The effects of 9 weeks of daily chromium supplementation (200 microgram Cr as picolinate) were investigated in a double-blind design in football players during spring training. Testing was done pre-, mid-, and postsupplementation on the following criterion measures: urinary chromium excretion, girth and skinfold measures, percent body fat and lean ...

Sixteen adolescent cross-country skiers (6 males, 10 females) were assessed during a period of preparation carried out in the school year (period I) and during a period of training in the mountains before competition (period II). Body mass index (BMI), body composition (calculated from skinfolds) and dietary intake were ascertained ...

We examined the influence of 8 wk of endurance training on basal levels of fat oxidation and its association with changes in norepinephrine (NE) kinetics, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and body composition in 18 healthy elderly persons (66.1 +/- 1.4 yr; 10 men, 8 women). Fatty acid appearance rate and ...

The effects of endurance training on tissue antioxidant and oxidative enzyme activities were determined in heart, liver, and five skeletal muscles of female rats. Rats were fed either normal (+E) or vitamin E free (-E) diets for 16 wk. For the final 8 wk, subgroups of +E and -E diet ...

Metabolic rate, more specifically resting metabolic rate (RMR) or sleeping metabolic rate (SMR), of an adult subject is usually expressed as a function of the fat-free mass (FFM). Chronic exercise is thought to increase FFM and thus to increase RMR and SMR. We determined body mass (BM), body composition, and ...

The present study examined the effects of dietary manipulations on six trained runners. The percent energy contributions from carbohydrate, fat, and protein were 61/24/14, 50/38/12, and 73/15/12 for the normal (N), fat (F), and carbohydrate (C) diets, respectively. Expiratory gases and blood responses to a maximum (VO2max) and a prolonged ...

This study examined the influence of a 1-year brisk walking programme on endurance fitness and the amount and distribution of body fat in a group of formerly sedentary men. Seventy-two males, aged 42-59 years, body mass index 25.2 (0.3) kg.m-2 [mean (SEM)], were randomly allocated to either a walking group ...

Good nutrition is important at every stage of training and competition. Both the serious competitive cyclist as well as the recreational cyclist should eat a balanced diet that provides calories adequate to meet energy demands. Athletes consuming less than 2000 calories a day may have difficulty meeting nutrient needs, particularly ...

Female soccer players often have only limited time available to prepare and consume meals, due to the constraints faced by having to combine training and playing with full-time occupations. The energy expenditure of females playing soccer has been estimated at approximately 70% VO2 max, corresponding to an energy production of ...

The purpose of this study was to monitor body composition, diet, and strength in male bodybuilders (No. 6) during the 12 weeks prior to competition. Data were collected every third week and analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA (p < 0.05). Significant decreases (p < 0.01) were found in body mass ...

The nutritional intake of elite athletes is a critical determinant of their athletic performance and ability to compete both physically and mentally. However, their demanding training and travel schedules in addition to a possible lack of nutritional knowledge may prohibit them from maintaining an optimal dietary intake. Sound scientific data ...

This study assessed the nutrient intake and eating behavior in Norwegian female elite athletes suffering from eating disorders (ED) who met the criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN), anorexia athletica (AA), or bulimia nervosa (BN). The subjects included 7 AN, 43 AA, 42 BN, and 30 controls. Three-day and 24-hr food ...

We studied the effects of anaerobic and aerobic training on lipoprotein concentrations in 45 healthy untrained men. Thirty-three subjects exercised four times per week during nine weeks on a bicycle ergometer. Sixteen trained with an intensity above the anaerobic threshold (blood lactate concentration > 4 mmol.l-1) and 17 trained with ...

To determine relationships among dietary carbohydrate, aerobic exercise training, the thermic effect of food (TEF), and hormonal responses to feeding, 8 trained and 7 sedentary men consumed diets providing 15, 45, or 75% of energy as carbohydrate for 5 days. On Day 6, metabolic rate was measured before as well ...

The association of menstrual dysfunction of athletes with changes in body composition has been controversial, because most estimations of body fatness have been indirect. Using magnetic resonance imaging, we quantified the sc and internal fat over a specific volume from the fifth thoracic vertebra to femoral fat in the upper ...

Inadequate diet inhibits optimal performance in otherwise well-trained athletes. Controversy exists regarding specific dietary requirements, particularly in the areas of protein and vitamin/mineral supplementation. This article reviews energy substrate utilization, provides an overview of nutrient requirements during exercise, discusses ergogenic aids, and where possible, makes specific dietary recommendations for athletes.

