To prepare the sustained release suppositories, solid fats such as polyglycerol ester of fatty acids (PGEFs) or beeswax were utilized with a fatty suppository base, Witepsol H15. PGEFs such as decaglycerol heptabehenate (HB750) and hexaglycerol pentastearate (PS500), and beeswax have relatively high melting points. The addition of PGEFs or beeswax ...

Optical Schiff's bases of gossypol were prepared with chiral gossypol and ethylamine. As has been similarly observed among the gossypol enantiomers, the (-)-gossypol ethylimine was more active than either the (+)-gossypol ethylimine or the racemic gossypol ethylimine against KB and MCF7 cells. Gossypolone was also observed to be more toxic ...

The experiment was carried out to investigate, whether in vivo transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) affects the fatty acid composition and antioxidant status of rabbit Longissimus dorsi muscle. Altogether 20 Pannon White meat type rabbits were divided into two groups, from which one was routinely exposed to TENS treatment with ...

Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) is the parameter most commonly used as chemical indicator for fish response to acidification. Empirical relationships between fish status of surface waters and ANC have been documented earlier. ANC is commonly calculated as the difference between base cations ([BC]=[Ca2+]+[Mg2+]+[N+]+[K+]) and strong acid anions ([SAA]=[SO4(2)-]+[NO3-]+[Cl-]). This is ...

The safety assessment of high intake levels of individual amino acids cannot be based on data from nutritional studies with proteins. Routine toxicity tests designed to investigate a wide range of possible effects should be undertaken for hazard identification and characterization using studies selected to mirror the predicted pattern and ...

BACKGROUND: By changing physicochemical properties such as effective lipophilicity, changes in blood pH could alter the distribution, elimination, and effects of weakly ionizing drugs. The authors examined the outcome of imposed acid-base derangement on cardiovascular effects and myocardial and whole body pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine, a weak base, and thiopental, a ...

The fluorescence energy transfer between anthracene (donor) and 5-p-[[4-(10'15'20'-triphenyl-5'-porphinato) phenyloxyl]-1-butyloxyl] phenyl-10,15,20-triphenyl-porphyrin (DTPP as acceptor) and an optical fiber sensor for the determination of picric acid based on this theory were studied. Because the emission spectrum of anthracene was largely overlapped with the absorption spectrum of the DTPP, the phenomenon of ...

PURPOSE: To determine the theoretical relationships between the changes in corneal paraxial power, asphericity, and the corresponding Zernike polynomial expansion after conventional and customized excimer laser correction of hyperopia. METHODS: The initial corneal profile was modeled as a conic section of apical radius of curvature R1 and asphericity Q1. The ...

The concentrations of inorganic aerosol components in the fine particulate matter (PM(fine)< or =2.5 microm) consisted of primarily ammonium, sodium, sulfate, nitrate, and chloride are related to the transfer time scale between gas to particle phase, which is a function of the ambient temperature, relative humidity, and their gas phase ...

The history of assessing the acid-base equilibrium and associated disorders is intertwined with the evolution of the definition of an acid. In the 1950s clinical chemists combined the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and the Bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid to produce the current bicarbonate ion-centred approach to metabolic acid-base disorders. Stewart repackaged ...

Phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) and phytic acid (myo-inositol hexaphosphate) play an important environmental role in poultry industry and have a health aspect in food industry. Novel biosensors have been developed for simple, one step quantitative phytic acid and phytase detection. A system based on the sequentially acting enzyme phytase and pyruvate ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: For 20 years, an alternative view of the universe has been available for acid-base physiology. The Stewart approach emphasizes mathematically independent and dependent variables. With the Stewart approach bicarbonate and hydrogen ions are dependent variables that represent the effects rather than the causes of acid-base derangements. Neither ...

Maintaining acid base balance presents a considerable challenge to the growing neonate. The infant must ingest protein for growth and development. The metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids leads to the production of protons that must be secreted by the kidney. In addition, the formation of hydroxyapatite for the mineralization ...

The in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of five different amino acid Schiff bases derived from the reaction of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde with glycine, L-alanine L-phenylalanine, L-histidine, L-tryptophane and the manganese(III) complexes of these bases were investigated. Structures of the Schiff bases were proven by 1H-NMR. In vitro activities against some Gram-positive ...

Small-angle neutron scattering measurements were performed on some cholic acid-based gel systems in order to gain detailed information about the network structure. The presence of thin fibers with a radius of about 10-20 A was found for various gelators. Two types of interaction between different sorts of fibers were demonstrated, ...

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. Although the pathogenesis of NEC is unclear, prevention strategies have been developed based on clinical observations and epidemiologic and experimental data. Most current strategies have centered on feeding practices (eg, institution of feeds, advancement of feeds, ...

BACKGROUND: To study the relationship between antepartum computerized cardiotocography (cCTG) and the evolution of intrapartum fetal acid-base balance in a low-risk population. METHODS: Forty-nine healthy fetuses were prospectively followed up by antepartum cCTG (Oxford System 8002), fetal scalp blood sampling at the onset of the active phase of dilatation (3 ...

