To investigate further the mechanisms of developmental programming, we analysed the effects of maternal overnutrition and of postnatal high-fat feeding on adipose tissue metabolism in the offspring. Postnatal changes in serum adiponectin, leptin and TAG [triacylglycerol (triglyceride)] levels, adipose tissue TAGs, fatty acids and enzyme activities were determined in offspring ...

In freshwater ecosystems, rotifers and cladocerans are ideal prey for fish larvae whereas copepods, due to their purported low growth rate and predatory tendency, are not. We recently isolated the parthenogenetic Elaphoidella grandidieri (Gueme et Richard, 1893) a benthic freshwater harpacticoid, from a fish farm in the State of Morelos, ...

Background and purpose. The lack of safe and effective approved drugs against obesity has raised a great interest on natural products that may serve as alternative therapies. From this perspective we have addressed the analysis of the effects of daidzein, one of the main soy isoflavones, on diet induced obesity ...

Until recently, fat was considered a relatively inactive tissue serving only as a depot for the storage of excess lipid around the body. Over the last decade, however, several studies have established fat as a metabolically active endocrine organ able to affect human pathophysiology at multiple levels. During this time ...

Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in control of energy balance, but the physiological importance of NPY in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) remains unclear. Here we report that knockdown of NPY expression in the DMH by adeno-associated virus-mediated RNAi reduced fat depots in rats fed regular chow and ameliorated ...

Adipose tissue is the primary energy reservoir in the body and an important endocrine organ that plays roles in energy homeostasis, feeding, insulin sensitivity and inflammation. While it was tacitly assumed that fat in different anatomical locations had a common origin and homogenous function, it is now clear that regional ...

Diet-related obesity is a major metabolic disorder. Excessive fat mass is associated with type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis and arteriosclerosis. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism and adipose tissue function contributes to diet-induced obesity. Here, we report that βarrestin1 knockout mice are susceptible to diet-induced obesity. Knockout of the gene encoding βarrestin1 ...

Objective:Adverse effects of obesity on glucose homeostasis are linked to low-grade adipose tissue inflammation and accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissues. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of adipose tissue plasticity in a less severe deterioration of glucose homeostasis in females compared with males during the ...

Recent studies have suggested a beneficial effect of vitamin D and calcium on adipocyte metabolism and the metabolic profile. Our objective was to examine associations of vitamin D intake, calcium and dairy products as well as serum 25(OH)D concentration with adiposity measures and adipocyte size in women. Omental and subcutaneous ...

In severe obesity, white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation and macrophage infiltration are thought to contribute to WAT and whole-body insulin resistance. Specific players involved in triggering and maintaining inflammation (i.e. those regulating adipokine release and WAT macrophage recruitment, retention, or function) remain to be fully elaborated, and the degree to ...

Storage of excess calories as triglycerides is central to obesity and its associated disorders. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) catalyze the initial step in acylglyceride syntheses, including triglyceride synthesis. We utilized a novel small molecule GPAT inhibitor, FSG67, to investigate metabolic consequences of systemic pharmacological GPAT inhibition in lean and diet-induced obese ...

The use of heterogeneous animal tissues for the rearing of necrophagous insect species can produce uneven biological data, which can compromise the determination of larval age and, consequently, estimates for post-mortem intervals. We investigated the development of two species, Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya putoria (Diptera: Calliphoridae), reared on four substrates: ...

Background Early life nutritional environment plays an important role in the development of visceral adipose tissue and interacts with nutritional regulations in adulthood, leading to metabolic dysregulations. Aim We hypothesized that the renin-angiotensin system may play a role in the programming-induced development of visceral adipose tissue. Material and methods We ...

Fixed genomic variation explains only a small proportion of the risk of adiposity. In animal models, maternal diet alters offspring body composition, accompanied by epigenetic changes in metabolic control genes. Little is known about whether such processes operate in humans. Using Sequenom MassARRAY we measured the methylation status of 68 ...

The endocannabinoid (EC) signaling (ECS) system involves the activation of receptors targeted by endogenously produced ligands called endocannabinoids that trigger specific physiologic events in various organs and tissues throughout the body. ECs are lipid mediators that bind to specific receptors and elicit cell signaling. The focus of this review is ...

Obesity is characterized by accumulation of excess body fat, while lipodystrophy is characterized by loss or absence of body fat. Despite their opposite phenotypes, these two conditions both cause ectopic lipid storage in non-adipose tissues, leading to lipotoxicity, which has health-threatening consequences. The exact mechanisms underlying ectopic lipid storage remain ...

