Induction of olfactory sensitivity in humans was first illustrated when men and women who were initially unable to smell the volatile steroid androstenone (5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one) developed that ability after repeated, brief exposures. Because this finding has not been replicated with other compounds in humans, it has been assumed that olfactory induction ...

PURPOSE: Age-corrected values are indispensable in assessing discrete changes in light difference sensitivity (LDS) when evaluating perimetric results. In order to detect incipient visual field defects, the present study aimed particularly to determine function of normal values depending on age and eccentricity. METHODS: A test group (n = 83) of ...

PURPOSE: In order to determine genotype-phenotype correlations in Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), we analyzed the phenotype and genotype of 250 LCA children. We identified a heterozygous CRX mutation in an affected mother and son, and describe the ocular phenotype of the proband from birth through infancy to age 11 years. ...

Participants between the ages of 3 and 20 years adjusted the Müller-Lyer illusion and the inverted-T form of the Horizontal-Vertical illusion. Perceptual error was quantified using signal detection and nonparametric measures of sensitivity and responsivity. Significant changes in sensitivity and responsivity were found for each illusion across participants' ages. No ...

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of vision impairment, unilateral/bilateral blindness, and cataract surgery were estimated in a population based survey among the elderly in a suburban area of Hong Kong. METHODS: 15 public, private, and home ownership scheme housing estates in the Shatin area of Hong Kong were subjected to cluster sampling ...

The Vernier acuity of 50 normal untrained subjects (20 males and 30 females) was measured by the method of adjustment. Subjects were divided into five age ranges with 10 subjects in each age group: 5-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, and 41-50 years. All subjects had normal visual acuity (20/20) and volunteered ...

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The elderly have suffered from visual impairment for thousands of years. This report evaluates the first documented cases of visual disability in the elderly as described in the Bible. RESULTS: Three old men suffered from a gradual loss of vision. It is more likely that either mature cataract, or ...

Population-based vision screening studies of the prevalence rate of low vision and blindness in the U.S. are reviewed to evaluate the sources of disagreement among studies. The major reasons that studies disagree on prevalence rate estimates are differences in best-corrected visual acuity criteria for low vision and differences in the ...

PURPOSE: We sought to estimate the prevalence of visual impairment among an elderly population in urban Taiwan, determine the causes of visual impairment, and gain information about certain socioeconomic factors associated with visual impairment. METHODS: A population-based survey of ocular diseases in residents aged 50 years or older was conducted ...

BACKGROUND: There are few descriptive studies of children and adolescents with low vision in the United States. Our study describes a pediatric/adolescent population at the Illinois School for the Visually Impaired (ISVI), detailing the etiologies of low vision and the devices prescribed. METHODS: A retrospective record review was conducted of ...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in an epidemiologic study of aged, urban individuals in Denmark. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: The study population consisted of 1000 randomly selected residents aged 60 to 80 years in Copenhagen, Denmark. Of 976 eligible persons, 946 (96.9%) could be examined. ...

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and causes of visual field loss (VFL) and the association between VFL and indicators of impairment in daily functioning. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. SETTING: Suburb of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling elderly residents (n = 6250). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Visual field loss on suprathreshold static, ...

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether aging is associated with a reduction in the opioid modulation of feeding, which may be important in the pathogenesis of the "anorexia of aging." DESIGN: Three studies on separate days, in randomized order and double-blind fashion. SETTING: Clinical Human Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, RAH, Adelaide, ...

Spectral luminous efficiency function for a 2-deg field at a photopic level (100 Td) was measured for 91 observers by flicker photometry (FP) and for 97 observers by direct brightness matching (DBM), to find age-related change in the efficiency function as well as to obtain a reliable data set to ...

PURPOSE: To study the prevalence and causes of bilateral and unilateral blindness in an elderly urban Danish population. METHODS: Data originated from a Danish epidemiologic cross-sectional random sample population eye survey conducted during the years 1986-1988. The population consisted of 1,000 inhabitants aged 60 to 80 years in Copenhagen. The ...

PURPOSE: To describe the change in visual acuity in a 10-year period. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: Included 3684 persons 43 to 86 years of age at the time of a baseline examination in 1988 to 1990, living in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, at a follow-up examination in 1993 to 1995 ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in a predominantly black population. DESIGN: Population-based prevalence study of a simple random sample of Barbados-born citizens aged 40 to 84 years. PARTICIPANTS: Four thousand seven hundred nine persons (84% participation). METHODS: The standardized protocol included best-corrected visual ...

