AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Increased dietary fat intake is associated with obesity and insulin resistance, but studies have shown that the subsequent increase in insulin release is not appropriate for this obesity-induced insulin resistance. We therefore sought to determine whether the impaired beta cell adaptation is due to inadequate expansion of the beta ...

BACKGROUND: Body image distortions are a core feature of anorexia nervosa (AN). Increasing evidence suggests that the fat distribution immediately after weight restoration in patients with AN differs from the distribution typical of healthy adult women. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess body fat distribution before and ...

Abdominal obesity is related to significant morbidity and mortality and differs by ethnicity; however, the relation between diet and abdominal obesity has not been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary and lifestyle determinants of abdominal obesity in a multi-ethnic population. We conducted a cross-sectional ...

The development of metabolic complications of obesity has been associated with the existence of depot-specific differences in the biochemical properties of adipocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate, in severely obese men and women, both gender- and depot-related differences in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression and activity, as well ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between resting energy expenditure (REE) and patterns of obesity/regional fat parameters in Chinese adults. METHODS: Body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) were assessed in 109 Chinese adults (52 men and 57 women), and their abdominal visceral adipose tissue area (VA) and ...

Evidence emerging from studies of humans and mice has indicated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) to be not only a key factor for adipogenesis but also a critical determinant of body fat distribution. Whereas genetically reduced PPARgamma activity in adipose tissue leads to reduction of total fat mass in humans ...

Increased visceral adiposity is a pivotal component of the metabolic syndrome. Differential gene expression patterns of fat-derived peptides (FDPs) in visceral fat and subcutaneous fat have been characterized in the fasting state. Here we examined whether delivery of nutrients differentially affects the expression of FDPs in visceral fat versus subcutaneous ...

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is associated with increased plasma levels of plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI1), the major fibrinolysis inhibitor. PAI1 levels are also increased at menopause, a condition that is associated with fat mass gain, especially in the abdominal area. DESIGN: We hypothesized that genetic variations within PAI1 gene are related to the ...

AIMS: To evaluate the effect of weight reduction on parameters of the metabolic syndrome in obese patients according to their pattern of abdominal fat distribution. METHODS: A longitudinal intervention study, consisting of a 12-week weight reduction programme, including lifestyle modification and adjuvant appetite suppressant, in 38 subjects with visceral obesity ...

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate eight candidate definitions of the metabolic syndrome (MS) against the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATPIII) definition as the reference for optimally defining MS in adult Asian Indians. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used clinical and biochemical data from our previous ...

AIMS: We investigated whether low subcutaneous thigh fat is an independent risk factor for unfavourable glucose and lipid levels, and whether these associations differ between sexes, and between white and black adults. Our secondary aim was to investigate which body composition characteristics (lean tissue, fat tissue) are reflected by anthropometric ...

The current study was designed to examine the expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) genes in horse adipose tissue.� Subcutaneous and visceral fat samples were collected from Quarter horses with obese or normal body condition scores and four fat samples were taken from clinical admission horses that were diagnosed with ...

The aim of the study was to assess the specificity of newborns' physical development in Bulgaria at the beginning of the 21st Century. A detailed anthropological research of 219 healthy and full-term newborns (110 boys and 109 girls) was carried out during April-May 2001. In the present study, data about ...

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of agar diet in combination with a conventional diet (traditional Japanese food) for obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. METHODS: After a 4-week run-in period on their habitual diets, 76 patients were randomly assigned to ...

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been demonstrated in subcutaneous adipose tissue from lipoatrophic HIV-1-infected patients treated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). To further assess mitochondrial toxicity, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copies/cell were measured in subcutaneous fat from various sites. Peripheral adipose tissues were obtained from the abdominal wall near the umbilicus, anterior ...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if Disodium Ascorbyl Phytostanol Phosphates (FM-VP4) alters animal body weight and plasma lipid levels in a dietary-induced obese mouse model. METHODS: Twenty-four C57BL6 mice (28 days old) were housed individually and fed a standard mouse diet for 2 weeks upon arrival. ...

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and body fatness during adolescence and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in adulthood. METHODS: The sample was 48 participants from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (ACLS) who had one clinical visit during adolescence (mean age = 15.8 years) and a follow-up visit ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, in the spine, the relationship between the amount of epidural fat to body weight, height, body mass index (BMI), presence of obesity, depth of posterior subcutaneous fat, as well as gender and age. METHODS: At 1.5 T, 101 random patients were analyzed. In the lumbar spine, we ...

