OBJECTIVE: Hip labrum pathology has only begun to emerge as a significant source of groin pain in the last decade since the development of hip arthroscopy. Few data are available on the anatomy, histology and function of this structure. Moreover, no metabolic data exist at cellular level. The aim of ...

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to characterize the effect of post-surgery joint inflammation on the chondrogenic differentiation capacity of mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) derived from the synovial membrane (SM). METHODS: Six Suffolk-cross sheep were subjected to experimental anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) core surgeries. After they were killed 2 weeks ...

An injectable and biodegradable hydrogel system comprising hyaluronic acid-tyramine (HA-Tyr) conjugates can safely undergo covalent cross-linking in vivo by the addition of small amounts of peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), with the independent tuning of the gelation rate and degree of cross-linking. Such hydrogel networks with tunable mechanical and degradation properties ...

Mammalian male germ cells should be maintained below body temperature for proper development. Here, we investigated how male germ cells respond to heat stress. A short exposure of mouse testes to core body temperature induced phosphorylation of eIF2α and the formation of stress granules (SGs) in male germ cells. We ...

The flexible and ductile silicone is widely used as a soft-tissue substitute for joint reconstruction and replacement in situations including joint pain and loss of mobility caused by the congenital or acquired factors such as osteoarthritis. Although these artificial devices have an expected life span of 15years or more, they ...

Abstract Because of their unique optical properties, quantum dots (QDs) have become a preferred system for ultrasensitive detection and imaging. However, since QDs commonly contain Cd and other heavy metals, concerns have been raised regarding their toxicity. QDs are thus commonly synthesised with a ZnS cap structure and/or coated with ...

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD). HtrA2/Omi, from its participation in protein quality control, is involved in ER stress. However, little is known about the relationship between HtrA2/Omi and ER stress in PD. Here, we explored ...

Engineered silica nanoparticles (SiO(2)-NPs) find widespread application and may lead to exposure of humans and the environment. Here we compare the effects of SiO(2)-NPs and SiO(2)-NPs doped with silver (SiO(2)-Ag-NPs) on survival and cellular function of human liver cells (Huh7) and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) fibroblast cells (FMH). In Huh7 ...

To compare the proliferative and chondrogenic potential of fresh and frozen chondrocytes isolated from superficial and deep articular cartilage biopsies. The study included 12 samples of fresh and frozen healthy human knee articular cartilage. Cell proliferation was tested at 3, 6 and 9 days. Studies of mRNA quantification, protein expression ...

The roles of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity are still unclear. This study aimed to dissect the hypothesis that H(2)S could protect H9c2 cells against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting ER stress. Our results showed that exposure of H9c2 cells to DOX significantly inhibited ...

In clinical arthrographic examination, strong hypertonic contrast agents are injected directly into the joint space. This may reduce the stiffness of articular cartilage, which is further hypothesized to lead to overload-induced cell death. We investigated the cell death in articular cartilage while the tissue was compressed in situ in physiological ...

Tissue transglutaminase (TG2), a multifunctional enzyme implicated in cellular proliferation and differentiation processes, plays a modulatory role in the cell response to stressors. Herein, we used olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), representing an unusual population of glial cells to promote axonal regeneration and to provide trophic support, as well as to ...

ATF6 is one of three principle ER stress response proteins and becomes activated when ER homeostasis is perturbed. ATF6 functions to increase ER capacity by stimulating transcription of ER-resident chaperone genes such as GRP78. Using an antibody that recognizes active ATF6α-p50 we found that active ATF6α was detected in insulinoma ...

Unconditioned foot shock followed by restraint in water was used as a stress regimen to induce decreases in neurogenesis in mouse dentate gyrus (DG). Presence of conspecific odors has been known to reverse the stress-induced decrease in DG neurogenesis. In this study, we found that the conspecific odors did not ...

In Asia, the mushroom of the fungus Ganoderma lucidum has been widely used as a traditional medicine for the past two millennia. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer activity of recombinant Lz-8 (rLz-8), a protein belonging to a family of fungal immunomodulatory proteins. We report that ...

The small heat-shock protein Hsp9 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe was previously reported to be a homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSP12. Although Hsp9 is expressed in response to heat shock and nutritional limitation, its function is still not completely understood. Here, we explored the biological function of Hsp9 in S. pombe. The ...

The ability to respond and adapt to changes in the physical environment is a universal and essential cellular property. Here we demonstrate that cells respond to mechanical compressive stress by rapidly inducing autophagosome formation. We measure this response in both Dictyostelium and mammalian cells, indicating that this is an evolutionarily ...

