Three activated sludge processes (ASPs) were modeled and driven by dissolved complex organics (F-ASP), propionic acid (P-ASP), and acetic acid (A-ASP), and various parameters were subsequently estimated. The energy depletion for carbon removal was 0.146, 0.120, and 0.119kWh/m(3) of treated wastewater for F-ASP, P-ASP, and A-ASP, respectively, suggesting that acetic ...

The effect of maturation and of two lipid modulators supplementation along in vitro maturation (IVM) on fatty acid (FA) and dimethylacetal (DMA) composition of porcine cumulus oocyte complexes (COC) were studied. Abattoir-derived immature COC were analyzed for FA and DMA or submitted to IVM as follows: control group; t10,c12 CLA ...

In this study, the effects of different acid catalysts and pretreatment factors on the hydrolysis of mixed softwood were investigated over a range of thermochemical pretreatments. Maleic, oxalic, and sulfuric acids were each used, under different pretreatment conditions. The most influential factor for fermentable sugar production in the dicarboxylic acid ...

BACKGROUND: Extracts and products (roots and/or aerial parts) from Echinacea ssp. represent a profitable market sector for herbal medicines thanks to different functional features. Alkamides and polyacetylenes, phenols like caffeic acid and its derivatives, polysaccharides and glycoproteins are the main bioactive compounds of Echinacea spp. This study aimed at investigating ...

For Salmonella, transient exposure to gastric pH prepares invading bacteria for the stresses of host-cell interactions. To resist the effects of low pH, wild-type Salmonella enterica uses the acid tolerance response and the arginine decarboxylase acid resistance system. However, arginine decarboxylase is typically repressed under routine culture conditions, and for ...

Metal-controlled cycloaddition of 2-alkynyl-1,4-benzoquinones and electron-rich styrenyl systems were investigated. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the regioselectivity of the cycloaddition results from the different activation modes of Bi(OTf)3 and AuCl.

The effects of methyl jasmonate and jasmonic acid on galanthamine production, phenolic acid content and growth of Leucojum aestivum L. shoot culture, cultivated in submerged conditions were investigated. The best time-point for addition of elicitors was during the exponential phase of the culture growth. The maximal contents of galanthamine and ...

The applicability of microbore ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with electrochemical detection for offline analysis of a number of well-known neurotransmitters in less than 10 µL microdialysis fractions is described. Two methods are presented for the analysis of monoamine or amino acid neurotransmitters, using the same UHPLC instrument. Speed of ...

The effects of subcritical water (SCW) and dilute acid pretreatments on the shedding bark of Melaleuca leucadendron (paper bark tree, PBT) biomass morphology, crystallinity index (CrI) and enzymatic saccharification were studied. The morphology of PBT bark was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. SCW ...

Hyperammonemia is a frequent finding in various organic acidemias. One possible mechanism involves the inhibition of the enzyme N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS), by short-chain acyl-CoAs which accumulate due to defective catabolism of amino acids and/or fatty acids in the cell. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ...

Although the understanding of ion specific effects on the aqueous solubilities of biomolecules is crucial for the development of many areas of biochemistry and life sciences, a consensual and well-supported molecular picture of the phenomena has not yet been established. Mostly, the influence of cations and the nature of the ...

Monogastric animals are unable to digest phytic acid, so it represents an antinutritional factor and also an environmental problem. One strategy to solve this problem is the utilization of low phytic acid (lpa) mutants that accumulate low levels of phytic P and high levels of free phosphate in the seeds; ...

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is the principal omega-3 fatty acid in mammalian brain gray matter, and emerging preclinical evidence suggests that DHA has neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties. This study investigated relationships among DHA status, neurocognitive performance, and cortical metabolism measured with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) in healthy developing ...

The efrapeptins, a family of naturally occurring peptides with inhibitory activities against ATPases, contain several α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids such as α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) or isovaline (Iva) besides pipecolic acid (Pip), β-Ala, Leu, Gly, and a C-terminal heterocyclic residue. Secondary α-amino acids such as proline are known to stabilize discrete conformations ...

A series of kojic acid (5-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-4H-pyran-4-one) derivatives were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO). Various substituents were incorporated into kojic acid at its 2-hydroxymethyl group. These analogs serve as useful molecular probes to explore the secondary binding site, which can be exploited in designing ...

An efficient bifunctional catalyst lipase/organophosphonic acid-functionalized silica (SG-T-P-LS) has been successfully developed, and biodiesel production of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) from free fatty acid (FFA) oleic acid with short-chain alcohol ethanol catalyzed by SG-T-P-LS was investigated. The process optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) was performed and the interactions ...

To evaluate the effects of fatty acids-incorporated collagen-based dressing films on wound healing in rodents. Therefore, surgical wounds were performed in the back of 80 Wistar rats, and dressed with collgane-based films (COL), and collagen-based films containing fatty acids (AGEF50 and AGEF100). Undressed wounds were regarded as controls (CTR). The ...

