Fragmentation and embolization of permanent pacemaker (PPM) leads into the pulmonary circulation is a rare complication of lead extraction procedures. We present two cases of lead tip embolization in patients undergoing lead extraction. The literature pertaining to the incidence and management of lead fragmentation and embolization is discussed.

Acute embolism of the upper extremity is a relatively infrequent event compared to the lower extremity, but it will affect the function of the limb involved and may occasionally lead to amputation. Most upper extremity emboli are of cardiac origin, with the remainder arising from subclavian aneurysm, occlusive disease, or ...

Preoperative transarterial embolization of head and neck paragangliomas using particulate agents has proven beneficial for decreasing intraoperative blood loss. However, the procedure is often incomplete owing to extensive vascular structure and arteriovenous shunts. We report our experience with embolization of these lesions by means of direct puncture and intratumoral injection ...

Cerebral lipiodol embolism (CLE) is an extremely rare complication of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The authors present a case of CLE that occurred after the second hepatic arterial chemoembolization for HCC, and attempt to introduce several plausible mechanisms of CLE, after reporting the clinical and radiological findings ...

We report the case of a 31-year-old woman who suffered lipiduria after selective transcatheter arterial embolization for renal angiomyolipoma (AML). Computed tomography confirmed cystic liquefactive necrosis with fat-fluid level in AML. Although the process by which AML fat tissue excretion occurs is not clear, we speculated that the infarcted AML ...

Operative hysteroscopy is associated with complications including the development of gas embolism. The aim of this study was to utilize continuous echocardiographic imaging during operative hysteroscopy to assess the extent and the haemodynamic effects of gas embolism in these patients. Women undergoing operative hysteroscopy under general anaesthesia without a history ...

Standard treatment for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUTUC) implies the radical removal of all urothelium-lined tissue, which requires nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff removal. We report on a patient with a rare coincidence of UUTUC and horseshoe kidney in whom a preoperative angiography helped to identify and subsequently embolize an ...

BACKGROUND: The major consequence of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) is the direct inflow of blood from the pulmonary artery to the pulmonary vein which induces hypoxemia. Severe complications include transient ischemic attacks, paradoxical embolization in the central nervous system, massive hemoptysis or hemothorax, etc. The conventional treatment is surgical intervention. ...

We report on 2 cases of visceral arterial embolism presenting with acute abdominal pain. In neither patient a cause could be established on initial clinical, laboratory, echographic or radiological investigation. Both patients were subsequently found to have a mural thrombus in the thoracic aorta, with visceral arterial embolism. Each underwent ...

Complications of bronchial artery embolization (BAE) are uncommon. A 37-year-old patient with pulmonary tuberculosis received bronchial artery embolization because of severe hemoptysis. The bilateral bronchial arteries and left internal mammary artery were embolized using a gelatin sponge, and the patient exhibited occipital blindness and ataxia after the second BAE. The ...

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) is a rare clinical condition characterized by the presence of sterile vegetations on valvular leaflets Gross and Friedberg (1936). The most frequent cause of NBTE is antiphospholipid syndrome Hughson and et al. (1993); malignancy, through an intrinsic condition of hypercoagulability, is the second most common cause ...

Thromboembolism is a major cause of death in cancer patients. The association between paraneoplastic hypercoagulability of oncological patients and long-term central venous catheters (CVC) may result in CVC associated thrombosis. Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO), especially when associated with atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) is a risk factor for paradoxical embolism. We ...

A 55-year-old man underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for bile duct carcinoma in March 2009. The patient developed anastomotic leakage and had a short episode of hemorrhage from the drainage tubes with spontaneous disappearance. CT and upper endoscopy did not reveal the source of bleeding. A massive life-threatening hemorrhage occurred on the 18th ...

We present the case of a fit and well 20-year-old gentleman who presented to our emergency department with unilateral lower limb pain and swelling. Subsequent imaging revealed a left ilio-femoral deep vein thrombosis, with associated duplication of his inferior vena cava. He was treated conservatively with a heparin infusion, warfarin ...

Femoral pseudoaneurysm is a complication of cardiac catheterization and may be related to the use of anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, larger diameter sheaths and prolonged duration of sheath insertion. The treatment ranges from direct compression with or without direct thrombin injection to surgical repair. The present report describes a unique scenario ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was a preliminary evaluation of the use of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer to treat patients with hemoptysis of systemic arterial origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the cases of 15 consecutively registered patients (10 men, five women; mean age, 53.7 years) who underwent endovascular ...

We report an autopsy case of treatment by absorbable gelatin sponge and microcoil embolization after perforation of the distal coronary artery by guidewire. Histological examination revealed a foreign body granuloma in the coronary artery with embolization. Foreign body reaction to absorbable gelatin sponge seemed to be stronger than that to ...

