The effects of several fat replacement levels (0%, 35%, 50%, 70%, and 100%) by inulin in sponge cake microstructure and physicochemical properties were studied. Oil substitution for inulin decreased significantly (P < 0.05) batter viscosity, giving heterogeneous bubbles size distributions as it was observed by light microscopy. Using confocal ...

Present study examined the effects of Ergosan on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, hematological parameters and gastrointestinal structure of rainbow trout. Rainbow trout (mean weight 100-110 g) were fed basal diet (control) and diet treated with Aquavac Ergosan (5 g kg(-1) of diet) for 50 days. Results of this study showed that Ergosan supplementation ...

Trans-free interesterified fat was produced for possible usage as a margarine. Palm stearin, coconut oil and canola oil were used as substrates for chemical interesterification. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of blends of palm stearin, coconut oil and canola oil submitted to ...

OBJECTIVE: Chemotherapeutic agents induce small intestinal mucositis that is characterized structurally by crypt loss and villus atrophy and functionally by absorptive and barrier impairments. We studied the effect of selected individual vitamins and multiple-vitamin mixture supplementation in modulating cisplatin-induced intestinal damage and apoptosis. METHODS: Thirty-six male Wistar/NIN rats 20 wk ...

The oxysterol 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol (24,25EC) can affect cholesterol metabolism at multiple points. Previously, we proposed that 24,25EC has an especially significant role in fine-tuning cholesterol synthesis, since it parallels cholesterol production, and without it, acute cholesterol synthesis is exaggerated. 24,25EC is structurally similar to desmosterol, a substrate for the enzyme 3β-hydroxysterol ...

OBJECTIVES: This study compares the effects of feeding growing rats with increasing concentrations of casein (C) and wheat gluten (G), proteins that show different biological qualities, on the morphometrical and biomechanical properties of the femoral diaphysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female rats were fed with one of ten diets containing different ...

Scope: Cereal arabinoxylan (AX) is one of the main dietary fibers in a balanced human diet. To gain insight into the importance of structural features of AX for their prebiotic potential and intestinal fermentation properties, a rat trial was performed. Methods and results: A water unextractable AX-rich preparation (WU-AX, 40% ...

In animals, carbohydrate and fat composition during dietary interventions influenced cardiac metabolism, structure, and function. Because reduced-carbohydrate and reduced-fat hypocaloric diets are commonly used in the treatment of obesity, we investigated whether these interventions differentially affect left ventricular mass, cardiac function, and blood pressure. We randomized 170 overweight and obese ...

Variants of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), a key hepatic lipid oxidation enzyme, may influence how fatty acid oxidation contributes to obesity and metabolic outcomes. CPT1A is regulated by diet, suggesting interactions between gene variants and diet may influence outcomes. The objective of this study was to test the association of ...

Protozoa are common inhabitants of the rumen where they play roles in host nutrition and methanogenesis. Knowledge of how changes in the composition of protozoa communities affect these processes is limited in part due to a lack of efficient methods for protozoa community analysis. In this study, a terminal-restriction fragment ...

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are found naturally in dairy products. Two isomers of CLA, that differ only in the location of cis and trans double bonds, are found to have distinct and different biological effects. The cis 9 trans 11 (C9T11) isomer is believed to have anti-carcinogenic effects, while the ...

The accumulation of lipids, including cholesterol, in the arterial wall plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although several advances have been made in the detection and imaging of these lipid structures in plaque lesions, their morphology and composition have yet to be fully elucidated, particularly in different ...

The insect fat body plays major roles in the intermediary metabolism, in the storage and transport of haemolymph compounds and in the innate immunity. Here, the overall structure of the fat body of five species of mosquitoes (Aedes albopictus, Aedes fluviatilis, Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles aquasalis and Anopheles darlingi) was compared ...

Dietary trials may link macronutrient intakes to health outcomes, but adherence to dietary targets requires advice based on an understanding of food composition and consumption patterns. Using data from a weight loss trial, we hypothesized that structured advice would be required for significant fat modification to occur. We compared participants' ...

Immense populations of viruses are present in the human gut and other body sites. Understanding the role of these populations (the human "virome") in health and disease requires a much deeper understanding of their composition and dynamics in the face of environmental perturbation. Here, we investigate viromes from human subjects ...

Capsaicin β-glucoside was isolated from the feces of Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa assulta, and Helicoverpa zea that fed on capsaicin-supplemented artificial diet. The chemical structure was identified by NMR spectroscopic analysis as well as by enzymatic hydrolysis. The excretion rates of the glucoside were different among the three species; those in ...

