Exogenous administration of ghrelin increases caloric intake and stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion, two effects that are mediated through binding of ghrelin to the GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). In addition, ghrelin is thought to inhibit adipogenesis by GHS-R-independent mechanisms. In adults, ghrelin is mainly produced by the stomach. In contrast, ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of obesity and diet in dogs on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations by assaying plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations and determining total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations as well as the concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides in various lipoprotein classes (ie, very-low-density, low-density, and high-density lipoproteins). ...

Obesity is an escalating problem in Western societies. Susceptibility to weight gain within an obesogenic environment is variable. It remains unclear how the range of weight gain responses are generated. It is possible that an individual's immediate and/or sustained appetite for apparently palatable foods, or metabolic adaptations to a new ...

The large amount of absorbed dietary lipid after feeding a high-fat diet is mainly transported as triacylglycerol (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRL) in the post-prandial blood and is subsequently distributed to peripheral tissues including adipose and muscle tissues. An in vivo and an in vitro study were conducted to investigate the possible ...

Obesity and the female sex represent significant risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA). Few studies have demonstrated a metabolic link between obesity and OA, strengthening the likelihood that biomechanical factors mediate this relationship, possibly via the redistribution of increased body mass to weight-bearing joints. However, it is less plausible that the ...

BACKGROUND: Certain adipose-produced signals are secreted in proportion to body fat mass and are involved in regulation of the energy metabolism of the whole body. Leptin, IL6 and adiponectin can be considered as adiposity signals. Several Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding for these molecules are known to influence ...

Nutritional manipulation targeted at specific periods of embryo or placental development can result in substantial changes in fetal organ development despite no effects on fetal weight. In particular, kidney and fat mass are greater in nutrient restricted offspring in conjunction with higher mRNA abundance for leptin, insulin-like growth factors I/II ...

BACKGROUND: The global pattern of varying prevalence of diseases of affluence, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, suggests that some environmental factor specific to agrarian societies could initiate these diseases. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS: We propose that a cereal-based diet could be such an environmental factor. Through previous studies ...

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationships of leptin with the metabolic syndrome and to examine leptin's role in clustering of the metabolic components among Korean adolescents. METHODS: A cross sectional study was carried out in 68 male and 80 female adolescents aged 13-18 years in ...

Recently, erythropoietin (EPO) and the nonerythropoietic derivative asialoEPO have been linked to tissue protection in the nervous system. In this study, we tested their effects in a model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in 7-day-old rats (unilateral carotid ligation and exposure to 7.7% O(2) for 50 min). EPO (10 U/g body ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: A fundamental advance in our understanding of endocrine control of energy balance and body weight came with the discovery of the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin. The leptin pathway appeared to be the long-sought peripheral signal pathway from the adipose tissue to the brain involved in the regulation of ...

To address whether defective melanocortin activation is one element of leptin resistance with age, we infused centrally the melanocortin agonist, MTII and antagonist, SHU9119 in young and old rats. Food intake, energy expenditure, adiposity, BAT UCP1, and leptin expression in white fat as well as hypothalamic expressions of MC3R, MC4R, ...

Leptin produced by adipocytes controls body weight by restraining food intake and enhancing energy expenditure at the hypothalamic level. The diet-induced increase in fat mass is associated with the presence of elevated circulating leptin levels, suggesting the development of resistance to its anorectic effect. Rats, like humans, show different susceptibility ...

Leptin and adiponectin are proteins produced and secreted from white adipose tissue and are important regulators of energy balance and insulin sensitivity. Seasonal changes in leptin and adiponectin have not been investigated in mammalian hibernators in relationship to changes in fat cell and fat mass. We sought to determine the ...

BACKGROUND: Sex differences in body composition exist before puberty, but the reason for this phenomenon is unknown. The physical changes that occur during puberty are mediated, in part, through sex steroids, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and leptin. However, data are lacking that address the extent to which concentrations of ...

BACKGROUND: Chronic renal failure (CRF) provokes derangement in various hormonal regulations of food intake and energy expenditure. In the present study, we have examined the effect of a low protein, low phosphorus diet on circulating levels of leptin, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and insulin in patients with CRF. METHODS: Seventeen ...

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have shown that leptin receptor is expressed in human and rat pituitary glands. The expression of leptin receptor in rats whose dams were malnourished during lactation has not been previously reported. METHODS: We examined leptin receptor expression in the pituitary gland of adult rats whose dams were ...