We use stroboscopic quantitative phase microscopy to study cell deformation and the response to cavitation bubbles and transient shear stress resulting from laser-induced breakdown of an optically trapped nanoparticle. A bi-directional transient displacement of cytoplasm is observed during expansion and collapse of the cavitation bubble. In some cases, cell deformation ...

RNase R is a processive exoribonuclease that plays an important role in degradation of structured RNAs in Escherichia coli. RNase R is unstable in exponential phase cells; however, under certain stress conditions, RNase R levels increase dramatically due to its stabilization. Binding of tmRNA and SmpB to the C-terminal region ...

The main load-bearing network in the primary cell wall of most land plants is commonly depicted as a scaffold of cellulose microfibrils tethered by xyloglucans. However, Cavalier et al. (2008) developed a xyloglucan-deficient mutant (xxt1/xxt2) that was smaller than wild type but otherwise nearly normal in its development, casting doubt ...

Bactericidal antibiotics (fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and cephalosporins) at their sublethal concentrations were able to produce hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions (ROS) in Escherichia coli cells, which resulted in damage to proteins and DNA. The cells responded to oxidative stress by a 2-3-fold increase in cell polyamines (putrescine, spermidine) produced ...

Aims: Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6), a bifunctional enzyme with glutathione peroxidase and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activities, has been demonstrated to play a critical role in antioxidant defense of the lung. Our aim was to evaluate the relative role of each activity in Prdx6-mediated protection of mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVEC) ...

Mdm2 is a critical negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor and also has many p53-independent functions. Deregulation of Mdm2 is closely associated with tumorigenesis. However, how Mdm2 is regulated in response to various stresses is not well understood. In this study, we found that Mdm2 was stabilized and upregulated ...

Abstract Mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) plays important roles in the regulation of mitochondrial permeability transition and cell bioenergetics. The mouse has three ANT isoforms (1, 2 and 4) showing tissue-specific expression patterns. Although ANT1 is known to have a pro-apoptotic property, the specific functions of ANT2 have not been ...

Yeast cells sense and respond to hypertonicity. Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 2918 was tested for its metabolic status in 1 M NaCl by cell viability analysis, intracellular glycerol content and total antioxidant capacity. Yeast cell viability was maximum in 1 M NaCl and 24 h addition of 1 M NaCl was effective in induction of ...

The molecular chaperone binding protein (BiP) participates in the constitutive function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)and protects the cell against stresses. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism by which BiP protects plant cells from stress-induced cell death. We found that enhanced expression of BiP in soybean (Glycine max) ...

The serine/threonine kinase LKB1 is a master kinase that regulates a number of critical events such as cell transformation, polarization, development, stress response, and energy metabolism in metazoa. After multiple unsuccessful attempts of generating Dictyostelium lkb1-null cells, an RNAi-based knockdown approach proved effective. Depletion of lkb1 with a knockdown construct ...

In budding yeast, new sites of polarity are chosen with each cell cycle and polarization is transient. In filamentous fungi, sites of polarity persist for extended periods of growth and new polarity sites can be established while existing sites are maintained. How the polarity establishment machinery functions in these distinct ...

The molecular mechanisms involved in the ability of yeast cells to adapt and respond to oxidative stress are of great interest to the pharmaceutical, medical, food, and fermentation industries. In this study, we investigated the time-dependent, cellular redox homeostasis ability to adapt to menadione-induced oxidative stress, using biochemical and proteomic ...

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces apoptotic cell death by causing the accumulation of structurally abnormal proteins. The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is an ER chaperone that regulates protein folding in the ER and has been suggested to contribute to cell survival. Using the rat C6 glioma cell line and flow ...

Huntington's disease (HD), an inherited neurodegenerative disorder, is caused by an expansion of CAG repeats in huntingtin gene. The aggregation of mutant huntingtin (mtHTT) and striatal cell loss are representative features to cause uncontrolled movement and cognitive defect in HD. However, underlying mechanism of mtHTT aggregation and cell toxicity remains ...

AIM: We report an in vitro technique to establish alignment of collagen fibres and cells within a three-dimensional tissue equivalent that mimics the natural periodontal ligament (PDL) using a novel custom-designed bioreactor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Shear stress was applied to the tissue equivalent prepared with collagen solution and seeded with ...

BACKGROUND: S-nitrosothiols (SNO) release nitric oxide (NO) through interaction with ascorbic acid (AA). However, little is known about their combined effect in the vasculature. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of AA on SNO-mediated NO release, proliferation, cell cycle progression, cell death, and oxidative stress in ...

