The cecal tonsil of broiler is known as a secondary lymphoid tissue, which is involved in antigen-specific humoral immune responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary vanadium on the tissue distribution and quantity of immunoglobulin A-positive (IgA(+)) cell in the cecal tonsil by immunohistochemistry. ...

OBJECTIVE: Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) acts as the first line of adaptive humoral immune defense at mucosal surfaces. A lack of SIgA or the inability to produce antigen-specific SIgA can lead to an increased risk of infections. Dietary intake may improve mucosal immunity by accelerating SIgA secretion. This study investigated ...

We previously reported that consumption of a resistant protein, sericin, reduces colon tumorigenesis, constipation, and serum TG in rodents. The present study was conducted to elucidate the effects of dietary sericin on the intestinal luminal environment in rats fed a high-fat (HF) diet. Rats were fed 300 or 50 g/kg ...

Previous studies have shown that rat intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration and lymphocyte composition of the intestinal immune system were influenced by a highly enriched cocoa diet. The aim of this study was to dissect the mechanisms by which a long-term high cocoa intake was capable of modifying gut secretory ...

Background/Aims: The beneficial effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in the treatment of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) have been reported. Perilla frutescens (Linn.) Britton var. frutescens is grown in Eastern Asia and its seed (perilla seed) is rich in α-linolenic acid, an n-3 PUFA. We investigated the antinephritic ...

PURPOSE: To study the gluten metabolism in healthy individuals and its effect over the intestinal microbial activity. METHODS: The faeces of eleven healthy subjects were analysed under 4 diet regimens: their normal gluten diet, a strict gluten-free diet (GFD), a GFD with a supplemental intake of 9 g gluten/day and a ...

Worldwide obesity is a growing health problem, associated with increased risk of chronic disease. Understanding the molecular basis of adipogenesis and fat cell development in obesity is essential to identify new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the development of anti-obesity drugs. microRNAs (miRNAs) appear to play regulatory roles in many ...

Obesity is now considered a major public health concern globally as it predisposes to a number of chronic human diseases. Most developed countries have experienced a dramatic and significant rise in obesity since the 1980s, with obesity apparently accompanying, hand in hand, the adoption of "Western"-style diets and low-energy expenditure ...

The aims of the present study were to examine ghrelin expression in serum and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tissues, and to measure tissue ghrelin levels and obesity-related alterations in some serum biochemical variables in rats with diet-induced obesity (DIO). The study included 12 male rats, 60 days old. The rats were randomly ...

Obesity results in the increased secretion of various hormones controlling food intake and body weight, such as leptin, and insulin; increased circulating levels of pancreatic amylin have also been described in obese humans and rodents. Because leptin-resistance is e.g. present in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats, and because hyperleptinemia seems necessary ...

Rodents respond to a chronic high-fat diet (HFD) in two ways: some readily become obese (obesity prone, OP) and others do not (obesity resistant, OR). Although several hypotheses have been proposed, the mechanisms underlying the inter-individual susceptibility to diet-induced obesity remain to be fully defined. In the present study, two-dimensional ...

To address the causes for obesity in all of China is not feasible in a single article. There are hundreds of ethnic groups over a vast number of provinces. The diet and lifestyle of each is different based upon cultural/ethnic traditions and the environment. Several studies mentioned in this review ...

The present study investigated whether fatty acid compositions of testes are affected by the obese condition and dietary n-3 long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) intake. Male lean and obese Zucker rats were fed a 15 % (w/w, total diet) fat diet containing either 0 or 5·0 % (w/w, total fatty acids) n-3 LCFA ...

This study determined if targeted (1) H-NMR metabolomic profiling of serum could be employed to distinguish the effects of obesity from those of diet in mice. Following weaning, littermates were randomly divided into two diet groups; chow or high fat. After 12wk of dietary manipulation, fat-fed animals were obese and ...

Obesity is a serious and growing public health problem in the United States and the world. While weight loss is associated with significant benefits in obesity-related co-morbidities, successful long-term weight loss maintenance is extremely difficult. This limited success is primarily due to biologic mechanisms that clearly favor weight regain. The ...

Calorie restriction (CR) has attracted increased interest since CR enhances lifespan and alters age-related decline in hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions. Obesity is associated with poor neurocognitive outcome including impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive abilities such as learning and memory. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are linked to hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, which ...

Prepregnancy maternal obesity confers an increased risk of stillbirth, but the mechanisms are unknown. Maternal obesity is associated with placental inflammation. We considered that maternal diet may predispose to the increased risk of placental inflammation and stillbirth. We hypothesized that a chronic high-fat diet (HFD) is associated with abnormal uteroplacental ...