The resting metabolic rate (RMR) and thermic effect of a meal (TEM) were determined in 13 low-energy intake (LOW) and 11 adequate-energy intake (ADQ) male endurance athletes. The LOW athletes reported eating 1,490 kcal.day-1 less than the ADQ group, while the activity level of both groups was similar. Despite these ...

Athletes differ from nonathletes in their nutritional requirements. Proper determination of nutritional needs in athletes requires knowledge of the athlete's body-fat composition and daily caloric expenditure. A balanced diet for athletes consists of 60 percent of calories from carbohydrates, 15 percent from protein and 25 percent from fat. Other important ...

It is well known that a carbohydrate-rich diet promotes lipogenesis via induction of hepatic lipogenic enzymes, whereas chronic physical exercise reduces body fat. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether exercise training can decrease diet-induced hepatic lipogenic enzymes and total body fat composition. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly ...

Dietary, anthropometric, and chronic disease risk factors (CDRF) including blood lipids and blood pressure (BP), were measured in 91 vitamin-mineral supplement users (SU) and nonusers (NU) representing a wide range of athletic interests. Supplements were used by 46 (51%) subjects; 100% of female athletes and 51% of male athletes used ...

We studied seven male wrestlers and three judo athletes (weight 55-93 kg) during two weight reductions. In the "gradual" procedure (GP), a 5.0 +/- 0.4% (mean +/- SEM) weight loss was achieved in 3 weeks by energy restriction. In the "rapid" procedure (RP), 6.0 +/- 0.6% of body weight was ...

This study assessed nutritional and body weight patterns in 6 female bodybuilders approximately a month before and after a competition. The women kept dietary and body weight records and two of them also agreed to collect morning urine samples to provide information about their menstrual cycle. All women lost weight ...

This study aimed to use a classical model to analyse whether alterations in performance due to short-term changes in diet are reflected in peripheral basal anabolic and catabolic hormone concentrations. Six healthy students (two women and four men) performed a cross-over study including three test situations. The reference test was ...

Studies of the dietary practices of athletes report that nutritional supplements are commonly used. Supplementation practices vary between sports and individual athletes; however, there is evidence that at least some athletes use a large number of supplements concurrently, often in doses that are very high in comparison with normal dietary ...

The objectives of this study were (1) to examine differences in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and cardiovascular risk factors among aerobically trained (n = 36), resistance-trained (n = 18), and untrained (n = 42) young males; and (2) to investigate the influence of body composition, dietary intake, and VO2max as ...

Serum sex hormones and endurance performance after a lacto-ovo vegetarian and a mixed diet. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 24, No. 11, pp. 1290-1297, 1992. The effect of a lacto-ovo vegetarian (V) and a mixed, meat-rich (M) diet on the level of serum sex hormones, gonadotropins, and endurance performance of ...

The general physiological profile of the successful wrestler is of one having high anaerobic power (mean range of 6.1 to 7.5 W/kg for arms; mean range of 11.5 to 19.9 W/kg for legs); high anaerobic capacity (range for arms 4.8 to 5.2 W/kg; range for legs 7.4 to 8.2 W/kg); ...

Thirty-six sedentary, mildly obese (30-40% fat), premenopausal women (29-49 yr) were randomly assigned to one of two dietary regimens for an 8-wk double-blind, parallel study of the effect of moderate caloric restriction and macronutrient variation on maximal physical performance. Group 1 (N = 19) consumed 4186 kJ.d-1 (1000 kcal.d-1) with ...

In order to determine whether dietary inadequacies can explain the sub-optimal iron status widely documented in endurance-trained athletes, the food intake records of Fe-deficient and Fe-replete distance runners and non-exercising controls of both sexes were analysed. In all the male study groups the mean dietary Fe intake met the recommended ...

In this study we examined the physical, hematologic, and exercise response of 20 male and 10 female athletes of the National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association, Central Rocky Mountain Region. Male subjects were grouped by roughstock, steer wrestling, and roping events. Female athletes were grouped separately. Maximal aerobic capacity, pulmonary ventilation, respiratory ...

Although there are considerable data concerning the effects of endurance exercise training (ET) on plasma lipoproteins, the results have been quite inconsistent. The observed variability of response may be related to the age, sex, adiposity, or diet of the subjects tested, or to the type and intensity of the exercise ...

The effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation was studied over 7 to 8 months of training and competition in 82 athletes from four sports: basketball, gymnastics, rowing, and swimming. Matched subgroups were formed and a double-blind design used, with subgroups being given either the supplementation or a placebo. All athletes ...