Obesity is the most common nutritional disorder in small animals. To establish a computed tomographic (CT) method for assessment of visceral and subcutaneous fat content in the dog, CT analysis was performed in normal and obese beagles. Fat area was measured by the level detection method at varied attenuation ranges ...

OBJECTIVE: Chitosan is a primary ingredient in dietary weight-loss supplements. Its claimed activity is the binding and trapping of dietary fat, leading to fat excretion and weight loss without caloric restriction. We tested the fat-trapping capacity of a chitosan product in men and women. DESIGN: Participants (12 men, 12 women) ...

Data of chickens from a broiler-breeding program were collected and used to determine the genetic trends of absolute and relative abdominal fat content. The genetic trends were estimated by the regression of trait genetic value averages on hatch-years. Genetic values from 32,485 individuals were used for regression analysis. The genetic ...

Abdominal fat accumulation is an important cardiovascular risk ovascular risk factor. In clinical practice, delineation of subcutaneous and visceral fat is performed manually by an expert. This procedure is labor intensive, time consuming, and subject to inter-and intra-observer variability. In this paper, we present an extension of our previous work ...

BACKGROUND: Objective criteria for the assessment of patients with lipodystrophy syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus infection (LDHIV) have not emerged. METHODS: We compared regional body fat changes in 13 men with severe LDHIV on protease inhibitor-inclusive antiretroviral therapy with 13 control HIV-infected men using anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and ...

We tried to investigate whether accumulation of visceral fat, assessed by a simple but widely used ultrasonographic method, was associated with common carotid atherosclerosis in non-obese men ranging from 16 to 79 years old. The subjects were consecutive 297 male in-patients whose body mass index ranged from 18.5 kg/m(2) to ...

BACKGROUND: Catechins, the major component of green tea extract, have various physiologic effects. There are few studies, however, on the effects of catechins on body fat reduction in humans. It has been reported that the body mass index (BMI) correlates with the amount of malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in ...

A-1766G polymorphism, for the first time, has been found in the sequencing of pooled and individual genomic DNA of Korean subjects at the 5' flanking region of the UCP-1 gene. The effects of new polymorphism on body fat were elucidated among 387 Korean female subjects. It was shown that the ...

This study examined the effects of aerobic exercise without weight loss, a hypocaloric high monounsaturated fat diet, and diet plus exercise (D+E) on total abdominal and visceral fat loss in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Thirty-three postmenopausal women (body mass index, 34.6 +/- 1.9 kg/m(2)) were assigned to ...

Abdominal obesity is associated with blunted GH secretion and a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors that characterize the metabolic syndrome. GH treatment in abdominally obese men reduces visceral adipose tissue and has beneficial effects on the metabolic profile. There are no long-term data on the effects of GH treatment on ...

OBJECTIVE: A systems dynamics computer model was developed to examine how the interactions between carbohydrate and fat metabolism influence body weight regulation. It reflects the operation of a two reservoir-system: one representing the body's limited glycogen, and the other, its large fat reserves. The outflows from the reservoirs correspond to ...

BACKGROUND: Visceral fat is related to coronary atherosclerosis, but little is known about the relation between coronary atherosclerosis and percent body fat accumulated in different parts of the body. METHODS AND RESULTS: The subjects were 100 consecutive patients with demonstrated electrocardiographic ischemic changes. Coronary atherosclerosis was assessed using Gensini's coronary ...

Extent of intra-abdominal fat had significant linear relations with six metabolic coronary risk factors: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood concentrations of glucose, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglyceride, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and adiponectin can be biological mediators from the intra-abdominal fat to the metabolic ...

The effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPAR gamma 2) Pro12Ala (P12A) polymorphism on body mass index (BMI) and type 2 diabetes are well documented; however, until now, only a few studies have evaluated the effects of this polymorphism on body fat distribution. This study was conducted to elucidate ...

Circulating lipids and tissue lipid depots predict insulin sensitivity. Associations between fat oxidation and insulin sensitivity are variable. We examined whether circulating lipids and fat oxidation independently influence insulin sensitivity. We also examined interrelationships among circulating lipids, fat oxidation, and tissue lipid depots. Fifty-nine nondiabetic males (age, 45.4 +/- 2 ...

