The aim of this work was to characterize an exopolysaccharide by Rhodotorula glutinis KCTC 7989 and to investigate the effect of the culture conditions on the production of this polymer. The extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) produced from this strain was a novel acidic heteropolysaccharide composed of neutral sugars (85%) and uronic ...

We identified a novel metabolic system of morphine in the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). In response to stress, morphine is quickly metabolized to bismorphine consisting of two morphine units, followed by accumulation in the cell wall. This bismorphine binds predominantly to pectins, which possess high galacturonic acid residue contents, ...

Polysaccharides are involved in biological responses and can activate complement system, which plays an important role in primary host defense mechanisms. We investigated anticomplementary activities from spice plants and selected thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) as a potent complementary activator. Acidic polysaccharide (TV-3-IIIA-IIa) purified from the hot-water extract of thyme leaves ...

A novel mild procedure for the selective cleavage of ketosidic linkages is developed using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide. Its application to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is very significant because in the so far investigated LPS, the connection between the Lipid A region and the oligo(poly)saccharide part is always a ...

The O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris O39 was found to contain a new acidic component of Proteus lipopolysaccharides, 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glycero-L-manno-non-2-ulosonic acid (di-N-acetylpseudaminic acid, Pse5Ac7Ac). The following structure of the polysaccharide was determined by NMR spectroscopy, including 2D 1H,(1)H COSY, TOCSY, ROESY, and 1H,(13)C HMQC experiments, along with selective cleavage of the ...

Two chitosans with widely different chemical composition (fraction of N-acetylated units (F(A))<0.001 and F(A)=0.59), were degraded by nitrous acid, to obtain the reactive 2,5-anhydro-D-mannose- (M-) unit at the new reducing end. The fully N-acetylated and fully N-deacetylated oligomers were separated by size-exclusion chromatography. Both the chemical structure and purity were ...

A suspension in dichloromethane-water (18:1, v/v) of various fractions containing hydroxycinnamic acid ester-ether bridges between lignin and polysaccharides prepared from cell walls of matured oat (Avena sativa L.) intemodes, and a solution of their acetates in the same solvent, were treated with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ). This reagent selectively cleaves benzyl ether ...

A borate-containing pectin was solubilized from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ) cell walls by treatment with 0.5 M imidazole, pH 7. The molecular weight of the pectin was reduced when the borate ester was hydrolyzed by treatment with 1 N HCl. Treatment of the acid-treated pectin with boric acid ...

Acid hydrolysis of cell wall-rich material from young leaves of the lycophyte Selaginella apoda (L.) Spring yielded substantial amounts of 3-O-methyl-D-galactose (1) in addition to the usual major monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose and galacturonic acid). The yield of 1 approximately equalled that of galacturonic acid. Compound 1 was identified ...

The O-specific polysaccharide (OPS) was isolated by mild-acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O9 and studied by carboxyl reduction, sugar and methylation analyses, Smith degradation, and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, including COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, and H-detected 1H,(13)C HMQC experiments. The following structure of the pentasaccharide-repeating unit of the OPS ...

The Erwinia chrysanthemi CU643 EPS has a linear hexasaccharide repeating unit in which a 4-linked uronic acid residue is present. The EPS was methylated by either the NaOH-Me2SO-MeI or Li-dimsyl procedure. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the methylated products indicates that the beta-eliminative degradation occurs during the methylation, as characterized by ...

The polysaccharides from the outer membrane of the Gram-negative ruminal bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes were isolated by phenol/water extraction and separated by size-exclusion chromatography in the presence of deoxycholate detergent into a lower-molecular-mass fraction designated 'glycolipid' and a high-molecular-mass 'capsular polysaccharide' fraction. Both fractions lacked typical lipopolysaccharide components including 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid ...

A bacterium which was isolated from pond water and identified as Enterobacter cloacae produced a viscous extracellular polysaccharide when it was grown aerobically in a medium containing sucrose as a sole source of carbon. The maximum molecular weight of the polysaccharide was about 9.0 x 10(5). The polysaccharide was composed ...

