BACKGROUND: The extent to which psychosocial and diet behavior factors affect dietary self-report remains unclear. We examine the contribution of these factors to measurement error of self-report. METHODS: In 450 postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study doubly labeled water and urinary nitrogen were used as biomarkers of ...

Dietary fiber (DF) can be broken down into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetic, propionic and n-butyric acid by gut microbiota to obtain energy. Therefore, dietary fibers have effects on the balance of gut microbiota and the production of SCFAs. In the four-week feeding, mice were fed with four ...

In the present study we investigated the influence of sex on the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) during obesity. Male and female C57BL/6J mice were fed for 15 and 25 weeks with a high fat diet (HFD) or low fat control diet (LFD). Analysis of body composition, monitoring of ...

Abstract The importance of nutritional components on growth and body composition outcomes has been demonstrated in multiple model organisms. Although zebrafish (Danio rerio) have an established role in research laboratories for its utility in understanding developmental biology and genetics, the influence of diet composition on basic growth outcomes is less ...

This study was conducted to develop equations to predict carcass and body fat compositions using biometric measures (BM) and body postmortem measurements, and to determine the relationships between BM and carcass fat, and empty body fat compositions of 44 crossbred bulls under tropical grazing conditions. The bulls were serially slaughtered ...

Empty body and carcass chemical compositions, expressed as content of water, ether extract, protein, minerals and energy, were evaluated in Nellore bulls with different residual feed intakes (RFI). Forty-nine not castrated males, with 343 kg of average initial BW and 398 kg of average slaughter BW were studied. Animals were ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of lipids from goat milk containing conjugated linoleic acids on body weight and reflex ontogeny of neonatal rats treated during the prenatal and suckling periods. METHODS: Three groups were studied: soybean oil (S), coconut oil (C), and goat milk lipids (GM). Reflex maturation (palm grasp, ...

The role of very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets (VLCKD) in the long-term management of obesity is not well established. The present meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether individuals assigned to a VLCKD (i.e. a diet with no more than 50 g carbohydrates/d) achieve better long-term body weight and cardiovascular risk factor management when compared ...

We investigated the anti-obesity effects of dietary D-psicose on adult rats fed a high-sucrose diet. Wistar rats (16 weeks old) that had previously been fed a high-sucrose diet (HSD) were fed HSD or a high-starch diet (HTD) with or without 5% D-psicose for 8 weeks. The food efficiency, carcass fat ...

PURPOSE: Diets rich in fat and energy are associated with metabolic syndrome (MS). Increased body iron stores have been recognized as a feature of MS. High-fat diets (HFs), excess iron loading and MS are closely associated, but the mechanism linking them has not been clearly defined. We investigated the interaction ...

This is an 8-year cohort study of 24 HIV-infected patients aged 5-17 years to assess body composition and metabolic changes after switching from lamivudine + stavudine (d4T) + protease inhibitors (PI) to lamivudine + tenofovir (TDF) + efavirenz (EFV). Body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density ...

In the factorial approach, amino acid (AA) requirements are determined using the AA composition of retained protein, which is assumed to be constant. However, this hypothesis may not be valid because the AA composition of body protein can be affected by the diet. The objective of this study was to ...

Background: Centenarians with normal cognitive function have a "longevity phenotype" characterized by large low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low incidence of metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and cognitive impairment. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with a number of cardiovascular risk factors, but it is not known if they have ...

The validity of the body condition score (BCS) for evaluating subcutaneous fat has been questioned because of its subjectivity. With the advent of ultrasonography, backfat thickness (BFT) can be objectively measured and used to assess the energy status of dairy cows in conjunction with BCS. Determine the relationship between BCS ...

To determine the feasibility and efficacy of a high-protein diet compared with a standard diet aiming for weight maintenance in insulin treated type-2 diabetic patients on insulin requirement, body weight and metabolic parameters over 12 weeks.In a randomized controlled trial we assigned 44 type-2 diabetic patients on insulin therapy either ...

Objective: To examine body fat and musculoskeletal changes in men over five years. Design and Methods: Body composition was evaluated for men in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study using whole body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) during two time-periods. DXA was performed for 1,329 men (25-96yr) during 2001-06 and for 900 ...

Background: While adiposity is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the association between adiposity and cerebrovascular disease is not entirely understood. For example, common methods to quantify body fat volume such as body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio are not suitable to identify the complex distribution patterns ...