The mechanism by which increased central adiposity causes hepatic insulin resistance is unclear. The "portal hypothesis" implicates increased lipolytic activity in the visceral fat and therefore increased delivery of free fatty acids (FFA) to the liver, ultimately leading to liver insulin resistance. To test the portal hypothesis at the transcriptional ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether aerobic fitness, body composition, body fat distribution, and inflammation are different in obese postmenopausal women with and without the metabolic syndrome (MS), and whether the severity of MS is associated with these characteristics. Fifty-eight women (age, 59 +/- 1 yr; body ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in abdominal fat distribution in the fasting month of Ramadan. Thirty-eight healthy volunteers (17 women and 21 men) who fasted in the month of Ramadan in 2002 were included in this prospective study. Waist, hip and thigh circumferences, weight and ...

OBJECTIVE: Itaconate is an analog of phosphoenolpyruvate, which is an inhibitor of fructose-6-phosphate 2-kinase (F6P2Kinase), an enzyme that synthesizes fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F26BP). Carbohydrates ingested are preferentially used for glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscles, and excess carbohydrates are metabolized by glycolysis in the liver and used for fatty acid ...

OBJECTIVE: It is unknown whether waist circumference can predict a lipid profile beyond that predicted by body fatness alone, after adjustment for important confounding variables such as smoking, alcohol intake, and physical activity. The purpose of this non-clinical, healthy-subject study was to test this hypothesis. METHODS: Data refer to 416 ...

Three models and 10 specific methods for determining maternal body composition are discussed and their perinatal relevance reviewed. English language publications (1950 to January 2004) were searched electronically and by hand. Search terms included "body composition," "human," " pregnancy," "obesity," "adiposity," "regional," "2-, 3-, 4-component," "truncal," "peripheral," "central," "visceral" along ...

We investigated the effects of oxandrolone on regional fat compartments and markers of metabolism. Thirty-two 60- to 87-yr-old men (body mass index, 28.1 +/- 3.4 kg/m(2)) were randomized to oxandrolone (20 mg/d; n = 20) or matching placebo (n = 12) treatment for 12 wk. Oxandrolone reduced total (-1.8 +/- ...

OBJECTIVES: Our primary objective was to determine whether hip girth could accurately predict abdominal fat and total body fat in postmenopausal women. A secondary objective was to investigate the relation between body mass index (BMI) and hip girth in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Body weight, height, girths, skinfolds, and whole-body dual-energy ...

Prolactin (PRL) promotes (visceral) fat accrual in a variety of animal models. The release of PRL by the pituitary is tonically inhibited by dopamine through activation of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) of lactotroph cells, and obese humans appear to have reduced D2R-binding sites in their brain. Therefore, we hypothesized ...

Pharmacologic doses of growth hormone (GH) reduce HIV-associated fat accumulation but may worsen glucose metabolism. We investigated the effects of a low dose of GH (1 mg per day) in HIV-infected men with fat accumulation and found that such treatment reduced total fat and increased lean body mass without significant ...

Previous studies have demonstrated that circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of cardiovascular risk, are strictly related to body fatness. Elevated fibrinogen levels are also predictive of future cardiovascular events. The metabolic background of this relationship and the predictors of fibrinogen levels have not been well established. We ...

We examined the independent associations among abdominal adipose tissue (AT) depots, liver fat, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and metabolic risk factors in 86 lean premenopausal women. We measured abdominal AT and liver fat by computed tomography (CT), and CRF by a maximal treadmill exercise test. Liver fat was not related to ...

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Fat accumulation in the liver has been shown to be closely correlated with hepatic insulin resistance and features of insulin resistance, also independently of body weight. It remains to be established how fat in the liver correlates with that in other depots, and whether any association differs between men ...

The effect of fat distribution on disease risk is a subject of great interest. Central fat has been measured anthropometrically, by computed tomography, and by magnetic resonance imaging. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have related central fat to type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, independent of body mass index. ...

Studies in women with type 2 diabetes demonstrated adverse effects on body fat distribution of a low-fat diet relative to a high monounsaturated fat diet. We performed a randomized 12-wk parallel design study of two 6000-kJ diets: 35% energy from fat (high monounsaturated fat diet, HIMO), or 12% energy from ...

PURPOSE: During the 24-week PIILR study of protease inhibitor (PI) withdrawal, improved lipids and reduction in intraabdominal visceral fat was seen, however, there was also a loss of subcutaneous limb fat in patients with HIV-lipodystrophy (LD). It was hypothesized that overall improvement in LD may require a longer period of ...

Although it is known that triglyceride concentrations increase with adiposity, whether the same increase applies for different percentiles of the triglyceride distribution has not been reported. Therefore, physician-supplied triglyceride concentrations from 7288 male and 2326 female runners were divided into strata according to the body mass index (BMI) and circumferences ...