In order to understand the mode of action of the taxonomically related pathogens Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, which attack wheat and rice crops, we examined the compositional differences of their exopolysaccharides (EPSs). Maximum production of polysaccharide in shake cultures of these ...

Mild acid-catalysed hydrolysis of the extracellular phosphomannan of the yeast Pichia holstii NRRL Y-2448 produces a high-molecular-weight phosphomannan core, a low-molecular-weight oligosaccharide phosphate fraction, and a neutral oligosaccharide fraction. A method was developed for the large-scale preparation of the oligosaccharide phosphate fraction, consisting predominantly of the pentasaccharide phosphate, 6-O-PO3H2-alpha-D-Man-(1 --> ...

A polysaccharide fraction, NIB-2, was obtained from the 3% aqueous sodium carbonate extract of Nerium indicum leaves using anion-exchange chromatography and gel-permeation chromatography. It was found to be composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, in the ratios of 1.0:10.4:4.4, along with 4% of galacturonic acid. The results of methylation analysis, periodate ...

Data on the structures of cell wall teichoic acids, the anionic carbohydrate-containing polymers, found in many Gram-positive bacteria have been summarized and the polymers of the actinomycete genus Nocardiopsis have been considered from the taxonomic standpoint. The structures of these polymers or their combinations have been demonstrated to be indicative ...

BACKGROUND: Subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, which can occur in vivo, have been demonstrated to alter the production of bacterial virulence factors, including the capsule, or the interaction between microorganism and phagocyte by affecting surface hydrophobicity. METHODS: Using a microtiter assay system, the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of amikacin, gentamicin, cephalothin ...

We report the initial characterization of the osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (OPGs) of Erwinia chrysanthemi. OPGs are intrinsic components of the bacterial envelope necessary to the pathogenicity of this phytopathogenic enterobacterium (F. Page, S. Altabe, N. Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat, J.-M. Lacroix, J. Robert-Baudouy and J.-P. Bohin, J. Bacteriol. 183:0000-0000, 2001 [companion in this ...

The effects of endodontic irrigants and calcium hydroxide on lipopolysaccharide (LPS; endotoxin) were analyzed using the highly selective technique of mass spectrometry/gas chromatography with selected ion monitoring. An aqueous solution of LPS was mixed with one of a variety of endodontic irrigants for 30 min. Because it is a commonly ...

Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for a large percentage of infections associated with implanted biomedical devices. The molecular basis of primary adhesion to artificial surfaces is not yet understood. Here, we demonstrate that teichoic acids, highly charged cell wall polymers, play a key role in the first step of biofilm formation. ...

5,7-Diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto- and -D-glycero-D-talo-non-2-ulosonic acids were synthesized by condensation of 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-D-mannose with oxalacetic acid. Comparison of the 1H and 13C NMR data and the specific optical rotation values of these monosaccharides and the corresponding L-glycero-D-galacto and L-glycero-D-talo isomers synthesized earlier [Tsvetkov, Y. E.; Shashkov, A. S.; Knirel, Y. A.; Backinowsky, L. ...

The exocellular polysaccharide S-7, a heteropolysaccharide from Azotobacter indicus var. myxogenes has been studied using methylation analysis, Smith degradation, partial acid hydrolysis, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry as the principal methods. It is concluded that the repeating unit has the following structure: [structure: see text] The absolute configuration of the ...

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was isolated from the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens IMV 948 by mild extraction of the microbial cells with saline, and the properties, composition, and structure of the LPS were studied. The LPS showed low toxicity in D- galactosamine-sensitized mice and low biological activity in plants. Structural ...

The cell wall of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was investigated. The corrected structure of the murein, which was published earlier, is reported here. The murein belongs to the B1delta type. It has L-alanine in position three of the peptide subunit and is crosslinked via a glycine-L-lysine-L-lysine interpeptide bridge. As expected by the ...

Cellulose and hemicelluloses obtained from the cell walls of partially depectinated olives have been studied at three stages of ripening (green, cherry, and black). Hemicelluloses were fractionated into two groups, the amounts of which diminished during ripening: those soluble in 4% KOH diminished between the cherry and black stages, whereas ...