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of vascular thrombotic events. We sought to investigate how obesity and weight loss affect plasma fibrin clot properties. A total of 29 obese patients were studied before and after 3-month low-fat diet. Plasma fibrin clot parameters, including fibrin clot permeation coefficient (Ks), the ...

Abstract Obesity is a chronic inflammatory condition with numerous metabolic consequences to the organism, highlighting its influence on bone mass. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the role of visceral fat, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin on bone mineral density in obese post-puberty adolescents girls, submitted to an ...

Aim: To investigate the acute effects of the simultaneous ingestion of fructose and fat on postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in healthy young women.Methods: Nine young healthy Japanese women with a normal weight (body mass index: 18.5≤-< 25 kg/m(2)), a normal ovarian cycle and an apolipoprotein E 3/3 phenotype were enrolled as ...

Many Arctic animals carry high body burdens of organochlorine contaminants (OCs) due to long-range transport of persistent pollutants. It has been shown that seasonal mobilization of body fat in these species results in increased blood concentration of OCs. We investigated OC assimilation, tissue distribution and biotransformation in farmed Arctic fox ...

Chemical composition of the tiger's milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerotis) from different developmental stages, i.e. the fruit body, sclerotium, and mycelium, was investigated for the first time. Fruit body and sclerotium of L. rhinocerotis were rich in carbohydrates and dietary fibers but low in fat. Protein levels in L. rhinocerotis were ...

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies have shown an inverse association between the frequency of nut consumption and body mass index (BMI) and risk of obesity. However, clinical trials that evaluated nut consumption on adiposity have been scarce and inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published, randomized nut-feeding trials ...

tert-Butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) is a commonly used antioxidant additive that is approved for human use by both the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). In this study, we examined the effect of tBHQ on body weight gain and found that food supplementation with 0.001 % (w/w) tBHQ inhibited ...

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between natriuretic peptides and body fat distribution in a multiethnic cohort. BACKGROUND: Natriuretic peptides stimulate lipolysis, reduce weight gain, and promote adipocyte browning in animal models but data are lacking in humans. METHODS: 2619 participants without heart failure in the Dallas Heart Study underwent measurements ...

Clinical practice guidelines for elective cesarean section at early-term gestation (37-38 weeks) recommend antenatal corticosteroids to reduce neonatal respiratory morbidity. However, the long-term health implications for offspring exposed to corticosteroids at term are unknown and may differ from the effects of preterm corticosteroid exposure. We therefore randomized singleton-bearing ewes (n = 64) to ...

Leptin is a peptide hormone that plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Studies in mammals have shown that circulating leptin levels reflect adiposity and that this adipocyte-derived cytokine acts as an afferent satiety signal to the brain, decreasing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. Since leptin ...

Objective:The Medifast 5 & 1 Plan (MD) is a portion-controlled, nutritionally-balanced, low-fat weight-loss plan. We studied the effects of MD compared with a reduced-energy, food-based diet (FB) on body weight, waist circumference, fat mass and other measures in adults.Design:We conducted a two-parallel-arm, randomized, controlled trial comparing MD to FB over ...

OBJECTIVES: This study examines the relationship between total body mass composition and vowel formant frequency and formant dispersion in men. METHODS: A total of 60 healthy male volunteers were recruited. Formant frequencies and dispersions of F1, F2, F3, and F4 for the vowels /ɑː/ and /iː/ were determined using spectrographic ...

We predicted that an expectancy of acquiring a feared fat self and an expectancy of acquiring a hoped-for thin self both mediate the impact of body size on women's body esteem. We also predicted that the mediating pathway through the feared fat self would be stronger than that through the ...

The negative effects of malnourishment in utero have been widely explored; the effects of increased maternal macronutrient intake are not known in relation to high fibre, and have been inconclusive with regard to high protein. In the present study, virgin Wistar dams were fed either a control (C), high-protein (40 %, ...

Drawing on evidence from the Framingham Heart Study, Christakis and Fowler in their 2007 article published in the New England Journal of Medicine make the claim that obesity spreads in social networks. Whether they are correct in this assertion is neither the concern nor focus of this article. Rather, what ...

In addition to controlling food intake, the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) plays an important role in thermoregulation. Within the DMH, a number of neuropeptides and receptors have been found and their roles in controlling energy balance are being investigated. We recently found that the orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the DMH ...

BACKGROUND: Excess accumulation of visceral fat is a prominent risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity. While computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard to measure visceral adiposity, this is often not possible for large studies - thus valid, but less expensive and intrusive proxy measures of visceral fat are ...