Abstract Numerous honeybee products are used in medicine, but the literature furnishes no information concerning the effects of the drone milk (DM), although drone brood, which is similar to DM, was reported to elicit a hormone-like strengthening effect. In certain countries, DM is traditionally used to treat infertility and to ...

Neural stem cells express cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors and the enzymes for the biosynthesis and metabolism of endocannabinoids (eCBs). Here we have studied the role of neural stem cell-derived eCBs as autonomous regulatory factors during differentiation. First, we examined the effect of an indirect eCB precursor linoleic acid (LA), ...

The addition of acetate ion to an O2-saturated mixed solution of acetonitrile and water containing oxalic acid as a reductant and 2-phenyl-4-(1-naphthyl)quinolinium ion (QuPh(+)-NA) as a photocatalyst dramatically enhanced the turnover number of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. In this photocatalytic H2O2 production, a base is required to facilitate deprotonation of ...

Stability constants of boronic acid diol esters in aqueous solution have been determined potentiometrically for a series of meta-, para-substituted phenylboronic acids and diols of variable acidity. The constants beta11-1 for reactions between neutral forms of reactants producing the anionic ester plus proton follow the Hammett equation with rho depending ...

Plant regeneration is a critical step in most in vitro breeding techniques. The present paper studies the effects of a low-molecular-weight humic acid (HA) on morphogenesis from pear and quince leaf explants. Variable HA amounts [0 (control), 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg C L-1] were added to the regeneration ...

BACKGROUND: A mixture of wine and vinegar is more attractive than wine or vinegar to spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), and ethanol and acetic acid are considered key to that attractiveness. In addition to ethanol and acetic acid, thirteen other wine and vinegar volatiles are antennally active ...

For biosynthesis of bacillamide C by Bacillus atrophaeus C89 associated with South China sea sponge Dysidea avara, it is hypothesized that decarboxylation from L-tryptophan to tryptamine could be performed before amidation by the downstream aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) to the non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) gene cluster for biosynthesizing bacillamide ...

We developed new lecithin organogels composed of reverse worm-like micelles with lecithin/multivalent carboxylic acid/oil systems, and discussed their phase behavior and rheological properties. The most important findings in this study are the following. From a screening test of many carboxylic acids for gelation, it was found that the number and ...

An siRNA conjugate is based on an acid-labile maleic acid amide linkage for programmed transfer of siRNA from the endosome to the cytosol and siRNA release in the cell interior. The procedure relies on reversible stability in response to endosomal acidic pH value. The complexed polyionic conjugate achieved gene silencing ...

OBJECTIVES: Although a series of well-designed studies have reported that supplementation with vitamins/minerals and omega-3 fatty acids reduces the incidence of aggressive behavior, to date, the relative contribution and interaction between these nutrients has not been examined. The aim was therefore to consider the relative contribution of supplementation with multivitamins/minerals ...

ALTERED MERISTEM PROGRAM1 (AMP1) encodes a glutamate carboxypeptidase that plays an important role in shoot apical meristem development and phytohormone homeostasis. We isolated a new mutant allele of AMP1, amp1-20, from a screen for abscisic acid (ABA) hypersensitive mutants and characterized the function of AMP1 in plant stress responses. amp1 ...

The effects of ethanol concentration gradients along with varied cultivation times on lipid and fatty acid accumulation and composition of Scenedesmus sp. were studied. The maximum increment of algal density, lipid productivity, lipid content and fatty acid content were 6.61, 11.75, 1.34 and 3.14 times higher than the control group ...

Eighteen Barbarine lambs (3months of age), were assigned for 95days to 3 treatments: six lambs were fed a barley-based concentrate plus oat hay ad libitum (control group, C); other lambs received the control diet plus essential oil (400ppm DM) either of Rosmarinus officinalis (R400 group; n=6) or of Artemisia herba ...

BACKGROUND: Valproic acid is a drug used for the treatment of a variety of psychiatric and neurological disorders. While it is well known to cause postural tremor, hyperammonemia, slowness, and sedation, it has also been described to occasionally cause a reversible form of parkinsonism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A series of ...

BACKGROUND: The saprophytic pathogen Listeria monocytogenes has to cope with a variety of acidic habitats during its life cycle. The impact of low-temperature coupled with pH decrease for global gene expression and subsequent virulence properties, however, has not been elucidated. RESULTS: qRT-PCR revealed for the first time a transient, acid ...

Previous studies have identified a positive correlation between the intake of n‑3 fatty acids and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of fish oil on bone metabolism and to investigate the underlying mechanism using ovariectomized rats. Ovariectomized or sham‑operated ...

Climate change as projected for Central Europe will lead to prolonged periods of summer drought and enhanced air temperature. Thus, forest management practices are required to take into account how species performance is adapted to cope with these climate changes. Oak trees may play a major role in future forests ...