A high-molecular-mass O-specific polysaccharide was obtained by mild acid degradation of Proteus vulgaris O4 lipopolysaccharide followed by GPC. The polysaccharide was studied by chemical methods along with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, including two-dimensional COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, H-detected 1H,13C HMQC, and 1H,13C HMBC experiments. Solvolysis of the polysaccharide with trifluoromethanesulfonic ...

The lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 291, when grown in skimmed milk, produced 80 mg/L exopolysaccharide with an average molecular mass of 1.4 x 10(3) kDa. Monosaccharide analysis, methylation analysis, MS, and 1D/2D NMR (1H and 13C) studies performed on the native polysaccharide, and on oligosaccharides obtained from ...

Structural characteristics of pectic substances extracted from soybean meal cell walls (water unextractable solids) with a chelating agent-containing buffer (0.05M 1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (CDTA) and 0.05M NH(4)-oxalate in 0.05M NaOAc buffer) were studied. The arabinogalactans present as side chains to the rhamnogalacturonan backbone were largely removed by enzymatic hydrolysis using endo-galactanase, ...

The effects of an acidic polysaccharide isolated from the ethanol-insoluble and water-soluble fraction of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer on immunomodulating activities were investigated. A high output nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was shown in female BALB/c mice administered intraperitoneally with the acidic polysaccharide from ginseng. Newly synthesized iNOS protein was ...

The ester-linkage of ferulic acid (mainly E) to polysaccharides in primary cell walls of pineapple fruit (Ananas comosus) (Bromeliaceae) was investigated by treating a cell-wall preparation with 'Driselase' which contains a mixture of endo- and exo-glycanases, but no hydroxycinnamoyl esterase activity. The most abundant feruloyl oligosaccharide released was O-[5-O-(E-feruloyl)-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl](1-->3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-D-xylopyranose (FAXX). ...

An alginate was isolated from commercially cultured Nemacystus decipiens which had been harvested in Yonashiro Town (Okinawa, Japan). The yield of the alginate was 1.6% (w/w of wet alga), and the uronic acid, ash and moisture contents of the alginate were 86.0%, 12.0%, and 2.3% (w/w), respectively. The molecular mass ...

The structure of lipid A-core region of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype O3 was determined using NMR, MS and chemical analysis of the oligosaccharides, obtained by mild acid hydrolysis, alkaline deacylation, and deamination of the LPS: [carbohydrate structure see text] where P is H or alpha-Hep; J is ...

Cell walls were prepared from the fruit of two cultivars of raspberry at three stages of ripening; green, white and red (ripe). The cultivars. Glen Clova and Glen Prosen, are subjectively classified, at harvest by growers, as soft and firm fruit, respectively. The cell walls were analysed for neutral sugar ...

While searching for oligosaccharides containing rhamnose residues in the endopolygalacturonase (EPG) digest of saponified citrus pectin, we found several oligomers containing, in addition to galacturonic acid, a sugar previously unreported in pectin. The 1- and 2-D 1H NMR spectra of the oligosaccharides were consistent with the sugar being a uronic ...

The Azorhizobium caulinodans isolated from the stem nodules of a leguminous emergent hydrophyte, Aeschynomene aspera, produced a large amount of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) in yeast extract basal medium. Maximum EPS production was at the stationary phase of growth. EPS production was increased by 919% over control when the medium was ...

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of strain 8081-c-R2, a spontaneous R-mutant of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:8, was isolated using extraction with phenol/chloroform/light petroleum. Its compositional analysis indicated the presence of D-GlcN, D-Glc, L-glycero-D-manno- and D-glycero-D-manno-heptose, 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) and phosphate. From deacylated LPS obtained after successive treatment with hydrazine and potassium hydroxide, ...

MD-2 is associated with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on the cell surface and enables TLR4 to respond to LPS. We tested whether MD-2 enhances or enables the responses of both TLR2 and TLR4 to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and their components. TLR2 without MD-2 did not efficiently respond to highly ...

