general proportions ...

Research on suicidal behavior falls into two main areas: studies that aim to identify demographic and social risk factors, and studies that aim to investigate the psychological processes mediating suicidal behavior. Within the latter approach, impaired problem-solving ability has been found to be an important variable. This paper reviews recent ...

A problem-solving assessment has been devised and used for groups of first-year medical students at Southampton University. Five cohorts of approximately 160 students have taken the assessment since 1990. The assessment was part of a Locomotor system course that integrated biological and behavioural sciences and clinical specialties. The course also ...

In a previous paper, a simple genetic algorithm (GA) was developed for finding (approximately) the minimum makespan of the n-job, m-machine permutation flowshop sequencing problem (PFSP). The performance of the algorithm was comparable to that of a naive neighborhood search technique and a proven simulated annealing algorithm. However, recent results ...

This work addresses the real-life scheduling problem of a Scottish company that must produce daily schedules for the catching and transportation of large numbers of live chickens. The problem is complex and highly constrained. We show that it can be successfully solved by division into two subproblems and solving each ...

The assignment problem is an archetypical combinatorial optimization problem having widespread applications. This paper presents two recurrent neural networks, a continuous-time one and a discrete-time one, for solving the assignment problem. Because the proposed recurrent neural networks solve the primal and dual assignment problems simultaneously, they are called primal-dual assignment ...

A novel neural network approach called "Evolutionary Neural Network (ENN)" is presented for the module orientation problem. The goal of this NP-complete problem is to minimize the total wire length by flipping circuit modules with respect to their vertical and/or horizontal axes of symmetry. In order to achieve high quality ...

Genetic algorithms (GAs) are stochastic evolutionary algorithms with applications to a variety of optimization problems. The most characteristic novel feature of the GA is that it is based on analogies with the principles of natural biological systems such as natural selection, recombination and mutation. Solving the optimization problem with the ...

Differences in problem-solving strategies for situations varying in three domains, consumer, home management, and conflict with friends, were examined among younger, middle-aged, and older adults. In addition, this study examined the influence of perceived ability to resolve the problem, controllability, and causal attributions on strategy selection. In the 2 instrumental ...

Automation, a hot topic in the laboratory world today, can be a very expensive option. Those who are considering implementing automation can save time and money by examining the issues from the standpoint of an industrial/manufacturing engineer. The engineer not only asks what problems will be solved by automation, but ...

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether written standards increase the reproducibility of a physician-facilitated station in an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) designed to assess history, physical-examination, and communication skills. METHOD: The OSCE examination at the University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston consists of ten eight-minute stations. Six of these stations consist of ...

Four experiments were conducted to assess infants ability to solve isomorphic problems and to explore the nature of early representations. Ten- and 13-month-olds attempted to solve problems that required combining 2 subgoals to bring a toy (goal object) within reach. A problem-series paradigm was used in which 3 tasks differing ...

The inability to problem solve can have a deleterious impact on a student's academic performance and social adjustment. Children with an acquired brain injury (ABI) are at risk for deficits in problem solving skills. This case study and series of multiple baseline experiments examined the effects of a multi-component cognitive-behavioral ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the readiness of dietetics and foodservice personnel for contributing to team problem solving. DESIGN: A descriptive, correlation study in which a five-part questionnaire was designed to collect data. SUBJECTS: Dietetics and foodservice personnel (n = 632) in eight hospital settings; 321 subjects (51%) volunteered to participate. STATISTICAL ...

To examine developmental differences in practical problem-solving, 51 late adolescents and 52 young adults were presented measures of everyday problem-solving that were either self-relevant or self-neutral. Results indicated: (a) a developmental shift in everyday problem-solving strategies, such that adolescents rated higher than adults those strategies that involved reconsideration of the ...

The ARTeMeD project aims to solve problems of interactivity and real-time in teleradiology. It integrates personal multimedia facilities and patient data access in a common platform that allows radiologists to collaborate from remote sites through a suitable communication support. ARTeMeD is based on asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network technology and ...

Three ergonomics-related case studies are presented to demonstrate the problem-solving method used by two participatory ergonomics teams. The problem-solving method was adapted from principles related to quality management (e.g., participation, structure, a scientific approach, and decision by consensus). The first two steps of the problem-solving method were related to identification ...