PURPOSE: Most previous studies have shown static vernier acuity for high-contrast targets to be largely unaffected by aging; those examining adult age differences on oscillatory displacement thresholds have consistently reported marked age deficits. The goals of this study were to (1) measure the age deficit on oscillatory discrimination beyond that ...

We present the clinical observation of a 16-month-old girl treated for a posterior fossa ependymoma who experienced severe and delayed visual dysfunction. She was initially treated by surgery and conventional chemotherapy. When she relapsed at age 3 years, the salvage treatment combined high-dose chemotherapy, second surgery, and local irradiation. At ...

BACKGROUND: Rosacea is a common chronic dermatosis that evolves in stages. The mite Demodex folliculorum has been implicated in its obscure aetiopathogenesis. AIM: To evaluate the importance of D. folliculorum in the aetiology and course of rosacea. METHODS: We studied 92 consecutive cases of papulopustular rosacea and 92 age- and ...

Vision loss is a common problem in older adults and may result in functional impairment and accidental injury. The four most common causes of vision loss in this age group are age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy. The nurse practitioner has an important role in the prevention and ...

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the frequency of visualization of areae gastricae on double-contrast upper gastrointestinal tract examinations is related to a patient's age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 141 double-contrast upper gastrointestinal tract examinations with normal findings were reviewed for the presence or ...

PURPOSE: To determine why the reading addition increases after the age of 55 to 60 years when accommodation is zero. METHODS: Distance and near visual acuities, arm length, habitual near working distance, reading addition, and pupil diameter were measured in 44 subjects aged >60 years (mean, 72.9 +/- 5.7). Reading ...

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of normal aging on visual field sensitivity and identify the best-fitting function for normal populations. METHODS: Full Threshold standard automated perimetry data (program 24-2, Humphrey Field Analyzer) was collated retrospectively from clinically normal subjects who had previously been recruited for studies of normal visual function. ...

A large number of senior patients manifest eye diseases in addition to normal aging changes in their visual system. Visual tests not affected by age would be very useful in early detection of age-related eye diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of aging on the ...

We present an overview of a multifaceted longitudinal study of vision function and its interaction with daily activities, health, and well-being among 900 persons aged 58 to 102 years at the first visit. Standard vision measures as well as nonconventional tests designed to assess visual performance under the nonideal conditions ...

PURPOSE: This study evaluated factors affecting reading performance in a sample (N = 544) of older adults (mean age 72.8 years, range 58 to 102) with good high-contrast acuity (> or = 20/32). METHODS: Using the Pepper Reading Test, the relationship between reading rate and several vision measures was assessed. ...

Color perception was tested using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test in a sample of persons with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS), and compared to norms from three age cohorts in the early second, fourth and sixth decades. Red-green color errors on the Farnsworth-Munsell did not appear to change appreciably as ...

OBJECTIVES: To examine the part played by psychological factors in complaints about visual health reported by banking officers who work at video display terminals (VDTs). METHODS: Out of a population of 385 bank workers, a group of 212 subjects without organic visual disturbances (as determined by ophthalmological examination) who share ...

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of age on transient vernier visual evoked potential (VEP) and vernier acuity estimated by extrapolation. METHODS: Transient vernier VEPs were examined in normal subjects aged 20 to 75 years. Vernier offsets were presented for the first 350 msec of the stimulus period, and the segments ...

We sought to determine if choroidal and outer retinal deterioration occur with age in pigeons, as they do in other species, and investigated the relationship between age-related retinal and choroidal changes. In 64 pigeons ranging in age over the pigeon lifespan (0.5-20 years), we measured some or all among the ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine if phenotypic subtypes exist in Stargardt macular dystrophy-fundus flavimaculatus (SMD-FFM). METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 63 patients with autosomal recessive SMD-FFM was undertaken. The age of onset, duration of symptoms, visual acuity, and clinical features on fundus examination, color fundus photographs, and fundus autofluorescence images were recorded. ...

PURPOSE: To determine whether normal maximum versions change as a function of age. METHODS: One hundred twenty-four healthy subjects without any history of strabismus, ocular or periocular surgery, or major illness were examined to confirm visual acuity better than 20/60 in each eye and the absence of strabismus. Maximum sustained ...