Habitat usage comprises interactions between ecological parameters and organismal capacities, and the selective pressures that ultimately determine the outcome of such processes in an evolutionary scale may be conflicting when the same morphological structure is recruited for different activities. Here, we investigate the roles of diet and locomotion in the ...

The concept of raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) has been the focus of increasing attention as a strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease. HDL particles are, however, highly heterogeneous in structure, intravascular metabolism and biological activity. In this review, we describe major HDL subpopulations and discuss new findings on the antiatherogenic properties ...

This review is the first attempt at systematization and analysis of the literature data (covering the last decade) on the chemical structures and specific activities of cholesterol-regulating agents. Six of thirty currently known biological targets for treating hyperlipidemia were selected and considered. All of the chemical structures under study are ...

CETP (cholesteryl ester-transfer protein) is essential for neutral lipid transfer between HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and plays a critical role in the reverse cholesterol transfer pathway. In clinical trials, CETP inhibitors increase HDL levels and reduce LDL levels, and therefore may be used as a potential treatment ...

By investigating the identities, amounts, and distributions of the major components of human gallstones, the formation mechanism of calculi may be elucidated. Using FT-IR specular reflection spectroscopy, the compositions of five common types of gallstones, including cholesterol calculus, bile pigment calculus, cholesterol-bilirubin calculus, mixed calculus, and black stones, were positionally, ...

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with a prebiotic mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on broiler performance, bacterial community structure and phylogenetic populations of caecal contents. Bird performance data was collected and caecal samples were extracted from randomly caught poults from each treatment group every 7 days, from hatch to ...

Mycosubtilin is a natural antimicrobial lipopeptide produced by Bacillus subtilis strains. It is characterized by its hemolytic and strong antifungal activities. Mycosubtilin interacts with the plasma membranes of sensitive cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of its biological activities have not been completely elucidated. Our purpose was therefore to analyze the ...

Dietary fibres are believed to reduce subjective appetite, energy intake and body weight. However, different types of dietary fibre may affect these outcomes differently. The aim of this review was to systematically investigate the available literature on the relationship between dietary fibre types, appetite, acute and long-term energy intake, and ...

ABSTRACT: Background Obesity increases the risk for development of cardiomyopathy in the absence of hypertension, diabetes or myocardial ischemia. Not all obese individuals, however, progress to heart failure. Indeed, obesity may provide protection from cardiovascular mortality in some populations. The fatty acid milieu, modulated by diet, may modify obesity-induced myocardial ...

The aim of the present study is to investigate the potential role of L-arginine or L-citrulline in rats fed high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFC) diet. HFC feeding increased significantly serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, urea and all lipid profiles and decreased significantly serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) and ...

A number of diet and exercise programs purport to help promote and maintain weight loss. However, few studies have compared the efficacy of different methods. To determine whether adherence to a meal-replacement-based diet program (MRP) with encouragement to increase physical activity is as effective as following a more structured meal-plan-based ...

Diets of the pipefish Stigmatopora nigra were analysed to determine if food availability was causing S. nigra to distribute according to habitat edge effects. Gut analysis found little difference in the diets of S. nigra at the edge and interior of seagrass patches, regardless of time of day or season. ...

OBJECTIVE: The hypolipidemic effect of two structured lipids prepared from mustard oil was studied: one was medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) rich mustard oil and the other was polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) rich mustard oil. METHODS: Thirty-six rats were involved in the study with six rats in each group. Three ...

Studies in mice indicate that the gut microbiome influences both sides of the energy-balance equation by contributing to nutrient absorption and regulating host genes that affect adiposity. However, it remains uncertain as to what extent gut microbiota are an important regulator of nutrient absorption in humans. With the use of ...

Phytosteryl glycosides occur in natural foods but little is known about their metabolism and bioactivity. Purified acylated steryl glycosides (ASG) were compared with phytosteryl esters (PSE) in mice. Animals on a phytosterol-free diet received ASG or PSE by gavage in purified soybean oil along with tracers cholesterol-d(7) and sitostanol-d(4). In ...

Background: Adherence to diet and fluid restrictions by adults on hemodialysis treatment is challenging. This study compared non-adherence (NA) to diet and fluid restrictions between adult US and German hemodialysis patients, and assessed potential predictors for NA. Methods: A cross-sectional multicenter comparative study of 456 adult hemodialysis patients was conducted ...

The intestine of the newly hatched chick is immature at hatch. Yeast contains nucleotides and β-glucans that enhance intestinal development and chick growth. Accordingly, a 14-d experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a novel yeast product and bacitracin methylene disalicylate in enhancing early growth and intestinal maturation in ...

