BACKGROUND: Insufficient dietary intake of chromium as an essential nutrient leads to signs and symptoms that are similar to those observed for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. We postulate that in healthy individuals, urinary chromium excretion following a high glycemic index diet is higher than after a low glycemic index diet. ...

Among the factors influencing weight loss and maintenance, psychobehavioral, nutritional, metabolic, hormonal and hereditary predictors play an important role. Psychobehavioral factors influence adherence to lifestyle changes and thus weight loss maintenance. The outcome of short-term weight reduction treatment is mainly affected by changes in energy and nutrient intake and physical ...

Involuntary weight loss (IWL) is common in the North American elderly population and affects as many as 60 per cent of nursing home residents, representing a threat to health and function. Investigation into nutrient provision in a long-term care (LTC) centre showed that mean total energy exposure over the 5-week ...

It has been established in the Canadian Community Health Survey that 23% of Canadians are obese while 36% are over weight. The fact that obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and other chronic diseases explains why many efforts have been put forward ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of commercial weight loss programmes on macronutrient composition and micronutrient adequacy over a 2 month period. DESIGN: Adults were randomly allocated to follow the Slim Fast Plan, Weight Watchers Pure Points Programme, Dr Atkins' New Diet Revolution, or Rosemary Conley's "Eat Yourself Slim" Diet & ...

BACKGROUND: While high protein diets have been shown to improve satiety and retention of lean body mass (LBM), this study was designed to determine effects of a protein-enriched meal replacement (MR) on weight loss and LBM retention by comparison to an isocaloric carbohydrate-enriched MR within customized diet plans utilizing MR ...

BACKGROUND: To explore the extent to which people living with obesity have attempted to lose weight, their attitudes towards dieting, physical exercise and weight loss solutions, why their weight loss attempts have failed, and their opinions about what would be most beneficial to them in their struggle with their weight. ...

To compare the effects of low versus recommended levels of dairy intake on weight maintenance and body composition subsequent to weight loss. Two site (University of Kansas-KU; University of Tennessee-UT), 9 month, randomized trial. Weight loss was baseline to 3 months, weight maintenance was 4 to 9 months. Participants were ...

This study evaluated a specialized whey fraction (Prolibratrade mark, high in leucine, bioactive peptides and milk calcium) for use as a dietary supplement to enhance weight loss. This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel-arm, 12-week study. Caloric intake was reduced 500 calories per day. Subjects consumed Prolibra or an isocaloric ready-to-mix ...

OBJECTIVE: Controversy exists regarding the elevation of serum retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) in human obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the present study, we have compared serum RBP4 in lean and obese patients with or without T2DM, and analysed the effect of weight loss on serum RBP4. DESIGN: ...

OBJECTIVE: The objectives were to investigate the characteristics associated with frequent self-weighing and the relationship between self-weighing and weight loss maintenance. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Participants (n = 3003) were members of the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) who had lost >or=30 lbs, kept it off for >or=1 year, and ...

Overweight persons are at risk for cardiovascular diseases, which may relate to a disturbed endothelial function and pro-inflammatory serum profiles. Indeed, weight loss lowers cardiovascular disease risk, but weight maintenance is difficult. Therefore, dietary supplements such as fish oil, which improve endothelial function, are useful. In this study, we evaluated ...

In skin, the physiological consequence of an epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) deficiency is not obvious directly at birth. Nevertheless, within hours after birth, mice deficient for the alpha-subunit of the highly amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (alphaENaC/Scnn1a) suffer from a significant increased dehydration. This is characterized by a loss of body ...

PCOS patients are not always markedly overweight but PCOS is strongly associated with abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. Effective approaches to nutrition and exercise improve endocrine features, reproductive function and cardiometabolic risk profile--even without marked weight loss. Recent studies allow us to make recommendations on macronutrient intake. Fat should be ...

BACKGROUND: Obesity is the most common nutritional disease in dogs. Although weight loss by dietary caloric energy restriction is successful in experimental studies, there is limited information on success of such programs in client-owned dogs who are obese. Further, no information currently exists on the changes in body composition during ...

Gastric bypass is increasingly used in morbidly obese patients to achieve significant reduction of body weight and fat mass and concurrent improvement in co-morbidities. We report the case of a 53-year-old male patient (141 kg, BMI 50 kg/m2), successfully treated by amiodarone for supraventricular arrythmia, who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass ...