Entada africana is a tree used in traditional medicine in Mali. The root is, for example, used for wound-healing. Since polysaccharides from other plants are thought to play a role in the wound-healing process, we wanted to study the polysaccharides present in the root of this species. The polysaccharides were ...

The N-linked oligosaccharides were released from purified human intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-3 by hydrazinolysis. Approximately 6 mol of oligosaccharides were released from 1 mol of ICAM-3. The oligosaccharides reduced with NaB[3H]4 were separated into neutral and acidic fractions by paper electrophoresis. Most of the acidic oligosaccharides were converted to neutral ...

A polysaccharide containing D-ribose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and N-acetyl-D-mannosamine was isolated from the phenol-soluble lipopolysaccharide extracted from defatted cell walls of the reference strain (560) for serogroup O16 of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The results of methylation analysis, chemical degradations, and NMR spectroscopy showed that the polysaccharide is based on a branched trisaccharide repeating-unit ...

An acidic polysaccharide was obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudoalteromonas distincta strain KMM 638, isolated from a marine sponge, and found to contain D-GlcA, D-GalNAc, 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose (D-QuiNAc) and two unusual acidic amino sugars: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galacturonic acid (D-GalNAcA) and 5-acetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-7-formamido-L-glycero-L-manno-nonulosonic acid (Pse5Ac7Fo, a derivative of pseudaminic acid). Oligosaccharides were derived from the ...

Two independent procedures for the quantitative determination of the polysaccharide content of Arabica Caturra (Coffea arabica var. Caturra) and Robusta ROM (Coffea canephora var. ROM) green coffee beans showed that they both contained identical amounts of polysaccharide. Cell wall material (CWM) was prepared from the beans and partial solubilisation of ...

The O-specific polysaccharide (OPS) of Vibrio cholerae 08 was isolated by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide and studied by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, including NOESY and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC) experiments. The OPS was found to have a tetrasaccharide repeating unit with the following structure: --> 4)-beta-D-Glcp NAc3NAcylAN-(1 --> 4)-beta-D-Manp ...

An enzymatic method has been used to isolate, for the first time, polymeric suberin from the bark of Quercus suber L. or cork. This was achieved by solvent extraction (dichloromethane, ethanol and water), followed by a step-by-step enzymatic treatment with cellulase, hemicellulase and pectinase, and a final extraction with dioxane/water. ...

The chemical structures and accumulation kinetics of several major soluble as well as wall-bound, alkali-hydrolyzable compounds induced upon infection of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves with Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato were established. All identified accumulating products were structurally related to tryptophan. Most prominent among the soluble substances were tryptophan, beta-d-glucopyranosyl indole-3-carboxylic acid, ...

Structural studies were carried out on an O-antigenic polysaccharide moiety derived from Porphyromonas circumdentaria NCTC 12469, a reference strain of Porphyromonas species. The polysaccharide chain was composed of D-glucose, D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine in a molar ratio of 1:2:1:1. On the basis of results from 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopic analyses ...

The distribution of 4-O-methylglucuronic acid residues along the polysaccharide chains of xylans isolated from birch, aspen, spruce, pine, and larch was studied here employing matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) analysis of the oligosaccharide mixtures obtained by partial acid hydrolysis. The hydrolyzates thus obtained were analyzed by MALDI-MS or by ...

A Gram-positive bacterium originating from garden soil was taxonomically studied. Cells are non-motile, non-sporulating, irregular rods and cocci. The cell wall peptidoglycan contains L-ornithine as diagnostic diamino acid and an interpeptide bridge consisting of L-Orn<--L-Ala<--Gly<--D-Asp. The major menaquinone is MK-8(H4). 13-Methyl tetradecanoic acid and 14-methyl pentadecanoic acid are the predominant ...

The possibility of enhancing nitrifying biofilm formation rate with the aid of selected EPS produced by heterotrophic bacteria was investigated. When EPS production characteristics were examined for four kinds of heterotrophs isolated from a domestic wastewater treatment reactor, two strains obtained from biofilms (B1, B2) exhibited a higher polysaccharide production ...