Glycine is a major amino acid in mammals and other animals. It is synthesized from serine, threonine, choline, and hydroxyproline via inter-organ metabolism involving primarily the liver and kidneys. Under normal feeding conditions, glycine is not adequately synthesized in birds or in other animals, particularly in a diseased state. Glycine ...

A new chiral bis-phosphoric acid bearing triple axial chirality was synthesized and applied to effect a highly enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between N,N'-azomethine imines and methyleneindolinones for the creation of chiral spiro[pyrazolidin-3,3'-oxindoles] in excellent yields and selectivities. MS experiment and DFT calculation studies prompted us to propose a dual H-bond ...

Cellulose and cellobiose were selectively converted into sorbitol over water-tolerant phosphotungstic acid (PTA)/metal- organic-framework-hybrid-supported ruthenium catalysts, Ru-PTA/MIL-100(Cr), under aqueous hydrogenation conditions. The goal was to investigate the relationship between the acid/metal balance of bifunctional catalysts Ru-PTA/MIL-100(Cr) and their performance in the catalytic conversion of cellulose and cellobiose into sugar alcohols. ...

Antioxidant capacity of oil soluble and water dispersible carnosic acid (CA) extracted from dried rosemary leaves using HPLC was evaluated at two different dosages (22.5ppm vs 130ppm) in raw and cooked ground buffalo meat patties and chicken patties. Irrespective of total phenolic content, CA extracts reduced (p<0.05) the thiobarbituric acid ...

A solid acid foam-structured catalyst based on a binderless zirconium phosphate (ZrPO) coating on aluminum foam was prepared. The catalyst layer was obtained by performing a multiple washcoating procedure of ZrPO slurry on the anodized aluminum foam. The effect of the pretreatment of ZrPO, the concentration of the slurry, and ...

The increasing interest in using chitosan nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery is hampered by its blood incompatibility, especially for intravenous applications. This study investigated the effects of processing solvents (acetic acid/lactic acid), dispersing media (acidic medium/saline), and surface modifiers (polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, and ethylenediaminetetraacetatic acid) on the hemocompatibility of ...

Mandatory folic acid fortification of grains such as wheat flour has been introduced in several countries to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects. There are concerns, however, that folic acid could mask the hematologic signs of vitamin B-12 deficiency and lead to other adverse health outcomes in the population. ...

Because of the frequent use of l-tryptophan (l-Trp) in dietary supplements, determination of the no-observed-adverse-effect-level is desirable for public health purposes. We therefore assessed the no-observed-adverse-effect-level for l-Trp and attempted to identify a surrogate biomarker for excess l-Trp in healthy humans. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover intervention study was performed ...

Spherical aggregates of hexaphenylbenzene derivative 5 undergo metal-induced modulation to form nanorods in the presence of Hg(2+) ions, which exhibit selective and sensitive response toward picric acid (PA) with a detection limit of 6.87 ppb.

Aristolochic acid I (AA-I), naturally occurring in Aristolochia plants, is a potent nephrotoxin and carcinogen. Here we report that AA-I suffers hydrogenolysis with loss of the nitro group by reaction with cysteine or glutathione to give aristolic acid. Since the reaction can proceed in aqueous solutions at pH 7.0 and ...

We find that formic acid (FA) is very effective at facilitating diol formation through its ability to reduce the barrier for the formaldehyde (HCHO) hydrolysis reaction. The rate limiting step in the mechanism involves the isomerization of a prereactive collision complex formed through either the HCHO···H2O + FA and/or HCHO ...

Rosmarinic acid (RA) and lithospermic acid B (LAB) are two typical phenolic acid compounds with significant bioactivities which may contribute to the therapeutic effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Precise knowledge of the biosynthetic pathway leading to RA and LAB is a necessary pre-requisite to optimize the production of important phenolic compounds ...

The influence of the addition of native hyaluronan of different molecular weights (1.36MDa and 106kDa) on the aggregation behavior of hydrophobically modified amino acids in aqueous solution and in 0.15M NaCl was investigated using pyrene as a solubilization probe. Hyaluronan decreased the critical aggregation concentration in aqueous solution in the ...

Besides defense pathways regulated by classical stress hormones, distinct amino acid metabolic pathways constitute integral parts of the plant immune system. Mutations in several genes involved in Asp-derived amino acid biosynthetic pathways can have profound impact on plant resistance to specific pathogen types. For instance, amino acid imbalances associated with ...

More than fifty years of industrial and scientific developments on the amino acid-producer strain Corynebacterium glutamicum has generated an extremely huge knowledge highly applicable to the development of new products. Despite the production of dicarboxylic acids has already been engineered in C. glutamicum, the effect caused by these acids at ...

The elevated level of uric acid in the body is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, which is mediated by endothelial dysfunction. However, its underlying mechanism is not fully understood, although dysregulation of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production is likely to be involved. Using human umbilical vascular endothelial cells ...