Weight reduction is generally recommended as the first line of treatment for the increasing problem of obesity-associated hypertension. At first glance, this recommendation seems compelling, but evidence suggests that weight loss for obesity-associated hypertension is neither simple nor consistently effective as antihypertensive therapy. First, dietary and behavioral therapy is accompanied ...

Findings from studies examining self-efficacy and its relationship to weight loss have been inconsistent. We examined self-efficacy specific to changing eating behaviors in the PREFER trial, an 18-month behavioral weight-loss study, to determine if self-efficacy and dietary adherence were associated with weight change, and what impact self-efficacy had on weight ...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: To investigate, through a meta-analysis of clinical trials, the effect of two weight-reducing drugs, such as orlistat and sibutramine, on serum lipid profiles in overweight and obese subjects, independently of weight loss. METHODS: A systematic search strategy, incorporating the terms orlistat, sibutramine, fat, cholesterol, lipid profile, cardiovascular ...

OBJECT: Given the success of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in a variety of applications (for example, Parkinson disease and essential tremor), other indications for which there is currently little effective therapy are being evaluated for clinical use of DBS. Obesity may be one such indication. Studies of the control of ...

OBJECTIVE: To assist health professionals who counsel patients with overweight and obesity, a systematic review was undertaken to determine types of weight-loss interventions that contribute to successful outcomes and to define expected weight-loss outcomes from such interventions. DESIGN: A search was conducted for weight-loss-focused randomized clinical trials with >or=1-year follow-up. ...

This study examined whether different methods of self-monitoring eating and exercise behaviors affect the process of self-monitoring and change in body weight in overweight adults. Forty-two subjects participated in a 16-week correspondence-based weight-loss intervention using a pretest-posttest randomized design. Dietary intake was prescribed at 1,200 to 1,500 kcal/day and <30% ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term weight loss and eating and exercise behaviors of successful weight losers who lost weight using a low-carbohydrate diet. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This study examined 3-year changes in weight, diet, and physical activity in 891 subjects (96 low-carbohydrate dieters and ...

The current investigation examined the impact of a weight maintenance intervention (MI) designed to empower people to create a personal healthy food and physical activity environment on weight loss treatment outcomes. It was hypothesized that behavioral weight loss program (BWLP) participants who received an additional MI would evidence superior weight ...

The purpose of this study was to examine whether changes in cholesterol metabolism after weight loss were affected by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ABCG5 and ABCG8 genes. Thirty-five hypercholesterolemic women lost 11.7 +/- 2.5 kg (P < 0.001). Cholesterol kinetics were assessed using stable isotope techniques. TaqMan PCR was ...

To develop two evaluation tools for weight loss and weight gain advertisements on the Internet in order to help consumers to evaluate the quality of information within these advertisements. One hundred websites identified by Internet search engines for weight loss and weight gain strategies (50 websites each) were evaluated using ...

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the effect of a low-fat, vegan diet compared with the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) diet on weight loss maintenance at 1 and 2 years. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Sixty-four overweight, postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to a vegan or NCEP diet for 14 ...

Body fat mass and nutrition influence secretion of the adrenocortical hormones--aldosterone and cortisol--via several mechanisms. However, there are no data on adrenocortical function following widely prescribed mild diet-induced weight loss (10%) in obese subjects. In the present study, 25 healthy obese volunteers (BMI 32.9+/-4.3 kg/m (2)) followed a 30% calorie ...

BACKGROUND: Despite interest in the glycemic index diets as an approach to weight control, few long-term evaluations are available. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate the long-term effect of a low-glycemic-index (LGI) diet compared with that of a high-glycemic-index (HGI) diet; all other dietary components were equal. DESIGN: After a ...

BACKGROUND: A vegetarian diet may lead to numerous health benefits, including weight loss. OBJECTIVE: We examined the joint effects of personal preference of dietary treatment and a calorie-restricted, low-fat lactoovovegetarian diet (LOV-D) compared with a standard calorie-restricted, low-fat omnivorous diet (STD-D) on changes in weight, total cholesterol, ratio of LDL ...

The incidence of obesity worldwide has increased markedly in the past 2 decades, with estimates of increases of 50% in the United States alone. Research indicates that weight loss produced by diet alone is not sustained and that 75% of dieters regain most of the weight lost within 1 year ...

BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets are often used to promote weight loss, but their effects on psychological function are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: We compared the effects of a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet with a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat (HCLF) diet on mood and cognitive function. DESIGN: Ninety-three overweight or obese participants [x +/- ...

OBJECTIVES: malnutrition is highly prevalent in diseased elderly people, especially in hospital departments, and weight loss also occurs during hospital stays. Among the tools proposed to define malnutrition and to screen persons at risk of malnutrition, the nutritional risk score (NRS) has been suggested as a simple tool. DESIGN AND ...