This article presents the case of a 56-year-old woman who developed a tumour recurrence following radical nephrectomy. This was invading the descending colon and causing severe gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Angiography revealed neovascularization from T11 and T12 intercostal arteries, which were successfully embolized percutaneously.

Deep vein thrombosis is a frequent finding in otherwise healthy, young adults who are diagnosed with congenital absence (agenesis) of the inferior vena cava - a rare anomaly. This condition is best diagnosed by computed tomography angiography with venous phase imaging, and is managed using anticoagulation, percutaneous catheter-directed mechanical thrombectomy ...

The authors report a novel technique of balloon-assisted embolization of a skull base meningioma supplied by a branch of the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery using liquid embolic agent. A temporarily inflated balloon distal to the meningioma's feeding vessel may improve the access to this small branch and ...

Extracranial carotid stenoses exhibit significant variance in embolic potential, with restenotic lesions having a particularly low propensity for embolization. This study sought to identify characteristics associated with increased generation of embolic debris during carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS). Captured particulate was available for analysis in 56 consecutive patients. Demographics were ...

Summary: During embolization of a large frontal arteriovenous malformation (AVM), Onyx-18 (eV3) was injected into an M3 branch of the middle cerebral artery via a Marathon microcatheter (eV3). After 40 minutes of embolization, the microcatheter could not be retracted due to fixation within the Onyx cast despite prolonged, robust attempts. ...

PURPOSE: To determine the arterial distribution pattern of the embolic agent Embozene within the porcine kidney and compare it with those of other spherical embolic agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Embozene, Embosphere, Bead Block, and Contour SE in size classes of 100-300 microm, 500-700 microm, and 700-900 microm and Embozene and ...

We report a case of localized bronchiectasis mimicking a hemangioma demonstrated on enhanced chest computed tomography. Left lower lobectomy following selective bronchial arterial embolization was successful. Pathology evaluation showed markedly dilated bronchial arteries along a dilated bronchus displacing the lateral and posterior basal segments.

This study sought to compare the most frequently used embolic particles in an animal model. In 16 New Zealand white rabbits, right renal arteries were embolized using four different embolic particles (polyvinyl alcohol [PVA] particles, 150-250 microm; PVA microspheres [PVAMs], 150-300 microm; Tris-acryl gelatin microspheres [TGMs], 100-300 microm; expanding microspheres ...

BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that the patent foramen ovale (PFO) may be associated with migraine, in particular migraine with aura. However, it is not clear whether paradoxical embolism triggers crises of headache. Cerebral embolization is provoked in subjects with PFO through contrast echocardiography, a safe method to diagnose the ...

Paradoxical embolism is defined as venous thrombosis causing systemic embolization through a right-to-left shunt. We, herein, report a case of bilateral total knee arthroplasty and developed paradoxical embolism caused by patent foramen ovale. A sixty-two-year-old female had a simultaneous, total knee arthroplasty for primary osteo-arthritis. A pulmonary emboli was suspected ...

Patent foramen ovale has become the subject of increasing interest in modern cardiovascular disease. This has been the result of several factors including, among others, description of paradoxical embolism, documentation of patent foramen ovale with right to left shunt, the rather ubiquitous use of echocardiography, the issue of stroke prevention, ...

INTRODUCTION: Endovascular embolization is an important modality in the treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Onyx is an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide that is approved for use as an embolic agent for brain AVMs. CASE REPORT: We describe a case of revascularization of an occluded vertebro-basilar ...

We developed a new water-soluble thermosensitive embolic agent, poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) and performed renal embolization in two cases with renal carcinoma by using this agent. Bleeding stopped immediately after the procedure and did not recur in follow-up intervals except fever because of postinfarction syndrome in these two patients. In one case ...

PURPOSE: To review our experience with embolic materials used in the selective arterial embolization of high-flow priapism and present the results of long-term follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight patients with traumatic high-flow priapism were reviewed. The patients were evaluated with clinical findings, laboratory examinations, and imaging findings including color Doppler ...

We report a case of Wunderlich's syndrome in an obese woman associated with massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Stable hemodynamic patient condition was obtained by selective arterial embolization. Since the first embolization of a renal angiomyolipoma in 1976 by Moorhead et al., highly selective renal arterial embolization of angiomyolipoma with rupture has ...

Massive pancreaticojejunal anastomotic bleeding, mainly from the gastroduodenal stump, is one of the most common complications of pancreatoduodenectomy. Selective angiography should be systematically the first step of investigative procedure in such situations. Pharmacoarteriography may be used if the bleeding point is not spontaneously identified, and allows safe and effective treatment ...

A 30-year-old man who had life-threatening traumatic bleeding from the sigmoid colon was successfully treated with emergent selective embolization of the sigmoid artery with N-butyl cyanoacrylate without ischemia. However, the patient developed colonic occlusion that became clinically apparent 6 months after the embolization and required surgical treatment. Interventional radiologists should ...

