OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that activation of the vanilloid receptor (VR1) by high salt intake prevents salt-induced increases in arterial pressure via stimulation of release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from sensory nerves. DESIGN AND METHODS: Two protocols were used: (1) Wistar rats fed a normal sodium (NS) diet ...

Dietary sugar and salt represent etiological risk factors of human cataract. To verify etiological data on the basis of histological findings, 9 pigs with a body weight of 40 kg, 3 months of age, in groups of 3 were continuously fed with 5% of refined dietary sugar (sucrose - C(12)H(22)O(11)), ...

High-salt diet is known to induce or aggravate hypertension in animal models of hypertension and in humans. When Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 60) are fed a moderately high-fat diet (32% kcal fat, 0.8% NaCl) for 10 wk, about one-half develop obesity [obesity prone (OP)] and mild hypertension, whereas the other ...

Nitrates have long been considered as harmful dietary components and judged responsible for deleterious effects on human health, leading to stringent regulations concerning their levels in food and water. However, recent studies demonstrate that dietary nitrate may have a major role in human health as a non-immune mechanism for host ...

The hypothesis that long-term administration of a physiologically relevant high salt diet to rats leads to the development of structural vascular changes that predispose to hypertension was tested. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 2% NaCl diet for 3 or 6 months; rats fed 0.7% NaCl diet were controls. Then, ...

Blood pressure-lowering mechanisms of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods, were analyzed based on the pressure-natriuresis relationship. Participants (n=375) were randomly assigned to control or DASH diet groups by using a parallel-group design. They then ate their assigned diet for ...

Activation of renal sensory nerves involves PGE2-mediated release of substance P (SP) via activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway. The PGE2-mediated SP release is suppressed by a low- and enhanced by a high-sodium (Na+) diet, suggesting an inhibitory effect of ANG. We now examined whether ANG II is present in the ...

A high-salt diet increases urinary calcium excretion. Its effect on bone, however, is less clear. Recent research suggests that a high-salt diet increases the rate of bone resorption in postmenopausal women over a 4-week period, but increased potassium intake (as potassium citrate) ameliorates this adverse effect. These findings may have ...

BACKGROUND: The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, which emphasizes fruits, vegetables, and low fat dairy products, significantly lowers blood pressure (BP). We conducted a clinical trial to assess the BP response to the DASH diet with an antihypertensive medication, losartan, in participants with essential hypertension. METHODS: A total ...

Although a salted diet appears to be a sine qua non for the development of essential hypertension, low-salt diets often have a modest or even negligible impact on the blood pressure of hypertensives; this suggests that salt, perhaps often acting in concert with other aspects of a modern, rich diet, ...

2,7,8-Trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman (gamma-CEHC), a metabolite of gamma-tocopherol and gamma-tocotrienol, was identified as a new endogenous natriuretic factor. However, gamma-tocopherol and gamma-tocotrienol, both precursors of gamma-CEHC, have never directly been observed to have natriuretic potency. Thus, we investigated whether gamma-tocotrienol could cause natriuresis and diuresis in rats. The rats were divided into ...

BACKGROUND: Zidovudine (AZT) and didanosine (ddI) are antiretroviral drugs widely used in AIDS patients. Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia are frequently encountered in AIDS patients using AZT and/or ddI. OBJECTIVE: To verify the effects of AZT and ddI on rat renal function submitted to normal diet, low potassium diet and magnesium-free diet. ...

The nutritional status of dietary potassium and the radiological impact of its isotope (40)K were estimated for the Pakistani population. Potassium concentration was determined in dietary samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. An average potassium concentration was 4.54+/-0.89 mg/g, which leads to potassium dietary intake of 2.69+/-0.54 g/day and the radiological ...

BACKGROUND: High salt diet causes cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis and increases cardiac aldosterone, while decreasing plasma aldosterone. The present study assessed, in Wistar rats, the effect of high salt diet on left and right ventricle (LV and RV, respectively) weight and fibrosis both with and without the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone. ...

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effect on hydration of two regimens, one that included drinking water as part of the dietary beverages and one that did not. METHODS: In healthy, sedentary subjects, two different diets were evaluated for their effect on hydration. Trial A provided plain water to drink as part ...

Increased dietary salt intake was used as a nonpharmacological tool to blunt hypotension-induced increases in plasma renin activity (PRA) in order to evaluate the contribution of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) to hypotension-induced thirst. Rats were maintained on 8% NaCl (high) or 1% NaCl (standard) diet for at least 2 wk, ...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: It is demonstrated that dietary habits play a role in cardiovascular diseases. In stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRsp), concomitant salt loading and a Japanese-style diet greatly accelerate hypertension and the appearance of cerebrovascular lesions by directly damaging arterial vessels. A number of studies have characterised medium and ...