The effects of either 12-wk of high-intensity endurance or resistance training on resting metabolic rate (RMR) were investigated in 47 males aged 18-35 y. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a control (C), resistance-trained (RT) or endurance-trained (ET) group. After training both exercise groups showed significant declines in relative body ...

To determine whether physical exercise affects biochemical indices of nutritional status, we compared four groups of male athletes (total n = 427) with two control groups (n = 150). Data about their nutrient intake for 1 month were obtained from a 122-item food frequency questionnaire. An estimate for leisure energy ...

In a search for parameters that could predict the chances of success in a 3-month basic training program of a Special Forces unit, 293 conscripts were studied before the start of the training period. Physical activities, smoking habits, and dietary and drinking habits were evaluated by questionnaire. Anthropometric values were ...

To determine the effect of a carbohydrate-(CHO) enriched diet on long-term, intermittent exercise performance, seven professional soccer players (mean maximum oxygen uptake: 60.6 (range: 56.0-65.1) ml.min-1.kg-1) were tested twice. The standardized test consisted initially of a field part (6856 m) followed by treadmill running to exhaustion. The relative work rates ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess how dietary change affects gain in strength and muscle mass during heavy resistance training of elderly men. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. INTERVENTION: During 12 weeks of resistance training of knee extensors and flexors, a daily supplement of 560 +/- 16 kcal/day (17% energy from protein, 43% from ...

It has been reported that exercise training increases muscle glycogen storage in rats fed a high carbohydrate (CHO) diet in resting conditions. The purpose of this study was to examine whether a 3-week swimming training programme would increase muscle glycogen stores in rats fed a high-fat (FAT) diet in resting ...

To assess the effect of a period of increasing training on dietary quantity and quality, a men's collegiate swim team (n = 24) was divided into two groups of equal skill at the start of a 25-week season of training and competition. After a 4-week conditioning period, the "Long" group ...

Dietary intakes of 24 female athletes in various sports were compared inseason and postseason to those reported by 24 nonathletes during the same time period. Diets were analyzed for energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamins A and C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folacin, calcium, and iron. During the study, the athletes' and ...

The present study conducted dietary surveys of four groups of Australian male athletes: triathletes, marathon runners, Australian Rules football players, and Olympic weightlifters. Their training diets were assessed via a 7-day food record from which mean daily intakes of energy, macronutrients, and key micronutrients were estimated. The data were compared ...

Fifty-three collegiate athletes (18 female and 35 male) were recruited from university varsity basketball, football, swim, and wrestling team rosters. Body composition was estimated before the beginning and before the end of sport seasons by using hydrodensitometry to determine the effect of participation in competitive sport seasons on the body ...

This study on gymnasts found the subjects' body fat to be 5-8% higher than that found in comparable studies on the subject. With the exception of protein, vitamin C, and riboflavin, the subjects' dietary intake of energy and other nutrients, i.e., calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin and niacin, was found ...

This study was performed to evaluate the additive effect of exercise and a low fat diet on body weight, body composition, and the metabolic profile in four obese women who were previously exercise-trained for 15 months. This study therefore included regular aerobic exercise for 15 months and a low fat ...

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a resistive training program on the time course of changes in strength, body mass index, lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in sedentary obese women. Sixteen sedentary obese women strength trained 3 times . wk-1 for 12 wk performing three sets ...

Sixteen untrained males, age 46 +/- 11 yr (mean +/- SD), were studied to determine the effects of 20 wk of strength training on lipoprotein-lipid profiles and post-heparin lipase activities. All subjects had abnormal lipoprotein-lipid profiles and at least two other risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). To control ...

The purpose of this study was to describe and compare cardiac structure and function in adult male weight trainers, runners, and those who do both activities. Subjects had actively participated in the various training programs for the previous five years. Age ranged from 28.4 to 31.3 years in the three ...

Dietary food records from adolescent male and female swimmers participating in a national developmental training camp were analyzed for nutrient density. The mean caloric intake was 5,221.6 kcal for males and 3,572.6 kcal for females. The distribution of calories between carbohydrates, protein, and fat was not ideal for athletes trying ...

The purposes of this study were to collect information regarding the dietary habits of male and female age-group swimmers and report the energy consumptions of these athletes in relation to their daily training demands. Twenty competitive swimmers, who were training 6000 m per day 6 days a week, recorded all ...

Improving carbohydrate intake in athletes will increase muscle glycogen storage. This in turn can improve exercise time and performance by delaying fatigue. However, planning and consuming a diet that contains 60% to 70% carbohydrate is difficult for most athletes. To develop a simple carbohydrate monitoring tool for athletes, we analyzed ...