Chronic overeating of obesogenic diets can lead to obesity, reduced dopamine signaling, and increased consumption of added sugars to compensate for blunted reward. However, the specific role of diet composition yet remains unknown. To study this, Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed a high-energy diet with high fat and low carbohydrate ...

Ingestion of dietary fat stimulates production of the small-intestinal satiety factors oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and N-palmitoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NPPE), which reduce food intake through a combination of local (OEA) and systemic (NPPE) actions. Previous studies have shown that sympathetic innervation of the gut is necessary for duodenal infusions of fat to induce satiety, ...

This study evaluated the hypolipidemic and antiobesity effects of phloroacetophenone (2',4',6'-trihydroxyacetophenone, THA) isolated from MYRCIA MULTIFLORA and their relationship with triglyceride (TG) intestinal absorption and pancreatic lipase activity inhibition. The hypolipidemic effect of THA was evaluated by acute (Triton WR-1339 treatment) and chronic assay (high-fat diet treatment), the antiobesity effect ...

Scope: Previous studies have shown that a highly enriched cocoa diet affects both intestinal and systemic immune function in young rats. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether diets containing lower amounts of cocoa could also influence the systemic and intestinal humoral immune response. Methods and results: Fecal ...

1. A total of 40 female BUT9 turkeys were used in a precision-feeding assay to investigate the effect of dietary phytase on true metabolisable energy corrected for N retention (TME(N)), coefficients of true dry matter (TDMD), mineral, amino acid and nitrogen (TND) digestibilities and the excretion of endogenous mucin, measured ...

In cereal-based diets, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) lower precaecal nutrient absorption and increase endogenous protein and amino acid (AA) losses. Adding exogenous NSP-degrading enzymes aims amongst others to reduce these negative effects and to thereby improve protein and AA supply. However, biased results exist in the literature on their efficacy in ...

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary phytic acid (PA) and phytase supplementation on small intestinal histomorphology and sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) gene expression in piglets. Twenty-four piglets with an average initial BW of 7.60 ± 0.73 kg were randomly assigned to 3 experimental diets to ...

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of high level of dietary ZnO on the bacterial core and enterobacterial composition in the small intestine of piglets, and they were fed diets containing a total of 124 or 3,042 mg Zn per kg diet, respectively. Zinc was supplemented to the ...

Background: Diet may play an important role in the management of patients with short bowel syndrome who have colon in continuity. However, macronutrient absorption has not been well characterized, and the most appropriate dietary constituents have not been well defined. Objective: To define carbohydrate absorption characteristics in patients with short ...

Grapes have high amounts of phenolic compounds, which can modulate the gut activity as well as modify the structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract. The microbiological activity of avoparcin, grape pomace concentrate, and grape seed extract was evaluated in an in vitro study. An in vivo experiment was also ...

Abstract Evolutionary shifts in diet composition are presumably accompanied by simultaneous changes in digestive physiology. The adaptive modulation hypothesis predicts that activities of digestive enzymes should match the relative levels of their substrates in an animal's diet so that available membrane space and synthetic energy are not wasted on enzymes ...

The objective of the current study was to investigate the influence of including whole corn (WC) in goose diets on the performance, digestive tract development, and nutrient retention. A total of 112 Yangzhou geese, 7 d old and with similar BW, were distributed into 8 pens of 14 birds/pen (7 ...

Besides apple, its primary host, the codling moth (Cydia pomonella) uses walnut as a secondary host. Abundance of toxic naphthoquinones, among which juglone prevails, does not restrain this economically important pest insect from infesting walnut, but processes underlying the suitability of this host were yet unknown. Larvae feeding on an ...

The present study determined whether α-ketoglutarate (AKG) might affect the expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and energy status in the intestinal mucosa of piglets challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A total of eighteen piglets (weaned at 21 d of age) were allocated to one of three treatments: (1) non-challenged ...

Copper is an essential micronutrient involved in a variety of biological processes indispensable to sustain life. At the same time, it can be toxic when present in excess, the most noticeable chronic effect being liver damage. Potent, efficient regulatory mechanisms control copper absorption in the digestive tract and copper biliary ...

Marine foods represent a unique source of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the omega-3 (n-3) family. Today it is generally accepted that fish oil is important in a healthy and balanced omnivorous human diet. This favorable health perception of fish oil is however troubled by the high level of PUFA ...

BACKGROUND: To investigate the absorption and relative bioavailability of leucine administered orally as part of an enteral diet in well and malnourished animals. METHODS: Two groups - RN (regular nutrition) and PCR (protein-calorie restricted) - were fed with different diets for 23-25 days. Rats from each group were assigned randomly ...