Ours is the first study to demonstrate an influence of dietary sodium on waterborne copper uptake in fish. We examined possible interactions between dietary sodium and the response of freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to waterborne copper in light of recent evidence of interactions between sodium and copper metabolism in ...

Previous studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress contributes to hypertension and treatments with either antioxidant or immunosuppressive/anti-inflammatory agents improve hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The present study was performed to determine if the antihypertensive effects of an antioxidant-rich diet are associated with reduction in the renal immune infiltration. Rats ...

A TP receptor (TP-R) mimetic causes salt-sensitive hypertension and renal afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction. TP-Rs mediate effects of ANG II on renal vascular resistance and drinking. Therefore, we investigated the hypothesis that thromboxane A(2) synthase (TxA(2)-S) and/or TP-R expression is regulated by salt and/or ANG II. Rats (n = 6) received ...

Previous studies on optimization of crew diets have not accounted for choice. A diet selection model with crew choice was developed. Scenario analyses were conducted to assess the feasibility and cost of certain crew preferences, such as preferences for numerous-desserts, high-salt, and high-acceptability foods. For comparison purposes, a no-choice and ...

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is inversely and thus paradoxically related to dietary NaCl intake in rats and patients with early type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Enhanced sensitivity of proximal reabsorption to NaCl diet inducing secondary adaptations in GFR through actions of tubuloglomerular feedback causes this salt paradox. We studied the ...

The Metroville Health Study aimed to reduce consumption of total cooking fats by 33%, salt by 25% and replace ghee with vegetable oil in a lower middle class urban community in Pakistan. Households (n=403) were randomly assigned to Intervention and Control groups. A baseline screening collected data on CVD risk ...

Early studies on nickel essentiality with rats and goats indicated that nickel deprivation impaired reproductive performance. Nickel also has been found to influence cyclic nucleotide gated channels (CNG); these types of channels are important in sperm physiology. Thus, two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that nickel deficiency affects ...

Using a highly sensitive single photon counter, a spontaneous chemiluminescence (CL) study on rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds stored in different years was carried out. We first observed that the degree of ageing in rice seeds was related to the intensity of spontaneous CL during early imbibition (0-30 min). Rice ...

Objective - A diet combining increased fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy foods, fish and nuts etc (DASH) has been shown to lower blood pressure (BP) in controlled intervention studies with all food provided. The aim of this study was to determine the effect on BP of three different self-selected diets: a ...

BACKGROUND: Previous work has established that a high dietary salt intake results in enhanced arterial vasoconstrictor responses to stimulation with agonists. This investigation was designed to investigate the effects of dietary salt on the responses of isolated capacitance vessels (third order mesenteric veins). METHODS: Dogs were fed diets containing low, ...

BACKGROUND: Diet is an essential part of the nonpharmacological management of hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate in a primary health care setting the effect of intensified diet counseling on the diet of hypertensive subjects. METHODS: A total of 715 free-living subjects, ages 25-74 years, with systolic ...

L-Arginine inhibits thick ascending limb (THAL) NaCl absorption by activating endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and increasing NO production. Inhibition of renal NO production combined with a high-salt diet produces hypertension, and the THAL has been implicated in salt-sensitive hypertension. We hypothesized that a high-salt diet enhances the inhibitory action of ...

The present study evaluated whether reactive oxygen species-induced alterations in bioavailability of 20-HETE in the kidney contribute to the antihypertensive and renoprotective actions of antioxidant therapy with Tempol in the Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rat. Superoxide inhibited the synthesis of 20-HETE by renal cortical microsomes and enhanced breakdown of 20-HETE to ...

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of free-choice intake of sodium bentonite and sodium bicarbonate on physiological and production parameters. Eight Jerseys and seventeen Holsteins (four fistulated) were randomly assigned to two groups to equalize stage of lactation, age and production history. Two diets were fed: ...

The interaction of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) was investigated in rats fed on a low, normal, and high-salt diet for 2 weeks. At the beginning of the second week, either a B2-receptor antagonist (icatibant), or an AT1-receptor antagonist (losartan), or an aldosterone receptor antagonist (spironolactone) ...

Sex hormones are known to interfere with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in two ways. First, estrogens strongly stimulate the production of renin substrate (angiotensinogen), leading to increased levels of angiotensin and aldosterone, and sodium retention. Second, progesterone is a potent aldosterone antagonist, which acts on the mineralocorticoid receptor to prevent ...

