Six adult African-type hair sheep (BW = 40.3 +/- 6.3 kg) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were subjected to four treatments. Sheep were offered basal diets at a rate of 80 g of DM/kg of metabolic BW (equivalent to ad libitum access) consisting either of a low-quality grass hay ...

A sequence of eight twice-daily meals, each marked with different rare earth elements, was fed to 24 Spanish goats (BW = 20.6 +/- 1.94 kg) to produce meal-based profiles of rare earth markers within segments of the gastrointestinal digesta on subsequent slaughter. Accumulative mean residence time and time delay of ...

Four lactating Jersey cows fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design trial to determine the effect of supplemental lysine in diets containing dry ground (GC) or steam-flaked (SFC, 360 g/L) corn on ruminal fermentation and amino acid (AA) flow to the ...

Two 4 x 4 Latin square design experiments were carried out. In experiment 1, four mature Anglo-Nubian x Fiji local goats, pre-experimental body weight 25.0 +/- 0.6 kg, 22-24 months old, were used to study the effect of supplementation of a basal diet of maize stover with Erythrina variegata (EV), ...

This thesis presents a unique combination of an in vivo feeding trial, the analysis of the microbial community structure in the rumen, and in vitro fermentation studies, in order to assess the impact of breeds and diets on animal performance in a West African production setting. Pure N’Dama and N’Dama ...

Four Holstein steers (189 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment to evaluate the influence of forage level (5, 10, 15 and 20% sudangrass hay, DM basis) on characteristics of digestion of a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet. Increasing forage level decreased ruminal digestion of OM (linear ...

The effects of defaunation on microbial activities in the rumen of sheep given mixed diets (fresh Digitaria decumbens and concentrate) were studied. Eight faunated rams and eight defaunated rams, with ruminal cannula were used. Each animal was fed with 4 different mixed diets, Digitaria decumbens grass supplemented with 4 mixtures ...

Reindeer have been classified as intermediate feeders and muskoxen as grazers based on differences in digestive morphology and consumption of fibrous plants. We hypothesized that the digestive morphology of young (< 2 months) reindeer and muskoxen anticipates transitions in diet and determines the feeding strategy of each species at adulthood. ...

We tested the hypothesis that the dietary energy-dependent alterations of the rumen papillae size are accompanied by corresponding changes in systemic insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 concentration and in rumen papillary IGF type 1 receptors (IGF-1R). Young male goats (n=24) were randomly allocated to two groups (n=12) and fed a high ...

Five dual-flow fermentors (700 mL) were used to determine the effects of eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides [L.] L.) diets on microbial metabolism by mixed rumen cultures. Fermentors were incubated with filtered ruminal contents and allowed to adapt for 4 d to diets followed by 3 d of sample collection. Five ...

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of tall fescue hay maturity on intake, digestion, and ruminal fermentation responses to different supplemental energy sources fed to beef steers. Twelve ruminally cannulated, crossbred steers (initial BW = 228 +/- 21 kg) were used in a split-plot experiment with a 3 ...

Energy requirements for ingestion and standing were determined in open-circuit respiration chambers with four ruminally cannulated German Red Pied steers weighing 617 +/- 53 kg of BW (mean +/- SD). The requirement for standing over lying was derived by regressing heat production on time spent standing within 2-h periods when ...

This study evaluated the effects of dilution rate and forage-to-concentrate ratio on gas production by rumen microbes. Continuous cultures were used to monitor methane production at three liquid dilution rates (3.2, 6.3, or 12.5%/h) and three forage-to-concentrate ratios (70:30, 50:50, or 30:70). Filtered ruminal contents were allowed 6 d of ...

The effect of the establishment of Entodinium caudatum on the population of Eudiplodinium maggii was examined in the rumen of three sheep fed a hay/ground barley diet. The cell concentration of E. maggii were 15.9-38.5 and 11.7-12.4 x 10(3) cells per g of the rumen contents in the absence and ...

One finishing trial and one digestibility trial were used to evaluate wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and alfalfa hay (AH) combinations in steam-flaked corn (SFC) finishing diets. In Exp. 1, 631 crossbred heifers (initial BW = 284 +/- 7.9 kg) were fed SFC-based diets containing combinations of WCGF (25, 35, ...

Six Hereford steers (295 kg) cannulated in the proximal duodenum were used to evaluate the effects of forage and sunflower oil level on ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) outflow. Steers were fed one of six treatment diets in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (grass ...

