The proper use of a time-dependent and controlled nutrition regimen during the hormone-sensitive growth phase before first parturition can significantly affect mammary growth and subsequent lactation performance. The objective of the present study was to determine if a compensatory nutrition regimen improves lactation performance by affecting proliferation and apoptosis of ...

Glucose is usually chosen as the energy source for total parenteral nutrition. However, the optimal glucose:fat ratio for peripheral parenteral nutrition has not been examined sufficiently. We compared glucose:fat ratios in hypocaloric nutrition. Male SD rats were given hypocaloric parenteral nutrition (approx. 190 kcal/kg/d) for 5 d after laparotomy. The ...

The effect of creatine (Cr) on the response of the respiratory center to anoxia was analyzed at different postnatal stages in a brainstem slice preparation of mice. Spontaneous rhythmic activity was recorded from hypoglossal rootlets (XII) and from identified neurons within the preBötzinger complex using the whole cell patch clamp ...

This study was designed to investigate the effects of differences in the route of nutritional support of the donor on cold ischemia/reperfusion injury. Participation of Kupffer cells in these effects, based on the analysis of hepatic energy metabolism in early phases of reperfusion was also investigated. Orthotopic liver transplantation was ...

Because a biochemical function has not been defined for boron (B), its nutritional essentiality has not been firmly established. Nonetheless, dietary guidance should be formulated for B, because it has demonstrated beneficial, if not essential, effects in both animals and humans. Intakes of B commonly found with diets abundant in ...

OBJECTIVE: Describe the nutrition program (assessments and interventions) and the participants' baseline nutritional characteristics in the Hemodialysis Pilot Study. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey in which hemodialysis patients were examined during 10 weeks of baseline (BL), before randomization study interventions (dose and flux). SETTING: Four hemodialysis centers (eight dialysis units in ...

We investigated the effects of an elemental diet fed parenterally or enterally on total mucosal protein and lactase phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) synthesis. Catheters were placed in the stomach, jugular vein, and carotid artery of 12 3-day-old pigs. Half of the animals were given an elemental regimen enterally and the other ...

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to test the effectiveness of the Stanford Nutrition Action Program, an experimental trial to reduce dietary fat intake among low-literacy, low-income adults. METHODS: Twenty-four paired adult education classes (351 participants, 85% women, mean age = 31 years) were randomly assigned to receive a newly developed ...

OBJECTIVE: The effect of a cyclic versus a continuous enteral feeding protocol on postoperative delayed gastric emptying, start of normal diet, and hospital stay was assessed in patients undergoing pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Delayed gastric emptying occurs in approximately 30% of patients after PPPD and causes prolonged hospital ...

Indication for and an evaluation of enteral nutrition in Crohn's disease differ between Japan and western countries. PURPOSE: Japanese results are reported and differences are discussed. RESULTS: Enteral nutrition with an elemental diet is first-line therapy for active Crohn's disease in Japan. The remission induction rate of elemental diet therapy ...

The need for new therapeutic approaches to improve the metabolic and clinical efficacy of nutritional therapy has been increasingly emphasized. The field of nutrition support of catabolic, malnourished, or hospitalized patients is rapidly evolving in response to the beneficial effects observed with adjunctive therapies in animal models and in emerging ...

BACKGROUND: Polyamines play an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of enterocytes. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is the rate-limiting enzyme for polyamine biosynthesis. Elemental diets, providing easily absorbable nutrients such as free amino acids, are used in clinical practice to treat growth failure and malnutrition. They are very different from ...

Frank cachexia is usually evident in the clinical evaluation, but important metabolic alterations in tumour-bearing patients with slight weight changes are frequently overlooked. Since several factors are involved in cancer-induced malnutrition (marasmus type descriptive of general inadequate food intake, kwashiorkor type descriptive of inadequate protein intake/increased turnover), medical/dietary history and ...

Beliefs, attitudes, and nutrition resource use among high school wrestling coaches were measured for weight loss, weight class, dehydration, training diet, and eating disorders. Most coaches (82%) considered themselves very knowledgeable about wrestling but less informed about sport nutrition, weight loss, and vitamin supplements. They used a variety of nutrition ...

In a prospective controlled clinical study 30 patients with moderate degree of malnutrition, normal liver and kidneys, and a functioning gastrointestinal tract were randomized to receive a free amino acid and small peptide enteral diet (15 patients) or an isonitrogenous isocaloric parenteral support for at least 10 days (total energy: ...

BACKGROUND: We suggested that the continuous translocation of endotoxin from Gram-negative bacterial overgrowth during bowel rest and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) causes the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), resulting in liver damage and hepatic dysfunction. Because TPN-induced hepatic steatosis was significantly reduced by the monoclonal antibodies against TNF, we ...