A 90-day growth trial was conducted on hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baeri ♀ × A. gueldenstaedtii ♂) to investigate the effect of dietary inclusion of cyanobacteria on growth, feed utilization, and fish tissue microcystins (MCs) accumulation and the recovery of fish when they were free of cyanobacteria. Four diets were formualted ...

To determine whether short-term consumption of a moderately high-fat diet (MHFD) affects nitric oxide (NO) production, the concentration of stable NO metabolites (NOx) in urine and plasma of rats fed a MHFD (15.6 %g fat) or control diet (4.5 %g fat) was measured weekly for 4 weeks. Plasma and urine NOx levels were ...

This study investigated the effects of indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a cruciferous vegetable derivative, on obesity and its associated factors in high-fat-diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Eighteen male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to one of three groups: basal, high fat (HF), and HF + 5 mg/kg of I3C intraperitoneally (HFI). After 12 ...

Aims C-reactive protein (CRP) expression is increased with metabolic alterations. We sought to clarify the effect of CRP on the development of obesity-induced metabolic disorders using human CRP-overexpressing transgenic mice (CRPTG). Methods and Results CRPTG and their nontransgenic littermates (CON) were fed a standard diet (STD) or a high-fat diet ...

Diet-induced obesity is reported to induce a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophages from an antiinflammatory M2 state to a proinflammatory M1 state. Telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker and a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist, reportedly has more beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity than other angiotensin II type ...

Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted lysophospholipase D that generates the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX is secreted by adipose tissue and its expression is enhanced in obese/insulin-resistant individuals. Here, we analyzed the specific contribution of adipose-ATX to fat expansion associated with nutritional obesity and its consequences on plasma LPA ...

The discus fish Symphysodon sp. is an Amazonian cichlid with a unusual form of parental care where fry obligately feed from parental mucus for the first few weeks of life. Here, we investigated the possible impact of environmental cadmium on this species, particularly with respect to mucus contamination. We exposed ...

The recent discovery of functional brown adipose tissue in human adults raised this tissue again into the focus of current investigations concerning human energy homeostasis. Brown fat is a key thermogenic tissue and is essential for non-shivering thermogenesis in the human newborn and hibernating mammals. This review highlights the biological ...

The thrifty genotype hypothesis initiated speculation that feast and famine cycling throughout history may have led to group-specific alterations of the human genome, thereby augmenting the capacity for excessive fat mass accrual when immersed in the modern-day obesogenic environment. Contemporary work, however, suggests alternative mechanisms influencing fuel utilization and subsequent ...

Epicardial adipose tissue is an ectopic fat storage at the heart surface in direct contact with the coronary arteries. It is considered a metabolically active tissue, being a local source of pro-inflammatory factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. The AIM of our study was to establish ...

Changes in dietary preferences in animal species play a pivotal role in niche specialization. Here, we investigate how divergence of foraging behaviour affects the trophic position of animals and thereby their role for ecosystem processes. As a model, we used two closely related bat species, Myotis myotis and M. blythii ...

BACKGROUND: Coronary atherosclerosis has traditionally been proposed to be associated with several cardiovascular risk factors and anthropometric measures. However, clinical data regarding the independent value of visceral adipose tissue in addition to such traditional predictors remains obscure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We subsequently studied 719 subjects (age: 48.1±8.3 years, 25% females) ...

Current pharmacological treatments for obesity and metabolic syndrome have various limitations. Recently, adipose tissue 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) has been proposed as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nevertheless, there is no adipose tissue-targeted 11β-HSD1 inhibitor available now. We sought to develop a ...

OBJECTIVE Diet composition alters the metabolic states of adipocytes and hepatocytes in diabetes. The effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition on adipose tissue inflammation and fatty liver have been obscure. We investigated the extrapancreatic effects of DPP-4 inhibition on visceral fat and the liver. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We investigated ...

Mounting evidence suggests that the benefits of fish consumption are not limited to the well-appreciated effects of omega-3 fatty acids. We previously demonstrated that cod protein protects against the development of diet-induced insulin resistance. The goal of this study was to determine whether other fish protein sources present similar beneficial ...

The ligand-dependent competing actions of nuclear receptor (NR)-associated transcriptional corepressor and coactivator complexes allow for the precise regulation of NR-dependent gene expression in response to both temporal and environmental cues. Here we report the mouse model termed silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT)(mRID1) in which targeted disruption ...

The effect of the PPARγ agonistic action of an AT(1) receptor blocker, irbesartan, on adipose tissue dysfunction was explored using atherosclerotic model mice. Adult male apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoEKO) mice at 9 weeks of age were treated with a high cholesterol diet (HCD) with or without irbesartan at a dose of ...

