A high-protein, low-fat diet supplemented with medium chain triglycerides (MCT) is the simplest, most effective, and most widely prescribed treatment with the fewest side effects. Octreotide has been helpful in cases in which treatment with MCT has failed, but it is costly and requires parenteral administration. Antiplasmin therapy may have ...

The inclusion of genetically modified (GM) plants in the human diet has raised concerns about the possible transfer of transgenes from GM plants to intestinal microflora and enterocytes. The persistence in the human gut of DNA from dietary GM plants is unknown. Here we study the survival of the transgene ...

Peptide YY (PYY) is released when PYY cells in short term culture are exposed to fat suggesting that this peptide may be released by fat in the distal gut without neural stimulation. PYY is also released by fat in the proximal 1/2 of small intestine. To test the hypothesis that ...

The gastrointestinal tract epithelium plays an important role not only in digestion and absorption of nutrients, but also in antigen and pathogen signal translocation toward the gut associated lymphoid tissue. Malnutrition in various degrees is recognized as the most common cause of the immune system dysfunction. Research done in the ...

Plasmalogens, a subclass of phospholipids, are widely distributed in human and animals, and are taken into the body as food. However, no data exist on the intestinal absorption or fate of ingested plasmalogen. Here, we determined whether dietary plasmalogen is absorbed and whether blood and tissue concentrations increased in normal ...

Among substances intended to replace growth promoting antibiotics in pig nutrition, non-digestible oligosaccharides or polysaccharides could be potential alternative compounds. Therefore, the influence of beta-1,3-1,6 glucans on bacteriological, biochemical and morphological aspects of the small intestine in weaned piglets was investigated. As sources of beta-glucans, Lentinan (extract of Lentinus edodes ...

Diarrhoea, malabsorption and malnutrition characterize the short-bowel syndrome. Following the initial intestinal resection, complications such as fistulas and intra-abdominal abscesses may occur, but these usually resolve with appropriate surgical care. All residual intestine should be placed in continuity before serious attempts at rehabilitation with oral feedings are initiated. Small hourly ...

Studies performed using human and animal models offer conflicting results regarding the effect of age on nutrient absorption. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) the effects of aging on the in vitro uptake of glucose in rats; and (2) the molecular mechanisms of these age-associated changes. Male ...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of dietary-fibre (DF)-rich barley-based diets on bile acids (BA) and neutral sterols (NS) in the intestinal tract of rats. For this purpose, young male Wistar rats (n 50; ten per group) weighing about 67 g were fed either a ...

AIM: To assess the effects of arginine-enriched diet and partial hepatectomy in rats on gut-originated inflammatory cytokines. METHODS: Of 24 rats, Group 1 and 2 animals were fasted 24 hours before surgery, Group 3 and 4 animals received regular plus arginine-enriched diet(AED). Group 2 and 4 animals had undergone 30% ...

1. Absorption, secretion of digestive enzymes and intestinal morphology were determined in poults from hatching to 19 d. 2. Oleic acid was approximately 80% absorbed at hatch and this changed little with age and was not influenced by fasting. In contrast, glucose and methionine were 48 to 56% absorbed at ...

We studied the gut morphology of the ice rat Otomys sloggetti robertsi, a non-hibernating murid rodent endemic to the sub-alpine and alpine regions of the southern African Drakensberg and Maluti mountains. The gut structure of O. s. robertsi is well adapted for a high fibre, herbivorous diet, as is the ...

Dietary supplementation with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) ligand WY 14,643 gave rise to a 4- to 5-fold increase in the expression of mRNA for the ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in the intestine of normal mice. There was no effect in the intestine of PPAR alpha-null ...

BACKGROUND: The demonstration that weight gain, growth, and development can be achieved by supplying all essential nutrients exclusively by vein prompted the laboratory evaluation of this parenteral feeding technique in animals that had undergone enterectomy. This study was undertaken to determine the role of nutrition and anabolism in compensation of ...

We tested the hypothesis that the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY) may be independent of the region of the small intestine exposed to fat. In five dogs equipped with duodenal and midgut fistulas, the small intestine was compartmentalized so that fat was confined to either the proximal ...

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of a Taiwanese yam, Dioscorea japonica Thunb var. pseudojaponica Yamamoto, on upper gut function and lipid metabolism in adult Balb/c mice. METHODS: Mice were randomly allocated to consume the control, 25%, or 50% yam diet in which yam in an uncooked lyophilized form was ...

Organisms adjust their phenotype to fluctuating conditions of the environment and to changing internal demands. We report flexible responses of the gizzard and the small intestine of Japanese quail to a high-fibre diet. Switching from a standard diet to a high-fibre diet results in a highly significant increase in gizzard ...

