G2A is a G protein-coupled receptor that is predominantly expressed in lymphoid tissues and macrophages. G2A can be induced by diverse stimuli to cause cell cycle arrest in the G(2)/M phase in pro-B and T cells. G2A is also expressed in macrophages within atherosclerotic lesions, suggesting G2A involvement in atherosclerosis. ...

To test the cellular response to an increased fatty acid oxidation, we generated a vector for an inducible expression of the rate-limiting enzyme carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1alpha (CPT1alpha). Human embryonic 293T kidney cells were transiently transfected and expression of the CPT1alpha transgene in the tet-on vector was activated with doxycycline. Fatty ...

Fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) is a transport protein with a high affinity for long-chain fatty acids (LCFA). It was recently identified on rat skeletal muscle mitochondrial membranes and found to be required for palmitate uptake and oxidation. Our aim was to identify the presence and elucidate the role of FAT/CD36 ...

INTRODUCTION: Mitochondrial biogenesis is a complex process, and several factors and signaling pathways regulate this process in muscle or brown adipocytes. The aim of the study was to explore pathways affecting mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in human white adipocytes. METHODS: Human preadipocytes obtained from liposuction samples were ...

Although the cause of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) remains unknown, extensive studies over the last 10 years have begun to shed some light on this family tragedy. 5% of all cases of SIDS are caused by fatty acid oxidation disorders. We report a case of fatty acid oxidation disorder ...

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most frequent causes of abnormal liver dysfunction, and its prevalence has markedly increased; however, the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD have not been thoroughly investigated in humans. In this study, we evaluated the expression of fatty acid metabolism-related genes ...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced mitochondrial abnormalities may have important consequences in the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases and cancer. Vitamin C is an important antioxidant known to quench ROS, but its mitochondrial transport and functions are poorly understood. We found that the oxidized form of vitamin C, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), enters ...

Detection of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency by metabolite screening may be problematic. The urine organic acid profile is generally said to be normal and no abnormal or increased acylcarnitine species are evident on bloodspot tandem MS examination. We diagnosed CPT IA deficiency presenting with acute encephalopathy +/- ...

Obesity and its attendant disorders, such as Type II diabetes, have reached epidemic proportions in the USA, and their prevalence is increasing globally. C75 is a small-molecule inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and a stimulator of carnitine palmitoyl 1 activity, which causes profound weight loss in mice. Although C75 ...

We describe a method to selectively position carbon nanotubes on Al2O3 and HfO2 surfaces. The method exploits the selective binding of alkylphosphonic acids to oxide surfaces with large isoelectric points (i.e. basic rather than acidic surfaces). We have patterned oxide surfaces with acids using both microcontact printing and conventional lithography. ...

Seed contamination with polyketide mycotoxins, including aflatoxin (AF) and sterigmatocystin (ST) produced by Aspergillus spp., is an agricultural, economic, and medical issue worldwide. Acetyl-CoA, the fundamental building block of all known fungal polyketides, is generated by a large number of biochemical pathways, including beta-oxidation of fatty acids and glycolysis of ...

Triglyceride accumulation in skeletal muscle is increased in subjects with insulin resistance. Increased intracellular lipolysis from stored triglyceride may induce insulin resistance in skeletal muscle by activating the glucose-fatty acid cycle. However, inconsistent with this hypothesis, intracellular lipolysis from skeletal muscle is decreased in high fat-fed, insulin resistant rats. Therefore, ...

The beneficial roles of dietary fish oil in lowering serum TAG levels in animals and humans have been attributed in part to the high content of two n-3 polyunsaturated very long-chain FA, EPA, and DHA. Recent studies show that EPA induces mitochondrial beta-oxidation in hepatocytes, which might contribute to the ...

Fatty acid oxidation provides energy in tissues with high metabolic demands. During the acute-phase response (APR) induced by infection and inflammation, fatty acid oxidation is decreased associated with hypertriglyceridemia. Little is known about the mechanism by which the APR decreases fatty acid oxidation. Therefore, we investigated whether the APR affects ...

Mitochondria are essential organelles that perform fundamental cellular functions including aerobic energy mobilization, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid metabolism, heme biosynthesis and apoptosis. Mitochondria cannot be synthesized de novo. Therefore, the inheritance of this organelle is an essential part of the cell cycle; that is, daughter cells that do not ...

[structure: see text] Catalytic use of o-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) in the presence of Oxone as a co-oxidant is demonstrated for the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols in user- and eco-friendly solvent mixtures. Also demonstrated is the in situ (re)oxidation of 2-iodosobenzoic acid (IBA) and even commercially available 2-iodobenzoic acid ...

METHODS: Anesthetized pigs were studied with [(11)C]-labeled fatty acids (FAs) with carbon chain length ranging from 8 to 16 carbon atoms, during control conditions and during inhibition of carnitine-palmitoyl transferase I (CPT I) with oxfenicine. The myocardial uptake of [(11)C]-FAs from blood was measured together with the relative distribution of ...