Oleoyl-estrone (OE) is a powerful slimming agent that is also present in plasma and adipose tissue, where it is synthesized. It acts through the formation of a derivative W. OE effects (and W levels) are proportional to the dose. OE reduces food intake but maintains energy expenditure (thermogenesis). The energy ...

Our hypothesis was that carotenoids in bovine subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) together with colour and reflectance spectra could be used to differentiate between beef production systems based on grass, concentrates or combinations thereof. SAT was sampled from the carcasses of heifers fed pasture (P), a barley-based concentrate (C), silage followed ...

Administration of Tolylsam, a MMP inhibitor with relative specificity for gelatinases, at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day to leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice kept on high fat diet for 15 weeks, was associated with significantly reduced weight gain as compared to controls (p < 0.0005), resulting in lower body weight (p < ...

Background. Epidemiological studies have shown that obesity/adiposity is closely associated with asthma in terms of development, severity, and control of asthma. However, effects of obesity/adiposity on airway inflammation are not well known in subjects without asthma. We assessed whether fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), a marker of eosinophilic airway inflammation, ...

During the development of obesity, adipose undergoes major expansion and remodeling, but the biological processes involved in this transition are not well understood. The objective of this study was to analyze global gene expression profiles of adipose tissue in dogs, fed a high-fat diet, during the transition from a lean ...

Abstract Koinobiont wasps start their lives as hemolymph feeders inside the host body, but before they egress from the host many become tissue predators. One species, the endoparasitoid Toxoneuron nigriceps Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), exhibits the unusual behavior of egressing before initiating tissue predation. After egression from the host, it reinserts ...

The levels and distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in chicken tissues from an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling area in southeast China were investigated. Human dietary intake by local residents via chicken muscle and eggs was estimated. The mean PBDEs concentrations in tissues ranged from 15.2 to 3138.1 ng/g lipid ...

An enzyme hitherto named semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), involved in the oxidation of primary amines, is abundantly expressed in adipocytes. Although SSAO physiological functions remain unclear, several molecules inhibiting its activity have been described to limit fat accumulation in preadipocyte cultures or to reduce body weight gain in obese rodents. ...

The role of diet in India's rapidly progressing chronic disease epidemic is unclear; moreover, diet may vary considerably across North-South regions. The India Health Study was a multicenter study of men and women aged 35-69, who provided diet, lifestyle, and medical histories, as well as blood pressure, fasting blood, urine, ...

Although lipids transfer through placenta is very limited, modification in dietary fatty acids can lead to implications in fetal and postnatal development. Trans fatty acid (TFA) intake during gestation and lactation have been reported to promote dyslipidemia and increase in pro- inflammatory adipokines in offspring. The aim of this study ...

This study investigates differences in computed tomography Hounsfield units between metabolically active (brown fat) and inactive adipose tissues (white fat) due to variations in their densities. Positron emission and computed tomographic data from 101 pediatric and adolescent patients were analyzed. Regions of metabolically active and inactive adipose tissues were identified, ...

OBJECTIVE: Adipose tissue macrophages are associated with adiposity and may play a role in obesity related co-morbidities. We examined whether abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue macrophage content (ATMc) was associated with fasting serum total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) concentrations. METHODS: 52 (35 male) of Pima Indians ...

A major function of ruminant adipose tissue is to store lipids for use in productive functions. Body fat mobilization is required during periods of negative energy balance such as lactation or undernutrition. Until now, gene expression profiling of ruminant adipose tissue in response to nutritional restriction has not been performed. ...

The relative contribution of regional contamination versus dietary differences to geographic variation in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) contaminant levels is unknown. Dietary variation between Alaska, Canada, East Greenland, and Svalbard subpopulations was assessed by muscle nitrogen and carbon stable isotope (δ(15)N, δ(13)C) and adipose fatty acid (FA) signatures relative to ...

Epicardial adipose tissue has been implicated in the development of heart disease. Nonetheless, the crosstalk between factors secreted from epicardial adipose tissue and cardiomyocytes has not been studied. Here, we examined the effect of factors secreted from epicardial adipose tissue on contractile function and insulin signalling in primary rat cardiomocytes. ...

The effects of partial removal of epididymal (EPI) and retroperitoneal (RET) adipose tissues (partial lipectomy) on the triacylglycerol deposition of high fat diet induced obese rats were analyzed, aiming to challenge the hypothesized body fat regulatory system. Male 28-day-old wistar rats received a diet enriched with peanuts, milk chocolate and ...

The effects of fish oil (FO) substitution by 66% vegetable oils in a diet with already 75% vegetable protein (66VO) on adipose tissue lipid metabolism of gilthead sea bream were analysed after a 14-month feeding trial. In the last 3months of the experiment, a FO diet was administrated to a ...