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Spontaneous bacterial infection and septicemia due to increased bacterial translocation (BT) in patients with obstructive jaundice result in significant morbidity and mortality. The present study evaluates the effects of enteral nutrition with immune enhancing feeds on BT and intestinal villus histopathology promoted by obstructive jaundice. METHODS: Fifty ...

Two types of chitosan, i.e. the free amine (CS J) and the glutamate salt (CS G), were evaluated for their enhancing effect on in vivo nasal absorption of salmon calcitonin (sCT) in rats. The results were subsequently compared with beta-cyclodextrins, one of the most commonly studied enhancers. Solutions containing sCT ...

BACKGROUND: Investigation of the rate of active conversion of flucytosine to fluorouracil by microorganisms in the intestinal microflora. METHODS: Active conversion of flucytosine was investigated using viable and nonviable Escherichia coli at different flucytosine concentrations. Additionally, flucytosine conversion was studied in fecal specimens from 3 neutropenic patients at the start ...

OBJECTIVE: To quantify dimensions of the small intestine of dogs and describe changes in histologic characteristics of the mucosa during postnatal development. SAMPLE POPULATION: Gastrointestinal tract tissues obtained from 110 Beagles (15 adult females and 95 puppies of both sexes). PROCEDURE: Several variables (length, total weight, mucosal weight, and nominal ...

Long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) appear to be powerful stimulants for small bowel adaptation in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). However, the dietary lipid content may alter intestinal lipid transport. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a high fat diet (HFD) on in vivo ...

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Glucocorticosteroids alter the function of the intestine. Budesonide (Bud) increases the jejunal D-glucose uptake, and this effect is prevented through a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) diet. This study was undertaken to assess the possible signalling effect of budesonide, prednisone (Pred), or dexamethasone (Dex) in animals with a 50% intestinal ...

The intestinal morphology of 7-week-old pigs was investigated by light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The piglets were fed either a semisynthetic or a cereal-based diet. The shapes of the intestinal villi and crypts of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were examined. The villi were predominantly tongue-shaped. In the ...

BACKGROUND: Inulin-type fructans or chains with mainly beta[2-1] linked fructose molecules escape the ingestion procedure in the small intestine and are fermented by the microflora, and are known to increase colonic absorption of minerals in animals. The fermentation rate in the large bowel into short-chain fatty acids depends on the ...

The aim of this work was to study the transfer through the intestinal barrier of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (benzo[a]pyrene and phenanthrene) and a dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin) which differed in their physicochemical properties. Both in vitro and in vivo assays were performed. For the in vitro study, Caco-2 cells, cultivated ...

In search for an alternative for nutritional antimicrobials in piglet feeding, the effects of adding whole Cuphea seeds, as a natural source of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), with known antimicrobial effects, and an exogenous lipase to a weaner diet were studied. The foregut flora, the gut morphology, some digestive ...

Intestinal epithelial cell turnover (proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis) and gut barrier functions are dynamic processes that are markedly affected by nutritional status, the route of feeding, and the adequacy of specific nutrients in the diet. Emerging studies are defining potential therapeutic roles for specific nutrients and diet-derived compounds (including ...

BACKGROUND: Inert carbohydrate probes are widely used to study intestinal permeability and examine the passive uptake of markers. This study examined the use of quantifying 3-0 methylglucose (3-0 MG) absorption as a marker of intestinal surface area and active nutrient transport capability. METHODS: Using a rat model, varying degrees of ...

Cholesterol, an important biological lipid and excessive dietary intake, is associated with hypercholesterolemia, a prevalent cardiovascular risk factor. Because cholesterol is essentially a water insoluble molecule, its transport within and absorption from the aqueous medium of the intestine is rather complex. This takes place in a series of orderly and ...

AIM: Although pectin, a dietary fibre, has been suggested to possess some trophic effects on the intestine, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of pectin on rat intestinal cell proliferation and the intraluminal environment. METHODS: Control and pectin-fed rats were given a fibre-free elemental ...

Ingested K+ is believed to be absorbed mainly in the small intestine by passive diffusion through the paracellular pathway. To further clarify K+ absorption in the small intestine, we determined the unidirectional flux values of Rb+ in vitro by atomic absorption spectroscopy in the mouse ileum mounted in Ussing chambers ...

Epidemiological studies suggest that consumption of flavonol-rich diets decreases the risk of developing heart disease and certain cancers. Recent studies have detected flavonol conjugates in blood and urine following various dietary interventions. To assess to what extent flavonols also accumulate in tissues, where they might be expected to exert anti-carcinogenic ...