The functions of the fat body in the different castes of termites, and accumulation of energy reserves, proteins and urates within this organ, are reviewed. The termite fat body is involved in multiple metabolic activities, including recycling of nitrogen. Termite fat body showed three different types of cells: adipocytes, urocytes ...

BACKGROUND: Detailed associations between physical activity (PA) subcomponents, sedentary time, and body composition in preschoolers remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: We examined the magnitude of associations between objectively measured PA subcomponents and sedentary time with body composition in 4-y-old children. DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 398 preschool children recruited from ...

Obesity is currently a worldwide pandemic. Leptin resistance is a main mechanism of obese human and rodents. The down-regulation of the long form of the leptin receptor (LRb) was involved in leptin resistance in diet-induced obese rats. In the studies, we investigated whether arcuate nucleus (ARC) silencing of LRb would ...

AIMS: This study examined effects of pioglitazone on body weight and bone mineral density prospectively in patients with impaired glucose tolerance since pioglitazone (TZD) increases body weight and body fat in diabetic patients and increases the risk of bone fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 71 men and 163 ...

Objective:Accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is strongly linked to insulin resistance. Variations in the size of any adipose depot are determined by alterations in adipocyte volume and/or number. The individual contribution of each of the latter factors was determined in the major omentum, a fully resectable VAT depot.Subjects:Total removal ...

BACKGROUND: Diet-induced weight loss is accompanied by adaptive thermogenesis, ie, a disproportional or greater than expected reduction of resting metabolic rate (RMR). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether adaptive thermogenesis is sustained during weight maintenance after weight loss. DESIGN: Subjects were 22 men and 69 women ...

Objective To examine changes in lumbar spine-bone mineral density (LS-BMD) among normal weight (body mass index [BMI] = 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)), Class 1-2 obese (BMI = 30-39.9 kg/m(2)), and Class 3 obese (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m(2)) women utilising depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). Methods Five normal-weight, five Class 1-2 obese, and five Class ...

Context:Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract with methanogenic archaea (methanogens) significantly affects host metabolism and weight gain in animal models, and breath methane is associated with a greater body mass index (BMI) among obese human subjects.Objective:The objective of the study was to characterize the relationship between methane and hydrogen on breath ...

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine the prospective association between glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) of diets and intakes of carbohydrates, sugars, fiber, and the main carbohydrate containing food groups (e.g. soft drinks) with changes in percent body fat, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference among adolescents. DESIGN AND ...

OBJECTIVE: To develop a new geometrical index that combines height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) and relate this index to total and visceral body fat. DESIGN AND METHODS: Subject data were pooled from three databases that contained demographic, anthropometric, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measured fat mass, and ...

There is currently no suitable system available for the assessment of budgerigar body condition. A tool has been developed that uses an algorithmic decision tree of yes-no answers based on physical examination to objectively guide the assessor to a body condition score. The aim of this work was to evaluate ...

Epidemiological studies demonstrated that adverse environmental factors leading to intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and low birth weight may predispose individuals to increased risk of metabolic syndrome. In rats, we previously demonstrated that adult male IUGR offspring from prenatal 70% food-restricted dams throughout gestation (FR30) were predisposed to energy balance dysfunctions ...

Maintenance of body temperature is essential for the survival of homeotherms. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized fat tissue that is dedicated to thermoregulation. Owing to its remarkable capacity to dissipate stored energy and its demonstrated presence in adult humans, BAT holds great promise for the treatment of obesity ...

The effects of combination naltrexone/bupropion on body composition and visceral adipose tissue mass were examined in a subset (n=107) of obese subjects from a Phase 2 trial that compared the efficacy and safety of placebo, naltrexone monotherapy, bupropion monotherapy, or 1 of 3 naltrexone/bupropion dose combinations for 24 weeks. Body ...

Objective. Few randomized clinical studies have evaluated the impact of diet and physical activity on testosterone (T) levels in obese men with conflicting results. Conversely, studies on bariatric surgery in men generally showed an increase in T levels. The aim of the present study is to perform a systematic review ...

Plant allelochemicals are nonnutritional chemicals that interfere with the biology of herbivores. We posed the hypothesis that ingestion of a glycoalkaloid allelochemical, α-solanine, impairs biological parameters of greater wax moths Galleria mellonella. To test this idea, we reared wax moths on artificial diets with 0.015, 0.15, or 1.5 mg/100 g ...