A highly sensitive and accurate multiplex gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) technique is reported for indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid and salicylic acid. The optimized setup allows the routine processing and analysis of up to 60 plant samples of between 20 and 200 mg of fresh weight ...

Using a functional genomic approach we have isolated and characterized a cDNA that encodes a salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (SAMT) from Antirrhinum majus. The sequence of the protein encoded by SAMT has higher amino acid identity to Clarkia breweri SAMT than to snapdragon benzoic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (BAMT) (55 and ...

The cinnamate (CA) 4-hydroxylase (C4H) is a cytochrome P450 that catalyzes the second step of the main phenylpropanoid pathway, leading to the synthesis of lignin, pigments, and many defense molecules. Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential trigger of plant disease resistance. Some plant species can synthesize SA from CA by ...

Freeze-dried, granular sugar baits containing boric acid as the toxicant were evaluated against house flies, Musca domestica L., in two bioassays with toxicant dose ranges of 3, 5, 7, 8, and 12%, and 3, 5, 9, 17, and 33% boric acid, respectively, calculated and expressed on a dry weight basis. ...

The in vivo skin penetration of four salicylic compounds was investigated using a hairless rat model, which allowed for non-occluded, finite dose application, and free mobility of the rats throughout the test period. The model compounds were applied in equimolal concentrations of 0.4 mmol/g dimethyl isosorbide. At certain times (0.5-24 ...

In Atropa belladonna hairy roots, exogeneously added salicylic acid (SA) is converted to methyl salicylate (MSA) through the reaction, which might be catalysed by S-adenosyl-L-methionine: salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (SAMT). Here we cloned a cDNA for A. belladonna SAMT (AbSAMT1), which consisted of 357 aa residues. It was expressed in ...

Salicylic acid (SA) is one component of a complex signalling pathway that is induced by a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. Exposing seedling radicles to aqueous solutions of 0.5 mM salicylic acid for 24 h before chilling at 2.5 degrees C for 1-4 days reduced the chilling-induced increase in ...

Tubers of transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants with decreased activity of the plastidic ATP/ADP transporter AATP1 display reduced levels of starch, modified tuber morphology, and altered concentrations of primary metabolites. Here, we demonstrate that the spontaneous production of hydrogen peroxide, the endogenous content of salicylic acid, and the levels of ...

Salicylic acid is an important regulator of induced plant resistance to pathogens. Consequently, the biosynthesis of salicylic acid and its regulation has received a lot of attention. Salicylic acid can be made from phenylalanine via cinnamic and benzoic acid. Recently, genetic studies in Arabidopsis have shown that salicylic acid is ...

Plants can use indirect defence mechanisms to protect themselves against herbivorous insects. An example of such an indirect defence mechanism is the emission of volatiles by plants induced by herbivore feeding. These volatiles can attract the natural enemies of these herbivores, for example, parasitoid wasps. Here, it is shown that ...

BACKGROUND: Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is one of the strongest inorganic acids and is used widely in industry. It differs from other acids in the mechanism of injury. The hydrogen ion readily penetrates the skin and causes destruction of deep tissue layers and even bone. METHODS: If HF burns to the ...

Rat liver microsomal suspension (1 mg protein per ml) was incubated at 37 degrees C with 5 mM salicylic acid and 0.2 mM NADPH. The amounts of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHB), an oxidative metabolite of salicylic acid increased with the incubation time. Simultaneously spontaneous chemiluminescence ...

Generalized itching, urticaria and anaphylactic shock developed in a 9-year-old girl on two separate occasions after she ingested acetaminophen. She was admitted to our hospital for observation during oral challenge. Total eosinophil counts, total serum IgE, IgA, IgG, IgM, C3, and C4, specific IgE antibodies to six common allergens, and ...

Interaction of camel lens zeta-crystallin with aspirin was investigated by activity and fluorescence measurements. Aspirin minimally inhibited the oxidoreductase activity of the enzyme and weakly quenched its fluorescence. However, significant fluorescence quenching of zeta-crystallin coincided with the appearance of a fluorescence signal characteristic of salicylic acid thereby raising the possibility ...

Two male cleaning workers aged 62 (patient 1) and 28-(patient 2) presented with red, swollen, aching hands and fingers. At the first interview, the fingers of the right hand of both patients were swollen from the proximal interphalangeal joint to the tip of the finger. The fingers were red and ...

Salicylic acid is used in chemical peeling procedures. However, they have caused many side effects, even salicylism. To achieve a salicylic acid peeling that would be safer for topical use, we recently developed a new formulation consisting of 30% salicylic acid in polyethylene glycol (PEG) vehicle. In an extension of ...

Various topical agents used in combination with phototherapy have blocking effects, however in contrast to in vitro studies there were not enough in vivo studies about this subject. Our purpose was to examine the photoprotective effects of white petrolatum and salicylic acid which can be used before UVB therapy in ...