In a study of 1700 members of the UK general public in 1992 in which face-to-face interviews were conducted, factors thought important in a healthy diet were (in descending order) more fiber, less sugar, less fat, less salt, and more starchy foods. Of common nutritional terms there was most confidence ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a restaurant-based nutrition program by measuring customer satisfaction with lower-fat menu items and assessing patrons' reactions to the program. DESIGN AND SETTING: Questionnaires to assess satisfaction with menu items were administered to patrons in eight of the nine restaurants that volunteered to participate in the nutrition program. ...

Chylothorax is the occurrence of chylus (lymph) in the pleura due to damage to the thoracic duct. There is a high content of triglycerides, and chylomicrons can be seen. It is usually right-sided, since most of the duct is within the right hemithorax. With damage at the level of the ...

Carnitine CAR) plays an important role in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Less attention. however, has been paid to CAR compared to other nutrients even in total parenteral nutrition (TPN). To examine CAR metabolism during TPN and the effect of simultaneous oral L-CAR supplementation on CAR levels, the blood CAR ...

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between nutritional intake and caries experience of junior high school students. The sample consisted of 295 boys and 356 girls in Kangwha county. Dependent variables were total caries experience, occlusal surface caries experience, smooth surface caries experience and DMFS score (Decayed, Missing, ...

Hispanic adults (n = 132) attending adult English language classes completed self-report surveys that assessed gender, acculturation level, and nutrition-related factors (i.e., knowledge, beliefs, self-efficacy, intentions, and fat avoidance). Descriptive statistics showed low nutrition knowledge among the group overall, although beliefs that changes in diet lead to better health, self-efficacy ...

For the maintenance of good health of very old people such as centenarians, nutrition is very important. However, the information on their nutritional status is very limited. In this study, we evaluated the nutritional status of centenarians by comparison with elderly in their 70 s and young adults. Volunteer subjects ...

Abnormal nutritional status and dietary patterns are central features of the eating disorders. Normalization of these features are key components of treatment and recovery because they are powerful perpetuating factors. Restrictive diets, fat avoidance, and abnormal cognitive and perceptual patterns are typically present, in addition to altered nutritional parameters because ...

The objectives of this review are to alert the community of toxicologic pathologists to the types and significance of various diets fed to experimental animals used in safety evaluations of drugs and other chemicals, to acquaint investigators with dietary nutrients and contaminants of significance to research animals, to review some ...

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of the addition of medical nutrition therapy administered by a registered dietitian with the usual physician counseling on nutrition knowledge, attitudes regarding dietary change, body mass index, dietary intake, and lipid and lipoprotein concentrations during initial management of persons at risk for cardiovascular disease. DESIGN: ...

One factor limiting efforts to determine human requirements for dietary intakes of mineral elements has been the unavailability of acceptable standards for evaluating the effects of marginal and mild deficiencies. Traditional approaches, such as growth, longevity, chemical balance and measurement of concentrations of minerals in plasma or serum and cellular ...

The conceptual framework upon which the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) was derived is being replaced by a new, less population-based and more individualistic view of nutrition that relates to health more broadly than merely the prevention of overt nutrient deficiency disease. As this has occurred, problems have become apparent concerning ...

The National Nutrition Survey in Japan has played an important role for nutrition policy in this country, by monitoring nutrition and health status of the Japanese since 1946. During those 50 years, diet of the Japanese has remarkably changed, with the proportion of fat intake in total energy being more ...

Limb lengthening by gradual mechanical distraction, termed distraction osteogenesis (DO), results in new bone formation. We have developed a rat tibial model for DO and have proceeded to study the effects of nutrition on this process. We have combined the intragastric diet delivery system of total enteral nutrition (TEN) with ...

There is a common perception that malnutrition is an inevitable manifestation of illness, that oral nutritional supplements are not taken or reduce the consumption of oral diet, and that nasogastric feeding is poorly tolerated. This study assessed the efficacy of supplemental enteral feeding on the nutritional status of malnourished patients, ...

OBJECTIVE: The authors examine the effect of route and type of nutrition on an established upper respiratory tract immunity and investigate potential mechanisms for increased pneumonia rates in critically injured patients fed parenterally. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The primary immunologic defense against many mucosal infections is IgA. Prior work shows that ...

BACKGROUND: Enteral support is the preferred feeding route for stressed patients due in part to the provision of gut-specific fuels. In those patients who must be maintained parenterally, small amounts of enteral stimulation might blunt gut atrophy and lead to improvement in host defense mechanisms decreasing macromolecular and/or bacterial translocation ...