We present a case of presumed amniotic fluid embolism in a 33-year-old parturient at 30 weeks of gestation, which occurred just before she was due to receive spinal anaesthesia for urgent caesarean section. While sitting, the woman suddenly lost consciousness, started having convulsions and finally suffered cardiorespiratory collapse. She was ...

Cardiac myxoma is a rare disease with protean manifestations. Embolic phenomena are well-known entities. However, total occlusion of the descending aorta by saddle embolism along with multi-organ embolism is very unusual. We report a patient with cardiac myxoma presenting with multi-organ embolism including saddle embolism of the aorta in a ...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the success of endoleak repair using translumbar (TL) endoleak embolization compared with a transarterial (TA) technique that involves embolization of the endoleak cavity itself in addition to the feeding artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-four patients (mean age, 78.2 years; age range, 58-94 years) with type 2 endoleaks ...

We present a 69-year-old woman with a duodenal obstruction after successful selective transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for a duodenal diverticular hemorrhage. Two weeks after TAE, the patient showed abrupt symptoms of duodenal obstruction. Resolving hematomas after successful selective transcatheter arterial embolization should be thoroughly observed because they might result in ...

Complex aortic atheromas are an important differential diagnosis to consider in evaluating sources of arterial embolization. Diagnosis of the embolic source is an essential first step, so treatment can then be initiated to prevent further reoccurrence. We report the case of a 36-year-old man, without significant medical history, who presented ...

Coronary artery perforation remains one of the most fearsome complications during cardiac catheterization procedures. Although emergent bypass surgery is the preferred treatment for cases with uncontrollable perforation, endovascular vessel sealing and arrest of bleeding with a combination of balloons, covered stents, or embolic materials have also been proposed. The authors ...

Summary: Embolization in the territory of the ascending pharyngeal artery (APA) can be unsafe even after detailed pretherapeutic angiographic evaluation due to changes in haemodynamics and opening of anastomotic channels. A 60-year-old woman underwent angiogram and embolization for glomus tympanicum tumour. The glomus tympanicum tumour was embolized using contour PVA ...

In the present study, we used a modification of the rabbit small clot embolic stroke model (RSCEM), a multiple infarct ischemia model to achieve reperfusion (REP) through the internal carotid artery (ICA) following small clot embolization. We determined if increasing regional cortical blood flow (RCBF) following an embolic stroke is ...

We describe a case report observed via an echocardiography of a venous thromboembolism (VTE) that crosses through the patent foramen ovale to the left atrium and is successfully treated with alteplase. This is a case report of a tertiary care hospital without cardiac surgery facilities. An 81-year-old female seeking medical ...

OBJECT: The aim of this study was to analyze the histopathological changes in a consecutive series of 32 patients with brain arteriovenous malformations that were resected after undergoing endovascular embolization (22 using Onyx and 10 using N-butyl cyanoacrylate [NBCA]). METHODS: Selections from fixed paraffin-embedded specimens were stained for histological examination ...

The presence of a persistent sciatic artery is a rare congenital vascular malformation. Complications associated with aneurysmal degeneration of this aberrant vessel include rupture, thrombosis, and embolization with obliteration of outflow vessels. We describe the case of an 82-year-old female presenting with critical limb ischemia due to embolization from a ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of a transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) for the treatment of arterial esophageal bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between August 2000 and April 2008, five patients diagnosed with arterial esophageal bleeding by conventional angiography, CT-angiography or endoscopy, underwent a TAE ...

Epidural hematomas (EDHs) are sometimes treated nonoperatively. Decision making, however, is not always perfect, and some hematomas chosen for observation later deteriorate and require surgical clot removal. With the current endovascular technology it is possible to embolize meningeal arteries to stop epidural bleeding. In this study, the author presents his ...

Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare syndrome with potentially lethal outcomes. Complications include cardiorespiratory failure, disseminated intra-vascular coagulation, seizures, neurological deficits, and death. A 34-year-old woman had amniotic fluid embolism complicated by paradoxical embolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Emergency cesarean section followed by cardiopulmonary bypass with removal of the clot ...

The most common use of radioembolization is in the treatment of primary and secondary liver tumors, and the most common radioisotope used is yttrium-90. This form of therapy has been proven to be successful in achieving tumor reduction and prolonging survival. Adverse events, although uncommon and usually self-limiting, have been ...

OBJECT: The authors report their preliminary experience using a balloon-assisted technique (BAT) in the transarterial embolization of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs). METHODS: The authors reviewed the prospectively collected data obtained in 7 consecutive patients with DAVFs in whom embolization was achieved using transarterially injected Onyx with either the venous ...