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the L55M and Q192R paraoxonase (PON1) polymorphisms and obesity in a population of adult Mexican workers. The study population included 127 adult individuals from the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, ranging in age from 20 to 56 years and ...

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1) is the enzyme that catalyzes the final and committed step of triglyceride formation, namely, the acylation of diacylglycerol with acyl coenzyme A. DGAT-1 deficient mice demonstrate resistance to weight gain on high fat diet, improved insulin sensitivity, and reduced liver triglyceride content. Inhibition of DGAT-1 thus represents ...

Obesity is a multifactorial disease characterized by an excessive weight for height due to an enlarged fat deposition such as adipose tissue, which is attributed to a higher calorie intake than the energy expenditure. The key strategy to combat obesity is to prevent chronic positive impairments in the energy equation. ...

Obesity is highly prevalent in Western populations and is considered a risk factor for the development of renal impairment. Interventions that reduce the tissue burden of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have shown promise in stemming the progression of chronic disease. Here we tested if treatments that lower tissue AGE burden ...

Endocannabinoid signalling participates in the control of neurogenesis, especially after brain insults. Obesity may explain alterations in physiology affecting neurogenesis, although it is unclear whether cannabinoid signalling may modulate neural proliferation in obese animals. Here we analyse the impact of obesity by using two approaches, a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% ...

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of premature death in the UK and many developed countries. However, the risk of developing CRC is well recognised to be associated not only with diet but also with obesity and lack of exercise. While epidemiological evidence shows an association with factors such ...

Energy homeostasis involves a complex network of hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic neurons that transduce hormonal, nutrient and neuronal signals into responses that ultimately match caloric intake to energy expenditure and thereby promote stability of body fat stores. Growing evidence suggests that rather than reflecting a failure to regulate caloric intake, common ...

Weight and lipids are critical components of the metabolic syndrome, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Past reviews considering weight loss on lipid profiles have been for ≤1 year follow-up and/or were for very overweight, obese or morbidly obese participants. This systematic review includes lifestyle interventions for adults (18-65 years), with a ...

Obesity and related disorders are a burgeoning public health epidemic, particularly in the U.S. Currently 34% of the U.S. population is clinically obese (BMI > 30) and 68% are overweight (BMI > 25), more than double the worldwide average and 10-fold higher than Japan and South Korea. Obesity occurs when ...

ANGPTL6 (Angiopoietin-related growth factor 6) is a circulating protein which is suggested to antagonize obesity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a potential relationship between fasting serum ANGPTL6 and resting metabolic rate (RMR) as well as the body composition in obese and subjects with normal weight. Participants were ...

Obesity is a broad topic to discuss. Books have been written about every aspect of this complicated disease. The disease is treatable with diet, exercise, behavioral modification, pharmacotherapy, and surgery but to date is not curable. Weight re-gain and return of co-morbidities will occur if long-term lifestyle changes are not ...

Context:Endocannabinoids (ECs) have a role in obesity by affecting appetite and through peripheral effects. Obesity is associated with a dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS).Objective:We aimed to determine the ECS in subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) in obese subject and investigate the influence of diet-induced weight loss on this system.Design:The obese ...

O.D. Taraschenko, I.M. Maisonneuve, and S. D. Glick. Evidence suggests that the development of diet-induced obesity in males and females might be mediated by distinct mechanisms, warranting different treatment approaches. In previous studies from this laboratory, a high sucrose diet induced excessive weight gain in female but not in male ...

BACKGROUND: Both orosensory stimulation and feedback from the gastrointestinal tract contribute to energy intake regulation. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the hypothesis that overweight or obese subjects would be less sensitive to both oral and intraduodenal oleic acid exposure than would lean subjects. DESIGN: Eleven overweight or obese and 8 lean men ...

Obesity is fast becoming the scourge of our time. It is one of the biggest causes of death and disease in the industrialized world, and affects as many as 32% of adults and 17% of children in the USA, considered one of the world's fattest nations. It can also cost ...

BACKGROUND: Peptide YY (PYY), a gut hormone that inhibits appetite, has been linked to the development of obesity. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the nutritional regulation of PYY after 7 d of overfeeding (70% above normal energy requirements) in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men. DESIGN: Sixty-nine men (aged 19-29 y) participated ...