BACKGROUND: Nutrition education tailored to individual characteristics of people might be more effective than general nutrition education. Nowadays, the use of computers makes individualized feedback available for larger groups. METHODS: The impact of tailored nutrition information on changes in fat, vegetable, and fruit consumption was tested in a randomized trial ...

To assess the effects of administering increasing rates of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on total-body and organ composition, infusion catheters were implanted aseptically into the right jugular vein of Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals received 14 d of either a high (H), medium (M), or low (L) rate of TPN infusion (1.22, ...

AIM: To investigate the effect of early postoperative enteral nutrition enriched with arginine, RNA and omega-3 fatty acids on immunological and nutritional variables after elective curative operations for gastric or pancreatic cancer. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial. SETTING: University hospital, Italy. SUBJECTS: 78 Consecutive patients who were to undergo curative operations ...

A rabbit model for long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN), specially provided with cholecystostomy tube, was designed to investigate further aspects of TPN-associated cholestasis (TPN-AC). Modified surgical procedures concerning vascular access, cholecystostomy tube implantation and authors' original modalities for prolonged infusion management in the rabbit were used. Continuous TPN was performed ...

The effects of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) versus enteral nutrition (TEN) were studied in 34 patients following major neurosurgery. Measurements were made of resting energy expenditure (REE), urea production rate (UPR), visceral proteins, parameters of liver and pancreas function, as well as gastrointestinal absorption. To predict nutritional status, nutritional index ...

Several studies on enteral nutrition undertaken by our group led to the following findings: (1) A semielemental diet was as effective as an elemental diet in inducing remission. (2) A low-residue diet was useful for the maintenance of remission, with the effect depending upon the quantity given. (3) Intractability to ...

A girl born after 36 weeks' gestation had emesis 15 hours after birth. She required total parenteral nutrition (TPN) because of persistent gastric retention. When milk was given, the volume of gastric aspirate 3 hours after feeding often was greater than the volume given. Domperidon and erythromycin were ineffective. Upper ...

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to evaluate, using meta-analysis techniques, whether enteral nutrition is effective in inducing clinical remission in active Crohn's disease. METHODS: Randomized trials either comparing enteral nutrition with steroids or comparing elemental (amino acid-based) with nonelemental diets were selected using MEDLINE (1984 to 1994), reference ...

During the past several years, we have collected more than 50 total diet samples from different socioeconomic groups in Turkey by the duplicate-portion technique. The samples were homogenized with a titanium-blade homogenizer, freeze-dried, and analyzed for their minor and trace elements by atomic absorption spectrometry and by instrumental neutron activation ...

Food allergy and intolerance (FAI) is undoubtedly a controversial subject surrounded by a great deal of publicity. One of the most confusing issues arises when considering the value of allergy prevention programmes. Although prevention strategies have now been extensively studied the results are still inconclusive. In childhood, atopic disorders eg ...

From the chapters described so far, it is apparent that human beings may suffer many kinds of physiological declines during aging process. However, nutritional problems due to the physiological declines could be resolved by establishment of good eating patterns, intake of nutritionally balanced diet, appropriate nutrient supplementation of vitamins as ...

After surgical trauma, protein synthesis, as well as the concentration of free glutamine in muscle, decreases. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) alone does not prevent the decrease of glutamine in muscle, but TPN supplemented with glutamine or its precursor, alpha-ketoglutarate, maintains amino acid concentration in muscle and preserves protein synthesis. The ...

Elemental diets are effective treatments for active Crohn's disease. To determine which dietary constituents are of therapeutic importance, the effectiveness of four separate feeds was related to their compositions, and the findings substantiated by meta-analysis of previous dietary studies. 76 patients with active Crohn's disease were recruited. 17 were randomised ...

We studied the effects of lipid emulsions for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats. Daily energy intake was maintained at 1172 kJ.kg-1.day-1 while the percentage of nonprotein energy sources was changed. Animals were divided into four groups: lipid-free, 10%-lipid, 20%-lipid, and 40%-lipid. TPN was ...

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency is an X-linked disorder of the urea cycle that can cause hyperammonemic encephalopathy in hemizygous males and heterozygous females. Affected females typically limit protein intake in their diet. This case report describes a 36-year-old woman with ulcerative colitis who went into hyperammonemic coma after administration of total ...

Changes in mucosal defense have been implicated as important factors affecting infections complications in critically ill patients. To study the effects of nutrient administration on gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT), ICR mice were randomized to receive chow plus intravenous saline, intravenous feeding of a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution, or enteral ...

We reviewed the management of 25 cases of chylothorax/chylopericardium (CT/CP) in 24 patients (9 females, 15 male; 3 days to 11-years-old) following 1605 cardiothoracic procedures (incidence of 1.5%) between January 1984 and December 1993 at our institution. The surgical procedures preceding the occurrence of lymph leak included ligation of patent ...