Age differences in sustained attention were investigated using a high-event rate digit-discrimination task at 6 levels of stimulus degradation (lasting 8.1 min each). Twenty-one young, 21 middle-aged, and 20 old healthy subjects were studied. Overall sensitivity (d') was equivalent in all groups. Although all subjects showed a sensitivity decrement over ...

AIM: To determine the effect of age on final corrected visual acuity following cataract extraction. METHODS: A case series of 880 patients aged 60 years and older undergoing cataract extraction between 1996 and 1999 was studied. The best corrected visual acuity was assessed at discharge from the service and the ...

The study aimed to describe the prevalence of amblyopia and associated refractive errors among an adult Australian population. The Visual Impairment Project (VIP) is a population-based study of age-related eye disease in the state of Victoria, Australia. Data were collected through standardised interviews and orthoptic and ophthalmic dilated examinations. Amblyopia ...

While a delayed initiation of visually guided saccades with increasing age has been documented in a number of studies, little research has been done on the control of antisaccades. The present study investigates aging effects on the control of visually guided saccades (prosaccades) and antisaccades as well as a selection ...

Visual search for compound patterns was examined in observers aged 6, 8, 10, and 22 years. The main question was whether age-related improvement in search rate (response time slope over number of items) was different for patterns defined by short- versus long-range spatial relations. Perceptual access to each type of ...

PURPOSE: To assess the cumulative prevalence of ocular trauma and presence of vision loss due to ocular trauma in an urban population in southern India. METHODS: As part of the population-based Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study, 2522 people of all ages from 24 clusters representative of the population of Hyderabad ...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the significance of optic nerve head swelling (ONHS) in relation to the pattern of vascular nonperfusion, visual acuity (VA), and demographic profile in retinal venous occlusions (RVOs) occurring within the optic nerve. METHODS: Cases of RVO occurring within the optic nerve were divided on the basis of ...

PURPOSE: To determine the basis for the dramatic decline in coarse stereopsis that occurs with age. METHODS: The Frisby test was used to assess stereopsis in a large sample of randomly selected persons over the age of 58 years. A number of other vision functions were also assessed in the ...

The three-point Vernier alignment (or acuity) test was conducted on children from 5 to 9 years old. There is a significant difference between the 5-9 year old subjects and those in age groups 10 to 19 and 20 to 29 years in Vernier performance. These data were also compared with ...

PURPOSE: We assessed repeatability and intercorrelations of five standard vision tests in subjects with normal vision. METHODS: Seventy-eight subjects (aged 21 to 68 years) completed five measurements each of high- and low-contrast visual acuity, near visual acuity and contrast sensitivity (Pelli-Robson chart). RESULTS: Except for correlations between high- and low-contrast ...

PURPOSE: To report age-specific prevalence and causes of bilateral and unilateral visual impairment in a representative older Australian population. METHODS: Participants in the Blue Mountains Eye Study (n = 3654) underwent a detailed eye examination. Any visual impairment was defined as best-corrected visual acuity (VA) of 6/12 or worse, moderate ...

To investigate the effect of defocus on contrast sensitivity as a function of age in healthy subjects, the through focus contrast sensitivity was measured in 100 healthy subjects aged 20-69. Defocus-specific changes in contrast sensitivity reflect age-related changes in the optics of the eye. Tests were performed in cycloplegic eyes ...

OBJECTIVE: in predictable target movements, pursuit gains are extremely close to 1.0. Under these conditions, aging effects upon pursuit have not been detected. Step-ramp stimuli produced by unpredictable combinations would be favorable procedures to assess the properties of smooth pursuit between young and aged people. METHODS: the target was a ...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and causes of low vision among persons aged 50 and above in the onchocercal endemic rural areas of Anambra State, Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Normal residents of three onchocercal rural villages in 3 local government areas of Anambra State, Nigeria, selected through simple random sampling, ...

This study aimed to project population-based prevalence data associated with visual impairment, in order to estimate the number of affected older Australians (aged 50 or older) in the years 2000 and 2030. We used data from the Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES) and Melbourne Visual Impairment Project (MVIP), together with ...

The neurobiological basis of saccade control has at least three components: fixation, reflexes, voluntary control. It was found in earlier studies that the voluntary component of saccade is specifically impaired in dyslexics as compared with controls of the same age. In this study, we searched for evidence of fixation instability ...

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and electroretinographic findings of affected males and female carriers in a family with X-linked cone-rod dystrophy (COD-1). DESIGN: Observational case series. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-five members of a five-generation pedigree were examined. METHODS: A history of visual impairment including age at onset, loss of acuity, color vision ...