The methods of thermal analysis and mass spectrometry have been used to study the kinetics and mechanism of the anhydrous thermal decomposition of acetylsalicylic acid. Both thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) show that decomposition occurs in two steps. Mass-spectrometric analysis of the residue left after the first ...

The pharmacokinetics of lovastatin and its active metabolite lovastatin acid was evaluated in 9 healthy subjects in a three-period crossover study following a single oral dose of lovastatin extended-release (ER) tablets and lovastatin immediate-release (IR) tablets. Participants were dosed with lovastatin IR 40 mg tablets following a standard breakfast, lovastatin ...

The occurrence of ornithophillic fungi and related dermatophytes was evaluated from the poultry farm soil samples. Two test species of Microsporum were tested by 'Spore germination' and 'Disc diffusion method' against the two well known antifungal antibiotics i.e. griseofulvin and mycostatin (polyene antibiotic). The data showed cent percent inhibition of ...

A new flow-injection procedure has been developed for the determination of salicylic acid based on the enhancement of the chemiluminescence from the cerium(IV)-Tween 20 reaction by salicylic acid in acidic medium. The method is simple, selective and sensitive with a detection limit of 2.5x10(-9) g mL(-1). It is applicable to ...

Salicylic acid (SA), the known mediator of systemic acquired resistance, induced stomatal closure of Vicia faba L. Application of SA to the epidermal peels evoked an elevation of chemiluminescence of Cripridina lucigenin-derived chemiluminescent reagent (CLA) which is sensitive to superoxide anion (O(2)(.-)). The SA-induced generation of chemiluminescence was suppressed by ...

BACKGROUND: Salicylic acid is a chemical signal in plants infected by pathogens and it is responsible for the anti-inflammatory action of aspirin. Patients who take aspirin have a reduced risk of developing atherosclerosis and colorectal cancer, both of these pathologies having an inflammatory component. Dietary salicylic acid may help to ...

While there is little literature on the way in which people protected themselves against the sun, evidence from paintings suggest that clothing covering the body, veils and large brim hats were used by ancient Greeks, and that umbrellas existed in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, China and India. Veiel in 1887 (Vierteljahresschr. ...

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine if the presence of N-acetylcysteine reduces the ability of activated charcoal to adsorb acetaminophen both in the absence and presence of a coingestant. DESIGN: In vitro laboratory study. SETTING: University hospital research laboratory. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The adsorption of acetaminophen and salicylic acid by activated ...

The sorption behaviour of a new wheat hybridising agent (clofencet, 2-4-(chlorophenyl)-3-ethyl-2,5-dihydro-5-oxopyridazine-4-carboxylic acid) was investigated in batch equilibrium experiments and compared to that of two other organic acids (2,4-D and salicylic acid). Sorption coefficients Kd for the three compounds were determined in 18 Cambisols and Ferralsols. Kd values for clofencet were ...

The first reported fluorescent sensor for boronic and boric acids is actually not a sensor for boronic and boric acids but rather is a sensor for protons; the system is also not the first fluorescent sensor since Alizarin has been used as a fluorescent sensor for boric acids since 1936.

The flow-injection method with sensitive fluorimetric detection is used to monitor the liberation profiles of a topical dermatological formulation containing the model compound salicylic acid. The connection of a standard Franz diffusion cell with the automated flow-injection system enables an acquisition of multi-point liberation data in a form of series ...

This is a brief review key to the literature on the determination of organic tracers from biomass burning which are detectable even after long-range global transport in total extracts of atmospheric particles. The major tracers are thermal degradation products from the biopolymer cellulose, namely the didehydromonosaccharide derivatives levoglucosan, galactosan and ...

The anti-inflammatory properties of salicylates and prednisolone were investigated using inhibition of in vitro phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation in human whole blood from healthy male and female subjects. Steroids and salicylates are used in conjunction for the treatment of inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and inhibit the proinflammatory transcription factor, ...

BACKGROUND: Boric acid is generally not recognized as a poisonous substance. However, boric acid has potentially fatal actions such as hypotension, metabolic acidosis and oliguria. Death may result from circulation collapse and shock. OBJECTIVE: We present a clinical case history of the successful use of forced diuresis with furosemide and ...

Alpha- and beta-hydroxy acids are compounds that have been used extensively in cosmetic and dermatological formulations. Clinical and qualitative effects of alpha- and beta-hydroxy acids have been well characterized, but little is known about their mechanism of action or acute and chronic biochemical effects. In the present study, we examined ...

The influence of boric acid, a boron carrier, on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cell-bearing mice was investigated in view of its importance in the boron neutron capture therapy and the influence of boron on proliferation and progression of cancer cells mediated by proteoglycans and collagen. The present study included the ...

Aspirin was introduced into clinical practice more than 100 years ago. This unique drug belongs to a family of compounds called the salicylates, the simplest of which is salicylic acid, the principal metabolite of aspirin. Salicylic acid is responsible for the anti-inflammatory action of aspirin, and may cause the reduced ...