Leptin resistance is a hallmark of obesity, but its etiology is unknown, and its clinical measurement is elusive. Leptin-sensitive subjects have normal resting energy expenditure (REE) at a low leptin concentration, while leptin-resistant subjects have a normal REE at a higher leptin concentration; thus, the ratio of REE:Leptin may provide ...

A decade ago, leptin (from the greek lepto meaning 'thin') was identified as the product of the ob gene.1 This adipocyte-derived hormone was found to suppress feeding and stimulate thermogenesis, and was thus proposed as a mediator in a negative feedback loop that controls body adiposity. This discovery led to ...

Because of connections between CART peptide containing neurons and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the possible role of the SNS in leptin-induced adipose apoptosis, CART may act as a downstream effector of leptin-induced adipose apoptosis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received continuous intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion for 4 days of either artificial ...

Diets with restricted energy or protein during lactation programs body weight in the adult offspring. We have investigated the hypothesis that protein or energy-restricted diets during lactation alter the feeding response to peripheral leptin treatment of the adult offspring. Five Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of the following ...

Elevated growth hormone (GH) concentrations suppress reproductive function in a variety of species, although it is unclear whether GH directly suppresses reproductive performance, or whether GH activates other pathways to achieve these effects. The ovine metallothionein 1a-ovine GH (oMt1a-oGH) transgenic mouse has been used to model the effects of GH ...

The appetite and weight regulating peptide leptin was associated recently with alcohol craving during withdrawal. Nevertheless, correlations were only significant with craving displayed on the visual analogue scale for maximum craving during the previous week (VAS), and not if assessed with the highly validated Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS). The ...

OBJECTIVE: Recent findings demonstrating important effects of the adipokines on metabolism, energy homeostasis and body weight regulation have prompted research on the possible role of negative energy balance in altering adipocytokine regulation. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of a hypocaloric diet in healthy normal-weight volunteers. ...

BACKGROUND: Among US adults, serum leptin concentrations are higher in women than in men and are higher in blacks than in whites independent of anthropometric measures of body fatness. OBJECTIVE: Using radiographic measures of body fat, we determined the best correlates of leptin and whether adiposity can explain sex and ...

Ghrelin is a gastric hormone increased during caloric restriction and fat depletion. A role of ghrelin in the regulation of lipid and energy metabolism is suggested by fat gain independent of changes in food intake during exogenous ghrelin administration in rodents. We investigated the potential effects of peripheral ghrelin administration ...

Leptin is produced predominantly by white adipocytes and in adults it regulates both appetite and energy expenditure but its role in the neonate remains to be fully established. The aim of this, the first study of leptin administration to Meishan piglets, was to examine the effects of chronic leptin administration ...

We determined the relative importance of cholecystokinin (CCK), leptin, and fatty acid concentrations in plasma in mediating the satiety effects of supplemental fat in lactating cows. Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows in late lactation were used in a 3 x 5 incomplete Latin square design with three treatments: ...

Little is known about common factors (e.g., macronutrients and energy supply) regulating the protein secretory function of adipose tissue. We therefore compared the effects of randomly assigned 10-week hypoenergetic (-600 kcal/day) diets with moderate-fat/moderate-carbohydrate or low-fat/high-carbohydrate content on circulating levels and production of proteins (using radioimmunoassays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) ...

High circulating concentrations of leptin in obesity are associated with an apparent loss of its characteristic anorexic action within the hypothalamic region of the brain. Central insensitivity to leptin may therefore contribute to the aetiology of this disease, and an increased understanding of the underlying mechanisms will identify potential means ...

To determine the acute effect of neurological lesion on body composition, plasma leptin level, and the lipid profile, 7 male patients with acute and complete spinal cord injury (SCI) and 9 able-bodied (AB) males were investigated. At 16, 24, 36, and 48 weeks after injury, plasma leptin level and the ...

To find out whether the expressions of these adipocyte markers are influenced by oriental medicine, obesity rats induced by high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks were injected with 50 mg/100 g body weight adlay seed crude extract (ACE), daily for 4 weeks. The results are summarized as follows: HFD ...

Ghrelin is a peptide mainly produced by the stomach that increases food intake and body weight. Ghrelin expression increases with fasting and is diminished by re-feeding, but although the expression of this hormone is regulated by the feeding state, the relation with diet composition is not yet well established. We ...