Energy homeostasis is regulated by twin factors, energy intake and energy expenditure. Obesity arises when these two factors are out of balance. Recently, the microflora residing in the human gut has been found to be one of the influential factors disturbing energy balance. Recent interest in this field has led ...

The pharmaceutical search to induce weight loss was precipitated by the United States Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) 1959 formal approval of phentermine for short-term weight loss despite limited research supporting its assertions of weight loss. In addition to sympathomimetic amine products like phentermine, other medications considered in this article ...

Insulin resistance is an integral feature of metabolic syndromes, including obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. In this study, we evaluated whether the aloe component could reduce obesity-induced inflammation and the occurrence of metabolic disorders such as blood glucose and insulin resistance. Male C57BL/6 obese mice fed a high-fat diet for 54 ...

The anti-hypertensive effect of Eucommia leaves has been confirmed clinically,(1a,b) and the study of their anti-obesity properties has advanced.(2) However, the compounds involved in their anti-obesity effect have not been fully elucidated. In this Letter, we examined the anti-obesity effect of Eucommia green leaf extract (EGLE) divided into five fractions ...

Background/Objectives:Dietary habits have a major role in obesity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we compared the effects of sea buckthorn (SB) and its fractions, and bilberries (BBs) on associated variables of metabolic diseases on overweight and obese women.Subjects/Methods:In total, 110 female volunteers were recruited, and ...

It is now recognized that the low-grade inflammation observed with obesity is associated with the development of a wide range of downstream complications. As such, there is considerable interest in elucidating the regulatory mechanisms underlying the production of inflammatory molecules to improve the prevention and treatment of obesity and its ...

Childhood obesity and its related comorbidities are increasingly recognised in children, predisposing them to early cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. The objective of the study was to investigate markers of metabolism, inflammation and haemostasis in a group of Italian obese children and adolescents. Fifty-nine obese and 40 non-obese subjects were ...

Genome-wide association studies revealed that variants within FTO (fat-mass- and obesity-associated) are strongly associated with obesity susceptibility. A recent study in Nature Genetics (Church et al., 2010) demonstrates that mice overexpressing fto exhibit a dose-dependent increase in body weight, confirming a role for FTO in the development of obesity.

A common T/A polymorphism (rs9939609) in the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene was found associated with early-onset and severe obesity in both adults and children. However, recent observations failed to find associations of FTO with obesity. To investigate the genetic background of early obesity, we analysed the single ...

Obesity (OMIM #601665) is a disease where excessive stores of body fat impact negatively on health. The first law of thermodynamics dictates that energy cannot be created or destroyed so if energy is taken into the body, but not transformed to ATP for metabolic work or dissipated as heat, it ...

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) has been proposed to be associated with high risk of cardiovascular disease. Increased CETP activity was previously reported in obese adults, although its association with lifestyle behaviors has not been assessed in healthy adolescents. We undertook this study to determine the association between CETP activity ...

Obesity has become the most frequent metabolic disease as a result of life conditions and lifestyle which have resulted in a positive energetic balance. However, at the end of the 20th century it reached the dimension of the global epidemic as a result of constantly increasing energy intake without an ...

Obesity is rapidly becoming a worldwide epidemic that affects children and adults. Some studies have shown a relationship between obesity and infertility, but until now it remains controversial. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high-fat diet-induced obesity on male reproductive parameters. In a ...

Most studies have reported that circulating levels of adiponectin are negatively correlated with the body mass index (BMI), and hypoadiponectinemia is related to cardiometabolic disorders; however, not all obese subjects have hypoadiponectinemia. The present study investigated circulating adiponectin levels and fat distribution, i.e. subcutaneous fat area (SFA) and visceral fat ...

The escalating prevalence of obesity is one of the most pressing health concerns of the modern era, yet existing medicines to combat this global pandemic are disappointingly limited in terms of safety and effectiveness. The inadequacy of currently available therapies for obesity has made new drug development crucial. In the ...

Objective:To examine the cardiovascular effects of combined amylin (AMN) and leptin (LEP) treatment in lean and obese rats.Research design:Rats were instrumented for telemetry and given LEP (300 μg kg(-1) day(-1)), AMN (100 μg kg(-1) day(-1)), AMN+LEP or vehicle (VEH; 0.9% normal saline) via a subcutaneous mini-osmotic pump for 7 days. The VEH group was subdivided into ...

Assessment of eating habits (EH) through closed questions could be an alternative tool to assess diet as a predictor of weight change in epidemiological studies. The aim was to assess the association between baseline EH and the risk of weight gain or becoming overweight/obese in a Spanish dynamic prospective cohort ...