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on a low-salt (LS) diet (0.4% NaCl) or a high-salt (HS) diet (4% NaCl) for 3 days or 4 wk. PO(2) reduction to 40-45 mmHg, the stable prostacyclin analog iloprost (10 pg/ml), and stimulatory G protein activation with cholera toxin (1 ng/ml) caused vascular smooth ...

Because across-the-board data indicate that renin and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the kidney cortex are regulated in parallel and because ANG II can inhibit COX-2 expression, the purpose of our study was to characterize a potential general inhibitory feedback of the renin-angiotensin system on renocortical COX-2 expression in vivo. Rats ...

BACKGROUND: The Dahl sodium-sensitive hypertensive rat exhibits atherogenic lesions after the initiation of a high-sodium/high-fat diet. This study was designed to gauge the effect of a preadolescent high-fat diet on the postadolescent rate of atherogenesis after supplementation of the diet with sodium. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty-three Dahl S male rats ...

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether low dietary Mg2+ intake influences the development of hypertension in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (spSHRs) and whether these effects are associated with vascular functional and structural changes, and to assess the role of reactive oxygen species and the activation of vascular mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in ...

Unilateral chorda tympani nerve (CT) section combined with dietary sodium restriction leads to striking alterations in sodium taste function. The regenerated rat CT exhibits deficits in sodium sensitivity, and surprisingly, there are also functional alterations in the intact, contralateral nerve. The studies presented here describe the functional "sensitive periods" for ...

OBJECTIVE: To establish relationships between body weight changes and serum sodium during and after an Ironman Triathlon, and postrace fluid status and rectal temperature, including the incidence of hyponatremia. DESIGN: Descriptive research. SETTING: The 2000 South African Ironman Triathlon, in which each athlete swam 3.8 km, cycled 180 km, and ...

BACKGROUND: In essential hypertension, marked restrictions in dietary sodium intake cause in the short-term period an increase in muscle sympathetic nerve traffic (MSNA) and a baroreflex impairment. The present study was set out to assess on a long-term basis the neuroadrenergic and reflex effects of moderate sodium restriction. METHODS AND ...

Hesperidin (HES) is a flavonoid contained in citrus fruit peel. We investigated the effects of long-term administration of HES and its newly developed water soluble analogue, glucosyl hesperidin (GHES), to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Animals were fed with diets containing HES or GHES (30 mg/d/kg ...

PURPOSE: To determine whether suppression of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with high dietary sodium (salt) has the same beneficial effect on radiation nephropathy as suppression of the RAS with angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II (AII) receptor antagonists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Normal and irradiated rats were placed on high- or ...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of the renal nerves in the regulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene expression in normotensive rats on different sodium balance. METHODS: Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six experimental groups combining three diets with different ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of glutamate accumulation in vitreous on retinal structure and function, due to a diet high in sodium glutamate. Three different diet groups were created, consisting of rats fed on a regular diet (diet A), a moderate excess of sodium glutamate ...

1 It is known that nonselective cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors have small but significant effects on blood pressure (BP), most notably in hypertensive patients on antihypertensive medication. Whether selective COX-2 inhibitors also interfere with BP regulation is not well understood. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effect of chronic treatment with ...

In 1998, two cases of silica urolithiasis occurred in castrated male dromedaries on an intensive camel farm in the Canary Islands. The immediate attributable cause was the ingestion of large amounts of silica in the feed, estimated as 84.44 g/day. An associated cause was the low level of salt in ...

Maitake mushroom has been reported to favorably influence hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of whole Maitake mushroom powder and two extracts designated as ether soluble (ES) and water soluble (WS) on Zucker fatty rats (ZFR), a model of insulin resistance, and ...

Plasma aldosterone concentrations and the magnitude of amiloride-sensitive Na(+) transport in the proximal and distal colon of newly caught wild possums, and of possums maintained on either low or high Na(+) diets, were determined to evaluate their role in the regulation of salt content of faeces in common brushtail possums. ...

BACKGROUND: Impairment of renal dopamine excretion on high-salt diet (HS) may account for increased blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive subjects. Whether such impairment of dopaminergic activity exists in the adrenal gland is unknown. The purpose of this study was to differentiate degrees of dopaminergic inhibition of aldosterone secretion in patients ...

Rats were fed a low-salt (LS; 0.4% NaCl) or high-salt (HS; 4.0% NaCl) diet for 3 days, and the responses of isolated cerebral arteries to acetylcholine (ACh), the nitric oxide (NO)-dependent dilator bradykinin, and the NO donor 6-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-nitrosohydrazino)-N-methyl-1-hex-anamine (NOC-9) were determined. ACh-induced vasodilation and NO release, assessed with the fluorescent ...