OBJECTIVE: A great deal of attention has focused on the central role of alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and its antagonism at the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) by agouti related protein (AgRP) in the regulation of energy balance. However, very little is known regarding the function of circulating AgRP and alpha-MSH in ...

A photoperiod with a short photophase induces a winterlike phenotype in Siberian hamsters that includes a progressive decrease in food intake and body mass and reproductive organ regression, as well as reversible hypothermia in the form of short-duration torpor. Torpor substantially reduces energy utilization and is not initiated until body ...

The objective of the present study was to explore the tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in mice receiving exogenous leptin along with high fat diet for a period of 6 weeks. Significantly elevated levels of tissue thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated dienes (CD) and significantly lowered levels of ...

The current study sought to examine whether leptin injections following a weight reduction in diet-induced obese rats would reduce both the enhanced food intake and body weight (BW) regain observed during the refeeding phase. Female Wistar rats (n = 100, 20 per group) were divided into 5 groups: (1) LEP ...

BACKGROUND: Ghrelin, a 28 amino-acid peptide secreted primarily from the stomach has been identified as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin is suppressed in the postprandial state and has been linked to both type II diabetes and obesity. AIMS: To investigate the effects of a period ...

Estradiol is a potent hypophagic agent that reduces food intake and body weight without a concomitant fall in plasma leptin levels. We investigated whether the hypophagic effect of estradiol is mediated by stimulating POMC and/or inhibiting NPY neuronal pathways in the hypothalamus, which respectively inhibit and stimulate feeding. We examined ...

OBJECTIVE: Chronic administration of GH secretagogues (GHSs) induces a state of positive energy balance in rodents by a GH-independent mechanism. Here we sought to determine to what extent the GHS effects to increase food intake and increase fat accumulation are glucocorticoid-dependent. DESIGN: The effects of twice-daily s.c. injections of GH-releasing ...

The incidence of obesity, with its associated health risks, is on the increase throughout the western world affecting all age groups, including children. The typical western diet is high in fat and sugar and low in complex carbohydrates. This study looks at the effects of feeding an equivalent high-energy (HE) ...

BACKGROUND: HIV-infected patients are affected by changes in fat distribution, ie, significant losses of subcutaneous fat in association with metabolic abnormalities. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate the relation between leptin secretion and subcutaneous fat loss in HIV-infected patients. DESIGN: We investigated leptin pulse dynamics, measured every 20 min overnight ...

Studies assessed, either directly or indirectly, the role of GnRH in leptin-mediated stimulation of LH release in cattle before and after sexual maturation. In experiment 1, the objectives were to determine whether leptin could acutely accelerate the frequency of LH pulses, and putatively GnRH pulses, in prepubertal heifers at different ...

When the ratio of lean to fat deposition is improved, so is feed conversion efficiency. Net benefits may include lower production costs, better product quality, less excretion of nitrogenous wastes into the environment, decreased grazing pressure on fragile landscapes, and reduced pressure on world feed supplies. However, finding a way ...

The present study was conducted to determine if peripheral leptin administration can alter GH secretion or feed intake in young pigs. Six, 6 kg female pigs were fasted overnight and randomly chosen to receive porcine recombinant leptin or saline injections in a crossover design. Three leptin dosages were tested over ...

Obesity is associated with leptin resistance as evidenced by hyperleptinemia. Resistance arises from impaired leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), defects in leptin receptor signaling, and blockades in downstream neuronal circuitries. The mediator of this resistance is unknown. Here, we show that milk, for which fats are 98% triglycerides, ...

Low birth weight is associated with altered adipose tissue deposition and regulation of leptin production. This study determined the effects of naturally occurring variations in birth weight in pigs on postnatal growth patterns, body fat depth and plasma leptin and other hormone concentrations. Low (< 1.47 kg) and high (> ...

OBJECTIVE: Treatment of male rodents with estradiol (E2) is associated with anorexia and weight loss by poorly understood mechanisms. We examined the role of the orexigenic hypothalamic peptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and the appetite-inhibiting, fat-derived hormone leptin in mediating E2-induced anorexia. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: We studied the effect of ...

Inhibin B is a product of the gonads and a marker for ovarian follicular development. This was a cross-sectional study designed to assess awakening of the reproductive function by studying secretion pattern of inhibin B during the weight restoration in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). Twenty patients with AN participated ...

Leptin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are two important adipose tissue factors involved in energy metabolism regulation. It has been shown that PPARgamma agonists decrease leptin levels. However, the effects of PPARalpha agonists on leptin have not been investigated much. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of ...