The present study examined the effect of perceived problem-solving ability (self-identified effective and ineffective) operationalized by Heppner and Petersen's Problem Solving Inventory (PSI) and random feedback (success vs. failure) on participants' attributions. A total of 30 female and 30 male teacher trainees who had scored in the top and bottom ...

This study examined the use of relativistic operations in everyday problem solving by elderly women. Thirty-two community residents and 32 nursing hostel residents aged between 65-90 years participated. Structured interviews canvassed the role of residence and other factors thought to contribute to the maintenance of problem-solving skills. Path analysis was ...

Examined how and what children think under conditions of automatic and controlled processing within the context of social problem solving. In a condition that elicited automatic processing, hyperactive-aggressive children did not differ in being able to identify the components of a problem or in the number of solutions generated to ...

Antisense promised major advances in treating a broad range of intractable diseases, but in recent years progress has been stymied by technical problems, most notably inadequate specificity, ineffective delivery into the proper subcellular compartment, and unpredictable activity within cells. Herein is an overview of the design, preparation, and properties of ...

When intensity-modulated fields are created using a multileaf collimator with dynamic leaf movement the potential problem for underdosage beneath the tongue-and-groove interleaf regions has been identified and a solution based on leaf-movement synchronization has been provided by Van Santvoort and Heijmen. Their first-order analysis ignored the transmission through an exposed ...

Analysis of problem-solving strategies reveals that although there is no universal, generic problem-solving process, there is a clinical reasoning process that is specific and highly tailored to the complexity of each clinical problem. Research reveals that successful problem solvers must possess comprehensive knowledge, but that the way they organize and ...

Academic education in dentistry should lead to the capability to solve complex open problems. The student entering university is only familiar with closed problems. Research into the making of a medical diagnosis has shown that novices do so differently than experts. These research results are summarised and are presumed to ...

The problem of determining the proper size of an artificial neural network is recognized to be crucial, especially for its practical implications in such important issues as learning and generalization. One popular approach for tackling this problem is commonly known as pruning and it consists of training a larger than ...

Managers, decision makers, and experts dealing with optimization problems often have a lack of information on the exact values of some parameters used in their problems. To deal with this kind of imprecise data, fuzzy sets provide a powerful tool to model and solve these problems. This paper studies a ...

PURPOSE: To describe a maternal problem-solving process from new mothers' day-to-day experience of caring for and developing a relationship with their babies. DESIGN: Qualitative study using grounded theory approach. SETTING: Mothers' homes (n = 23) and workplaces (n = 2). PARTICIPANTS: 25 mothers of babies from 2 weeks to 7 ...

A neural network for solving extended linear programming problems is presented and is shown to be globally convergent to exact solutions. The proposed neural network only uses simple hardware in which no analog multiplier for variables is required, and has no parameter tuning problem. Finally, an application of the neural ...

Eleven adolescents with a history of stealing in the past year were compared to 11 nonstealers on social problem-solving skills. The stealers showed a tendency not to consider the passage of time necessary for solving social problems on the Means-Ends Problem Solving (MEPS) test. In addition, adolescents who exhibited delinquency ...

Artificial neural networks have been recognized as a powerful tool for pattern classification problems, but a number of researchers have also suggested that straightforward neural-network approaches to pattern recognition are largely inadequate for difficult problems such as handwritten numeral recognition. In this paper, we present three sophisticated neural-network classifiers to ...

We construct two-dimensional (2-D) local cosine bases in discrete time. Solutions are offered both for rectangular and nonrectangular lattices. In the case of nonrectangular lattices, the problem is solved by mapping it into a one-dimensional (1-D) equivalent problem.

In analogical problem solving, a source problem with a known solution is used to solve a target problem. The present study deals with one possible condition influencing the search for possible source problems (i.e., with similarities between source and target problems in the emotional connotation of the problem cover stories). ...

In this article, we propose a new type of genetic algorithm (GA), the forking GA (fGA), which divides the whole search space into subspaces, depending on the convergence status of the population and the solutions obtained so far. The fGA is intended to deal with multimodal problems that are difficult ...

It can be stated that polyethylene wear can be shown as a problem in long term joint replacement. Metal-on-metal bearings are solving this problem as long term clinical and experimental investigations can demonstrate. To avoid the problem of high friction that was found to be a problem in older series, ...