The effect of linseed oil (LSO) supplementation on total-tract and ruminal nutrient digestibility, N metabolism, and ruminal fluid characteristics was investigated in dairy cows fed diets containing different forage to concentrate ratios (F:C). The experimental design was a 4 x 4 Latin square with 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of ...

In this work, we report on the further development of the scale-down, two-compartment (STR + PFR) experimental simulation model. For the first time, the effect on high cell density Escherichia coli fed-batch fermentations of a changing microenvironment with respect to all three of the major spatial heterogeneities that may be ...

The effects of increasing concentrations of dried, pelleted beet pulp substituted for high-moisture corn on ruminal fermentation, pH, and microbial efficiency were evaluated using eight ruminally and duodenally cannulated multiparous Holstein cows in a duplicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Cows were 79 +/- 17 (mean ...

Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated Jersey cows were used in a 4 x 5 incomplete Latin square study to determine the effects of including urea in the gelatinized corn starch coating applied to whole cottonseed (WCS) on ruminal fermentation, fiber digestion, and bacterial protein synthesis. Treatments included uncoated WCS (control) ...

The objective of this study was to determine composition, particle size distribution, and in vivo kinetics of ruminal particles having functional specific gravity (FSG) greater or less than FSG of particles found in the omasum and reticulum of lactating dairy cows. Particles from the reticulum and the omasal had FSG ...

Four Holstein steers (282 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment to evaluate the influence of dietary urea level (0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2%, DM basis) in a steam-flaked barley-based finishing diet on digestive function. There were no ...

Lameness of dairy cattle fed predominantly on pasture is increasingly recognised as one of the most costly disease conditions affecting dairy herds in New Zealand and Australia. Numerous risk factors are involved in the aetiology of claw lameness, including environment and factors associated with the conformation of individual cows. The ...

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is likely to arise when an easily palatable, high-energy diet meets a ruminal environment not adapted to this type of substrate. Increase of short-chained fatty acids (SCFA) will occur. Eventually, this may result in a transient nadir of ruminal pH below 5.5. Two situations are likely ...

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate effects of reducing corn silage particle size on eating behavior, chewing activity, and rumen fermentation in lactating dairy cows. Four cannulated, multiparous cows averaging 110 +/- 4 d in milk and weighing 675 +/- 70 kg were randomly assigned to a 4 ...

A concern of the USEPA is the volatilization of NH3 from animal manure and CH4 produced from ruminal fermentation. Excess N in the environment has been associated with adverse effects on human health, and CH4 and N2O emissions are sources of greenhouse gases. The objectives of this paper are to ...

The efficiency of rumen microbial production (EMP) in vitro and in vivo was examined for three roughages (lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) hay, oat (Avenia sativa L.)-berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum cultivar BigBee) hay and maize (Zea mays L.) crop residue (MCR)) and for five isonitrogenous (106 g crude protein (Nx6.25)/kg) diets ...

Microbial community changes during start-up operation of flowerpot-using fed-batch reactors for composting of household biowaste were studied by quinone profiling, rRNA-targeted fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and cultivation methods. Total and plate counts of bacteria and quinone contents in the reactors increased sharply with time during the start-up period. These ...

Effects of the presence or absence of ciliate protozoa on methanogenesis in the rumen and hindgut were investigated in young calves during a 7-week period. Ten Holstein calves, aged 7 days, were divided in two groups (n = 5) and fed an increasing amount of a commercial milk replacer and ...

A commercial blend of essential oil (EO) compounds was added to a grass, maize silage, and concentrate diet fed to dairy cattle in order to determine their influence on protein metabolism by ruminal microorganisms. EO inhibited (P < 0.05) the rate of deamination of amino acids. Pure-culture studies indicated that ...

A trial with four ruminally and duodenally cannulated, late-lactation dairy cows was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) composition and availability on ruminal ammonia N utilization and transfer into milk protein. Two diets were fed at 8-h intervals in a crossover design. The diets differed in CHO ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of reducing forage particle length (FPL) and the inclusion of cottonseed hulls (CSH) on intake, digestibility, chewing activity, and milk production of cows in early lactation. Sixteen multiparous cows averaging 17 +/- 3 d in milk and 677 +/- 58 ...

Four prepubertal Holstein heifers, average age 146.0 +/- 3.6 d and 152.8 +/- 8.6 kg of body weight (BW), fitted with rumen cannulae were used to evaluate increasing levels of dietary protein with a constant metabolizable energy intake on rumen ammonia N concentrations, N balance, total tract apparent digestibility, and ...