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are one of the most extensively produced carbon materials and the environmental, public and professional exposure is therefore dramatically increasing. Consequently the studies on bio-effects and safety of SWCNTs are highly needed. The goal of this study was investigate the effects in vitro of SWCNTs in ...

Ras-deregulated cells require reactive oxygen species for proliferation. They survive the resultant proteotoxic stress by maintaining sufficient levels of reduced glutathione and optimally functioning stress response machinery. In this issue of Cancer Cell, De Raedt et al. identify a novel strategy that utilizes this dependency to cause cell death.

Hyperosmotic stress affects cell growth and causes a decrease in cell volume and an increase in the uptake of organic osmolytes; however, the sensitivity of embryonic cells to osmotic treatment remain to be established. In this study we analyzed some aspects of cell cycle control and amino acid transport in ...

Zonisamide, which is commonly prescribed at high doses (200-400 mg/day) for the treatment of partial seizures, has recently been used at a low dose (25 mg/day) for improving parkinsonian syndrome. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the antiparkinsonian effects of zonisamide have not been clarified. Here we show that low micromolar concentrations ...

Comment on: Akakura, S., et al. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:4656-65.

Gaucher disease (GD) is the most common lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) and is divided into three phenotypes, I, II, and III. Type I is the most prevalent form and has its onset in adulthood. The degree of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one of the factors that determine GD severity. ...

BACKGROUND: Exposure of mesothelial cells to peritoneal dialysis fluids (PDF) results in cytoprotective cellular stress responses (CSR) that counteract PDF-induced damage. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the CSR may be inadequate in relevant models of peritoneal dialysis (PD) due to insufficient levels of glutamine, resulting in increased ...

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Ivanov et al. (2011) provide mechanistic insight into tRNA fragment-based translational regulation to expand our understanding of the nondecoding roles of tRNA.

Stresses imposed on the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 by various compounds present during silica sol-gel encapsulation, including salt, ethanol (EtOH), polyethylene glycol (PEG), glycerol, and glycine betaine, were investigated. Viability of encapsulated cells and photosynthetic activity of cells stressed by immediate (2 min) and 24-h exposure to the five stress-inducing ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Nanomaterials such as SiO2 nanoparticles (SiO2NP) are finding increasing applications in the biomedical and biotechnological fields such as disease diagnostics, imaging, drug delivery, food, cosmetics and biosensors development. Thus, a mechanistic and systematic evaluation of the potential biological and toxic effects of SiO2NP becomes crucial in order to ...

The effect of aqueous extract from R. rosea root on lifespan and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been studied. The supplementation of the growth medium with R. rosea extract decreased survival of exponentially growing S. cerevisiae cells under H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress, but increased viability ...

In the present study, degree of tolerance and tolerance strategies of two paddy field cyanobacteria viz. Nostoc muscorum and Phormidium foveolarum against oxyfluorfen (10 and 20μgml(-1)) and UV-B (7.2kJm(-2)d(-1)) stress were investigated. Oxyfluorfen and UV-B decreased growth, photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, nitrate reductase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities, which accompanied with ...

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is an important process in the regulation of cognition, stress responsivity, and sensitivity to antidepressant and mood stabiliser drugs. Increasing evidence suggests that the hippocampus is functionally divided along its axis with the ventral hippocampus (vHi) playing a preferential role in stress- and anxiety-related processes, while the ...

Inorganic arsenic and UV, both human skin carcinogens, may act together as skin co-carcinogens. We find human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) are malignantly transformed by low-level arsenite (100nM, 30weeks; termed As-TM cells) and with transformation concurrently undergo full adaptation to arsenic toxicity involving reduced apoptosis and oxidative stress response to ...

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of hydrodynamic stress heterogeneity on metabolism and productivity of an industrial mammalian cell line. For this purpose a novel Lobed Taylor-Couette (LTC) mixing unit combining a narrow distribution of hydrodynamic stresses and a membrane aeration system to prevent cell ...

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a phenotypic shift wherein epithelial cells lose or loosen attachments to their neighbors and assume a mesenchymal-like morphology. EMT drives a variety of developmental processes, but may also be adopted by tumor cells during neoplastic progression. EMT is regulated by both biochemical and physical signals from ...

Background and aims: β-thalassemic syndromes are inherited red cell disorders characterized by severe ineffective erythropoiesis and increased levels of reactive-oxygen-species whose contribution to β- thalassemic anemia is only partially known. Design and Methods: We studied erythroid precursors from normal and β-thalassemic peripheral CD34+ cells in two-phase liquid culture by proteomic, ...