BACKGROUND: chemical peelings injure the superficial skin, which is then restored by healing of the wound. OBJECTIVES: to document the acute and chronic histological changes produced by applying chemical peeling agents used clinically to the UVB-irradiated skin of hairless mice, which served as a model of sun-damaged skin. DESIGN: three ...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of salicin and its major metabolites in humans after oral administration of a chemically standardised willow bark extract. METHODS: Willow bark extract corresponding to 240 mg salicin (1,360 mg, 838 micromol) was ingested by ten healthy volunteers in two equal doses at times 0 h ...

The phenylalanine- and salicylate assay were compared to investigate the production of hydroxyl free radicals. In vitro experiment: Phenylalanine (100 micromol/l) or salicylic acid (100 micropmol/l) were incubated in a hydroxyl radical generating in vitro Fenton system with increasing concentrations (1.25--40 micromol/l) of equimolar hydrogen peroxide and ferrous ions. Both, ...

AIMS: To determine serum salicylic acid concentrations in non-vegetarians and vegetarians not taking salicylate drugs, and to compare these concentrations with those found in patients taking aspirin, 75 mg daily. METHODS: Serum samples were obtained from vegetarians (n = 37) and non-vegetarians (n = 39) not taking salicylate drugs. Non-vegetarians ...

Villagers have traditionally used the poultice prepared from the fruits of Thespesia populnea to treat a variety of skin ailments including wounds. In the present study, the aqueous extract of T. populnea fruit showed significant wound healing activity in the excision wound and incision wound models in rats following topical ...

Salicin was administered orally to six brushtail possums by incorporation in food for six days at three dose levels (0.05, 0.5, and 1.5% wet weight), giving mean +/- SD daily intakes of 0.31 +/- 0.09, 2.76 +/- 0.75, and 6.04 +/- 1.12 mmol salicin. Metabolites were identified by mass spectrometry ...

The intensity of hydroxyl radical (OH*) formation in the myocardium during reperfusion after ischemia of different duration was evaluated using microdialysis with sodium salicylate. 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, a product of OH* trapping by salicylic acid, was used as a marker of OH* generation in the postischemic myocardium. Experiments were performed on ...

Hydrogels based on polymeric derivatives of salicylic acid have been prepared for biomedical applications by free radical copolymerization of 2-hydroxy-4-methacrylamidobenzoic acid, 4HMA, and 2-hydroxy-5-methacrylamidobenzoic acid, 5HMA, with 2- hydroxyethylmethacrylate, HEMA, in a wide range of compositions. The reactivity ratios of 4HMA and 5HMA with HEMA in radical copolymerization processes have ...

Hydrofluoric acid readily penetrates the skin and mucous membranes, causing deep tissue layer destruction. Dermal exposure can produce hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hyperkalaemia, cardiac dysrhythmias and death. We report the case of a 52-year-old man who presented hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia due to occupational dermal contact with hydrofluoric acid. Hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia were ...

The authors reviewed the domestic chemical injury experience in two major government hospitals in Saudi Arabia to determine the most common causative agents and the circumstances of the injury in order to give recommendations for their prevention and reduction of their morbidity. A total of 59 cases were included. The ...

This paper describes a rapid reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method, with UV detection, for the simultaneous determination of acetylsalicylic acid, caffeine, codeine, paracetamol, pyridoxine, and thiamine in pharmaceutical preparations. A reversed-phase C18 Nucleosil column is used. The mobile phase consists of 2 successive eluants: water (5 min) and acetonitrile-water (75 + ...

An accurate, simple, reproducible and sensitive method for the determination of acetylsalicylic acid, caffeine and codeine phosphate has been developed and validated. Acetylsalicylic acid, caffeine and codeine phosphate were separated using a microBondapack C(8) column by isocratic elution with flow rate 1.0 ml/min. The mobile phase composition was 125/125/250/0.5 (v/v) ...

Sodium salicylate and acetylsalicylic acid are drugs used as anti-inflammatory agents. Salicylate prevents nuclear factor-kappa B activation and can cause apoptosis. However, salicylate, a substrate of CYP2E1, is also an antioxidant and can scavenge reactive oxygen species. Experiments were carried out to evaluate whether salicylate can modulate CYP2E1-dependent toxicity. Addition ...

A micro-dialysis method was developed to isolate aqueous salicylic acid from viscous emulsion samples prior to HPLC determination. The optimal conditions for obtaining dialysis efficiency of salicylic acid as well as chromatographic conditions were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the dialysis achieved at pH 2.0 (0.025 M phosphate solution), 0.5 ...

For the study of in-vitro skin penetration of candidate drugs, excised animal skin is frequently used as a replacement for human skin. Reconstructed human skin or epidermis equivalents have been proposed as alternatives. We compared the penetration properties of human, pig and rat skin with the Graftskin LSE (living skin ...

Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) is rapidly metabolized to salicylic acid (salicylate) and other compounds, including gentisic acid and salicyluric acid. Monitoring of salicylate and its metabolites is of toxicological, pharmacological and biomedical interest. Three capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods featuring alkaline aqueous buffers, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection and no solute extraction or ...