The approach to acid-base balance based on the concept of strong ions, initially proposed by Stewart, is briefly overviewed. The anion gap and the strong anion gap are both discussed. Comments are made on the strong ion difference of fluids administered to patients and their impact on acid-base status will ...

Acid-base problem solving has been an integral part of medical practice in recent generations. Diseases discovered in the last 30-plus years, for example, Bartter syndrome and Gitelman syndrome, D-lactic acidosis, and bulimia nervosa, can be diagnosed according to characteristic acid-base findings. Accuracy in acid-base problem solving is a direct result ...

Biodegradable hydrophilic polymers poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and polyethylene oxide-co-lactic acid (PELA) were used to encapsulate a small hydrophilic prodrug (PROLI/NO) as a strategy to deliver nitric oxide (NO) by inhalation. The microparticles were prepared using double emulsion and solvent evaporation, followed by freeze-drying. The NO release kinetics were characterized by ...

A piezoelectric immunosensor was developed for rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. It was based on the immobilization of affinity-purified antibodies onto a monolayer of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHDA), a long-chain carboxylic acid-terminating alkanethiol, self-assembled on an AT-cut quartz crystal's Au electrode surface with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester as a reactive intermediate. ...

OBJECTIVE: In previous studies of the renal response to acute NH4Cl acidosis no correlation was found between systemic acid-base status and the traditionally used quantity, renal net acid excretion (NAE). If NAE is to be considered a physiologically meaningful quantity then this is surprising, as the extracellular acid-base status would ...

Ureagenesis in the liver consumes up to 1,000 mmol of HCO3-/day in humans as a result of 2NH4+ + 2HCO3- --> urea + CO2 + 3H2O. Whether the liver contributes to the regulation of acid-base equilibrium by controlling the rate of ureagenesis and, therefore, HCO3- consumption in response to changes ...

Based on a modified Leenheer DOM fractionation scheme, fractionation of DOM from the paddy soil was conducted by using XAD-8 resin into hydrophobic bases (HOB), hydrophobic acids(HOA), acid-insoluble matter (AIM), hydrophobic neutrals (HON) and hydrophilic matter (HIM). In total carbon content of DOM, 35.32% were the HIM and only 0.73% ...

The nucleoside 2'-deoxyzebularine (K) was incorporated into the self-complementary dodecamer 5'-CGTACGKGTACG-3' by solid-phase 2-cyanoethylphosphoramidite chemistry using dimethoxytrityl (DMT) as the 5'-hydroxyl protecting group. Standard synthesis cycles using trichloroacetic acid and short ammonia treatment (50 degrees C for 30 min) were found to be the optimal conditions to obtain the desired ...

The irradiation with UV light of a number of 1,2-diaryl-1-tosylstilbenes, in the presence of base, leads to the corresponding phenanthrenes and heterocyclic analogues. These results are consistent with a mechanism involving the base-induced elimination of p-toluenesulfinic acid from an intermediate 9-tosyl-4a,4b-dihydrophenanthrene, formed by photochemical cyclization of the starting 1,2-diaryl-1-tosylstilbenes. [reaction: ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Disorders of acid-base and electrolytes are commonly seen in critically ill patients. The presence of these disorders typically signals the development of an underlying pathology. These disturbances can be severe and are often associated with worse outcome. Indeed, metabolic acidosis is one of the ways we quantify ...

The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of using pecan and almond shell-based granular activated carbons (GACs) in the adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of health concern and known toxic compounds (such as bromo-dichloromethane, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloromethane, chloroform, and 1,1-dichloromethane) compared to the adsorption efficiency ...

Certain glycosidase inhibitors possess potent antiviral, antitumour and antidiabetic properties. Glyconic acid lactones, the earliest glycosidase inhibitors identified, have planar anomeric carbons that mimic the transition state of glycoside hydrolysis. Other classes include lactams, glycals, epoxides, halides and sulfonium ions, the latter based on the natural product salacinol from an ...

The sources and rates of metabolic acid production in relation to renal net acid excretion and thus acid balance in humans have remained controversial. The techniques and possible errors in these measurements are reviewed, as is the relationship of charge balance to acid balance. The results demonstrate that when acid ...

A versatile method for the solid-phase synthesis of 2-aminoquinazoline-based derivatives, 3-substituted-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-amines and imidazoquinazolines, has been developed. They were obtained by treating the amino group of polymer-linked amino acids with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde followed by reduction of the nitro group to an amine. Cyclization of the resulting immobilized intermediates with cyanogen bromide followed ...

In freshwater fishes, the gill and kidney are intricately involved in ionic and acid-base regulation owing to the presence of numerous ion channels, pumps, or exchangers. This review summarizes recent developments in branchial and renal ion transport physiology and presents several models that integrate epithelial ion and acid-base movements in ...

The UV-vis spectrophotometric ion-pair acidity scale in heptane has been significantly expanded: it includes now 21 bulky CH and NH indicator acids and spans for about 10 pKip units. The phosphazene base t-Bu-P4 was used for deprotonating. The correlations between acidities in heptane versus gas-phase acidities or acidities in DMSO ...