To test the ability of two levels of modest financial incentives to encourage weight loss among overweight employees. This study used a randomized design with measurements at baseline, 3, and 6 months and two levels of financial incentives ($7 and $14 per percentage point of weight lost). Payments were structured ...

Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary disorder characterized by personality changes, chorea, dementia and weight loss. The cause of this weight loss is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine body weight changes and weight-regulating factors in HD using the R6/2 mouse model as a tool. We found ...

Young sailors tend to compete under a similar racing format to that of adults, spending extended hours exposed to the elements. This descriptive study measured the body mass changes in 65 male Optimist dinghy sailors (mean age 11.6 years, s = 1.4; body mass 37.2 kg, s = 8.2) and ...

BACKGROUND: Treatment of severe obesity is difficult; in the past, lifestyle measures did not prove effective. Recently, however, intensive behavioral interventions using meal replacements and low-energy diets have enabled some severely obese persons to achieve nonobese weights. OBJECTIVE: We assessed rates of weight loss, changes in risk factors and medication ...

AIM: The use of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations as an index of nutrition has been analysed in teenage girls with eating disorders and weight loss. METHOD: Blood samples for analysis of IGF-1 were obtained at 349 assessments of 302 patients and biweekly during 56 treatment periods in 46 ...

(1) Weight loss in obese patients can reduce some of the complications of obesity. (2) To determine which interventions have the greatest and most durable impact on weight, without a risk of serious adverse effects, we conducted a systematic review of the available evidence, based on standardised Prescrire methodology. (3) ...

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant health problem and affects 70 million adults in the United States (30% of the adult population), and an estimated 20% of these individuals have the most severe form of NAFLD-nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The mechanisms underlying disease development and progression are awaiting clarification. ...

BACKGROUND: The effects of weight loss on muscle function in older adults have not been well studied. This study determined the effects of a 6-month weight-loss intervention on muscle strength and quality in older obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: Participants were randomized to a weight loss (WL) (n = ...

The effects of dirlotapide on body weight (BW) reduction were investigated in overweight Labradors in two parallel-design studies. Study A involved 42 dogs randomized to 0.0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 mg dirlotapide/kg/day orally for 4 weeks. Study B involved 72 dogs randomized to nine treatments: placebo (24 weeks); ...

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 3:1 and 1:1 carbohydrate to protein ratios, hypocaloric diets with and without exercise, and risk factors associated with the Metabolic Syndrome in overweight and obese Canadian women. Groups were designated as control diet (CON), control diet with exercise (CONEx), ...

Orlistat, in the 60-mg over-the-counter dose, was recently approved by the FDA. This lipase inhibitor blocks absorption of ~25% of ingested fat and has ~85% of the efficacy of the 120-mg dose for weight loss. Over 16 weeks weight loss with diet and orlistat 60 mg averages ~5% of initial ...

Dirlotapide is a novel microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor intended for the treatment and management of obesity in dogs. The biologic effects of dirlotapide, weight loss, decreased food intake, increased fecal fat, decreased serum cholesterol, and body composition, were evaluated in a controlled, blinded study. Sixteen obese beagles were randomized ...

The aim of this work was to improve the knowledge on young suckled Salers bull production and to study the effect of forage type and concentrate level on performance, carcass and muscle characteristics as well as on meat quality. Twenty-four Salers male calves of 150 days of age were assigned ...

In the context of the contemporary rhetoric of the "obesity epidemic", the fat body is easily labelled as lazy, self-indulgent and lacking in discipline. Those who become fat often find themselves needing to account for their size in order to refute the suggestion of moral failure that attaches itself easily ...

The glycaemic index (GI) has been developed in order to classify food according to the postprandial glycaemic response. This parameter is of interest, especially for people prone to glucose intolerance; however, the effects of a low-GI (LGI) diet on body weight, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism remain controversial. We studied the ...

Obesity is a major risk factor for hypertension, coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes. Weight loss is associated with significant metabolic benefits. Our objective was to examine changes in adipocytokines and interleukin (IL) 10 in obese subjects before and after weight loss. We measured anthropometric parameters, adipocytokine and IL-10 ...

Studies of harm are often carried out in cohort or case-controlled studies. We reviewed a prospective cohort study by Halton et al that assessed increased cardiovascular events in women on a low carbohydrate diet. This study did not show an increase in cardiovascular events. However, the diet assessment was very ...