Two studies were conducted to determine whether a bacterial direct-fed microbial (DFM) alone or with yeast could minimize the risk of acidosis and improve feed utilization in feedlot cattle receiving high-concentrate diets. Eight ruminally cannulated steers, previously adapted to a high-concentrate diet, were used in crossover designs to study the ...

Fungal morphology in many filamentous fungal fermentations leads to high broth viscosity which limits oxygen mass transfer, and often results in reduced productivity. The objective in this study was to determine if a simple, fed-batch, process strategy-pulsed addition of limiting-carbon source-could be used to reduce fungal broth viscosity, and increase ...

Effects of the extent of grain processing and the percentage of silage in barley-based feedlot diets on microbial protein synthesis and nutrient digestibility were evaluated using four steers (initial BW of 442 +/- 15 kg) with ruminal and duodenal cannulas. The experiment was a 4 x 4 Latin square with ...

A continuous culture system was used to investigate ruminal digestion in response to increased pasture intake and three different substitution rates (SR) in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The treatments were 1) low pasture (55 g dry matter (DM)/d, 2) medium pasture (MP, 65 g DM/d), 3) high ...

Ten ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows that were part of a larger trial studying the effects of feeding different proteins on milk production were used in a replicated 5 x 5 Latin square to quantify flows of microbial and rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) in omasal digesta. Cows were fed total mixed ...

Our study investigated the effects of, and interactions between, forage particle size, level of dietary ruminally fermentable carbohydrate (RFC), and level of dietary starch on performance, chewing activity, and ruminal pH for dairy cows fed one level of dietary NDF. Twelve cows (48 DIM) were assigned to six treatments in ...

Our study investigated the effect of a linear increase in level of ruminally fermentable carbohydrate, at a constant level of dietary starch and fiber, on performance, microbial N yield, chewing activity, and ruminal pH of midlactation dairy cows. Eight cows (53 DIM) were assigned to four treatments in a double ...

The effect of inducing subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) on the free-choice intake of sodium bicarbonate (SB) was investigated in four midlactation Holstein cows in a switchover experiment with four 1-wk periods. The SARA was induced by replacing 25% of the ad libitum intake of total mixed ration (TMR) with pellets ...

The goal in this study was to determine if pulsed addition of substrate could be used to alter filamentous fungal morphology during fermentation, to result in reduced broth viscosity. In all experiments, an industrially relevant strain of Aspergillus oryzae was grown in 20-liter fermentors. As a control, cultures were fed ...

Exposure to anhydrous ammonia has been suggested as a pretreatment for corn milling. Batches of corn were exposed to ammonia under controlled conditions. The amounts of ammonia absorbed and reacted with the corn were measured. The amounts were not more than are needed as nutritional supplement for yeast fermentation to ...

Effects offorage particle size measured as physically effective NDF and ratio of alfalfa silage to alfalfa hay of diets on feed intake, chewing activity, particle size reduction, salivary secretion, ruminal fermentation, and milk production of dairy cows were evaluated using a 4 x 4 Latin square design with a 2 ...

Four different detachment methods were evaluated for their ability to remove particle-associated microorganisms (PAM) from ruminal digesta in semicontinuous fermenters fed two diets differing in their forage:concentrate ratio (80:20 [C20] and 20:80 [C80]). In the methylcellulose method, ruminal digesta was incubated at 38 degrees C for 15 min with saline ...

Effect of diet fermentability on efficiency of microbial N production was evaluated. Eight ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows (55 +/- 15.9 days in milk; mean +/- SD) were used in a duplicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental diets ...

AIM: To determine whether Megasphaera elsdenii YE34 (lactic acid degrader) and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens YE44 (alternative starch utilizer to Streptococcus bovis) establish viable populations in the rumen of beef cattle rapidly changed from a forage-based to a grain-based diet. METHODS AND RESULTS: Five steers were inoculated with the two bacterial strains ...

The ruminal degradation and intestinal digestibility (ID) of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of different feed samples were measured in two trials by using nylon bag and rumen outflow rate techniques in three wethers cannulated in the rumen and in the duodenum. In trial 1, three samples of ...

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of feed intake on the composition of the rumen contents of sheep and on their bacterial densities. Whole rumen contents were sampled after a period of continuous inter-rumen infusion of 15NH3 from four rumen-cannulated wethers successively fed on a hay-concentrate diet ...

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of a subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) model on diet choice in dairy cows. In the first experiment, 25% of the ad libitum dry matter intake (DMI) of the total mixed ration (TMR) was replaced with wheat-barley pellets (WBP, 50% ground wheat, 50% ...