A novel imidazole membrane sensor based on 2,4,6-triphenyl thiopyrilium perchlorate (TTP) as an excellent charged carrier, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), the plasticizer dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and oleic acid as an additive is described. The sensor responds to imidazole over a wide concentration range from 1.0 x 10(-5) to 1.0 x 10(-1) ...

The Stewart approach defines acid/base abnormalities as resulting from changes in PCO2, strong ion difference (SID), and weak acids (mainly albumin) but needs a computer for calculation. The base excess (BE) is a measure of the net effect of changes in SID and weak acids, therefore, metabolic acid/base balance can ...

In this work, various techniques for solid surface acid-base (AB) characterization are reviewed. Different techniques employ different scales to rank acid-base properties. Based on the results from literature and the authors' own investigations for mineral oxides, these scales are compared. The comparison shows that Isoelectric Point (IEP), the most commonly ...

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and the base excess have been used traditionally to describe the acid-base balance of the blood. In 1981, Stewart proposed a new model of acid-base balance based upon three variables, the "strong ion difference" (SID), the total weak acids (ATot), and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ...

Methanolic reagents containing acidic catalysts, HCl (0.5 M, 1 h, 80° C) or BF(3) (14%, 1 h, 80° C), or alkaline catalysts, KOH (0.2 M, 15-60 min, 50° C) or NaOCH(3) (0.5 M, 15-60 min, 50° C), were compared for use in preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for GC ...

Holstein-Friesian bulls were slaughtered at 7, 14 and 19 months of age. Samples were collected from the psoas major, longissimus and semitendinosus muscles. The total lipids (TL) of the samples were extracted and the fatty acid compositions were analysed by gas chromatography. Both the slaughtering age and the type of ...

The convenient synthesis of novel trivalent amino acid glycoconjugates based on cyclotriveratrylene ('CTV') is described. These constructs consist of the CTV scaffold, three oligoethylene glycol spacers of variable length connected to a glyco amino acid residue which can also be varied. The resulting library of trivalent glycoconjugates can be used ...

The feedback between metabolic acid production and dialytic base gain ensures a neutral acid-base balance in patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT). Despite acid not accumulating continuously, clinical studies demonstrated that normalizing pre-dialysis serum bicarbonate results in nutritional and osteodystrophy improvements. Full correction of acidosis is not an easy task ...

Eumelanin was isolated from a sample of black, Indonesian human hair using three different published procedures: two different acid/base extractions and an enzymatic extraction. The morphology and spectroscopic properties of the isolated pigments differ significantly. The acid/base procedures both yield an amorphous material, while enzymatic extraction yields ellipsoidal melanosomes. Amino ...

The neutralization reaction between an acid and a base in water, triggered after optical excitation, was studied by femtosecond vibrational spectroscopy. Bimodal dynamics were observed. In hydrogen-bonded acid-base complexes, the proton transfer proceeds extremely fast (within 150 femtoseconds). In encounter pairs formed by diffusion of uncomplexed photoacid and base molecules, ...

Interfacial tension, which is a critical variable affecting multiphase flow of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in the subsurface, varies greatly with the composition of complex NAPLs recovered from field sites. Much of this variability stems from the presence of acid and base molecules in the NAPL mixture. The interfacial tension ...

FT-IR, Raman microscopy, XRD, 29Si and 27Al MAS NMR, were used to investigate changes in surface properties of a natural illite sample after acid-base potentiometric titration. The characteristic XRD lines indicated the presence of surface Al-Si complexes, preferable to Al(OH)3 precipitates. In the microscopic Raman spectra, the vibration peaks of ...

A 96-h LC(50) values of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], a common contaminating agricultural herbicide, were determined on the adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758; Pisces, Cyprinidae). The study was conducted in two stages using 130 carp. The data obtained were statistically evaluated by the use of the EPA computer program ...

In this study we reconstruct the evolution of codon usage bias in the chloroplast gene rbcL using a phylogeny of 92 green-plant taxa. We employ a measure of codon usage bias that accounts for chloroplast genomic nucleotide content, as an attempt to limit plausible explanations for patterns of codon bias ...

In this short paper, we suggest some concepts and methods that may be useful in considering a metabolomic approach to the study of amino acid adequacy and safety. We suggest that the analysis of a metabolomic subset, such as amino acids, may yield useful information, and that correlation-based analyses could ...

OBJECTIVE: To make a study of the detailed microanatomy of endoscope-assisted glabellar nasal keyhole approach (GNKA) to be used clinically. METHODS: 10 dry adult Chinese skulls were measured and 10 perfused cadaveric heads were dissected to mimic the GNKA. RESULTS: Average distances between bilateral supraorbital foramen/incisure, supratrochlear incisure, medial orbital ...

Translation termination is catalyzed by release factors that recognize stop codons. However, previous works have shown that in some bacteria, the termination process also involves bases around stop codons. Recently, Ito et al. analyzed release factors and identified the amino acids therein that recognize stop codons. However, the amino acids ...