AIMS: To investigate the effect of dietary complexity on intestinal adaptation using a preclinical model. METHODS: Four-week-old piglets underwent a 75% proximal small bowel resection or transection operation (control). Post-operatively, animals received either pig chow (n = 15), polymeric formula (n = 9), polymeric formula plus fiber (n = 6), ...

The importance of Mg for the immune function is well recognized; however, there is no information available about the effect of Mg intake on the modulation of local immune response in the intestine. Thus, in the present study the hypothesis that short periods of Mg deprivation can affect intestinal mucosa ...

Reptiles, including the Burmese python, Python molurus bivittatus, that feed at infrequent intervals show a prominent increase in gastrointestinal mass, metabolism and brush border transport rates after feeding. Current knowledge and theories around these phenomena, as well as studies on the innervation of the reptilian gut, are summarised in this ...

BACKGROUND: Disruption of epithelial barrier integrity is important in the initiation and cause of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Glycoalkaloids, solanine (S), and chaconine (C) are naturally present in potatoes, can permeabilize cholesterol-containing membranes, and lead to disruption of epithelial barrier integrity. Frying potatoes concentrates glycoalkaloids. Interestingly, the prevalence of IBD ...

The relationship between dietary intake and systemic availability of retinol is likely to be complex because although retinol is an essential nutrient, it is toxic at high levels. The present study determined whether rates of transapical retinol absorption are modulated so that availability is increased at low dietary levels, but ...

Studies that have compared the absorption of phylloquinone from green vegetables and oils have equivocal results. To address differences in approaches used to assess absorption of phylloquinone, a 24-h absorption study was conducted in 18 younger (20-40 y) and 18 older (60-80 y) men and women as part of a ...

Steroids alter the transport function of the intestine. This study was undertaken to assess the effect of glucocorticosteroids on lipid uptake in rats fed either a saturated (SFA) or a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) diet. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent transection or 50% resection of the small intestine. The steroids had no ...

Dietary carbohydrates, when digested and absorbed in the small intestine of the horse, provide a substantial fraction of metabolisable energy. However, if levels in diets exceed the capacity of the equine small intestine to digest and absorb them, they reach the hindgut, cause alterations in microbial populations and the metabolite ...

Several studies were carried out to investigate the influence of dietary cereals differing in soluble non starch polysaccharides (NSP) content and a xylanase preparation on selected bacterial parameters in the small intestine of broiler chicken. Compared to a maize diet colony forming units (CFU) of mucosa associated bacteria were higher ...

The function of the small intestine is mechanical to a large degree. To understand the function it is necessary to know how the mechanical stresses and strains can be computed. Nutrition plays an important role in the maintenance of normal gut structure and function. The small intestine undergoes functional changes ...

The amount and type of dietary fiber influences the end-products of fermentation and thus fuel availability to intestinal tissue. Metabolic fuel usage was studied in intestinal cells isolated from dogs consuming a commercial diet or from rats consuming either a commercial rat diet or dog diet to examine preferential fuel ...

Dietary triacylglycerols are a major source of energy for animals. The absorption of dietary triacylglycerols involves their hydrolysis to free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols in the intestinal lumen, the uptake of these products into enterocytes, the resynthesis of triacylgylcerols, and the incorporation of newly synthesized triacylglycerols into nascent chylomicrons for ...

Nutritional deficiencies are associated with impaired immune response, affecting the body's defence mechanisms. It is also known that Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) and fermented products such us yogurt have immunopotentiator activity and nutritional properties, and could thus be used as a valuable supplement in a renutrition diet. The aim of ...

Stereologic methods were used to study the behavior of the pig's intestinal wall during periods that are characterized by a high incidence of gastrointestinal disorders. For this purpose conventionally stained transverse and vertical paraffin sections were made of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) of fetal, neonatal, and weaned ...

Evidence is now in favor of protein-facilitated mechanisms for the intestinal cholesterol absorption. Here we report that the unesterified cholesterol uptake by rat jejunal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) is efficient, saturable, and protein-mediated. The human apolipoproteins biliary anionic peptide factor (APF) and A-I (apoA-I) up-regulate micellar cholesterol uptake in ...

Areca extracts exhibiting a strong inhibitory activity against pancreatic cholesterol esterase (pCEase) in vitro were previously found to lower the absorption of dietary cholesteryl ester. Therefore, to determine whether a combined Areca extract also affects the absorption of intestinal free cholesterol, male rats were fed a diet containing free cholesterol ...

1. Three maize diets containing graded levels (0, 0.1, 0.3%) of guar gum and two wheat diets differing in their in vitro viscosities were fed to male broiler chickens (7 to 23 d) for measurements of growth performance and analyses of degradation products from lipid and protein hydrolyses in the ...