Oxidation of arachidonic acid by ROS in vitro can be evaluated by the formation of reaction products (conjugated dienes); this is preceded by a lag period caused by the action of antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and ascorbic acid). In case of ozone titration the oxidizer is consumed even during the lag ...

Ranolazine is a novel new antianginal agent currently under investigation as monotherapy and adjunct therapy for the treatment of chronic stable angina. While the mechanism of action of ranolazine is not completely understood, it is believed to involve a reduction in fatty acid oxidation, ultimately leading to a shift in ...

The effects on oxidation and composition of fatty acids in rat liver were compared after administration of fatty acids with sulfur substituted in different positions. It has been hypothesized that drugs with hydrophobic backbone have lipid-lowering effects because they are not easily catabolized by mitochondrial beta-oxidation. Thia fatty acids cannot ...

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of age on lipid content and composition of lamb meat. Thirty suckling ram lambs of the Italian Merino breed, reared according to a traditional semi-extensive management, were slaughtered at 30, 50 and 70 days of age to evaluate total lipids and ...

Dietary free fatty acids have been reported to have various effects on the endothelium including the generation of nitric oxide. The goal of the current study was to determine the mechanism whereby free fatty acid causes an increase in nitric oxide synthesis. The specific hypothesis tested was that free fatty ...

Chronic activation of adipocyte beta-adrenergic receptors induces remodeling of white adipose tissue (WAT) that includes a transient inflammatory response followed by mitochondrial biogenesis, induction of fatty acid oxidation genes, and elevation of tissue oxidative metabolism. Gene profiling experiments of WAT during remodeling induced by the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonist CL-316,243 (CL) ...

Carnitine-dependent fatty acid import into mitochondria and beta-oxidation seem to be impaired in tumor cells. In the present study we show that a supply of palmitoylcarnitine together with L-carnitine potently induces apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells as a consequence of accelerated fatty acid oxidation. Caspase-3-like activities, measured by ...

Overexpression of alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), an enzyme involved in branched chain fatty acid beta-oxidation, in prostate cancer has been reported. Here, we report that an enzyme downstream from AMACR in the peroxisomal branched chain fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway-D-bifunctional protein (DBP)-is also upregulated in prostate cancer at both mRNA and protein ...

The healthy heart relies primarily upon the oxidation of fatty acids for energy, with the remaining coming from the oxidation of glucose and lactate. Changes in energy requirements are met by altering the balance of fuels depending upon the hormonal milieu as well as upon the availability of oxygen and ...

We tested the hypothesis that peroxisomal citrate synthase (CSY) is required for carbon transfer from peroxisomes to mitochondria during respiration of triacylglycerol in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Two genes encoding peroxisomal CSY are expressed in Arabidopsis seedlings, and seeds from plants with both CSY genes disrupted were dormant and did not ...

The product pattern found for the dimethyldioxirane-mediated oxidation of phenylethyne strongly depends on the reaction conditions. Dimethyldioxirane generated in situ from caroate (HSO(5)(-)) and acetone in acetonitrile-water furnishes phenylacetic acid as the main product. With solutions of dimethyldioxirane in acetone, mandelic acid and phenylacetic acid are mainly formed. The relative ...

Defining the substrate that influences the most favourably the myocardial post-ischemic recovery is subject of debates, due to dissociation between functional and biochemical benefits. Hence, we studied the effects of either glucose or different fatty acids on the functional and metabolic recovery of post-ischemic cardiomyocytes in a substrate-free hypoxia model ...

Carbohydrate-rich biomass residues, i.e. sugar beet molasses, whey powder, wine yeast, potato peel sludge, spent hops, malt dust and apple marc, were tested as starting materials for the generation of marketable chemicals, e.g. aliphatic acids, sugar acids and mono-/disaccharides. Residues were oxidized or hydrolyzed under acidic or alkaline conditions applying ...

BACKGROUND: Enteral formulas can be stored for up to 2 years. Fat oxidation during storage can lead to the loss of nutritive value and generation of toxic products such as lipid peroxides. METHODS: Two standard enteral formulas were stored for short periods at high temperatures (1-4 weeks at 32-55 degrees ...

The fatty acid omega-hydroxylation regiospecificity of CYP4 enzymes may result from presentation of the terminal carbon to the oxidizing species via a narrow channel that restricts access to the other carbon atoms. To test this hypothesis, the oxidation of 12-iodo-, 12-bromo-, and 12-chlorododecanoic acids by recombinant CYP4A1 has been examined. ...

Protein footprinting based on hydroxyl radical-mediated modification and quantitative mass spectroscopic analysis is a proven technique for examining protein structure, protein-ligand interactions, and structural allostery upon protein complex formation. The reactive and solvent-accessible amino acid side chains function as structural probes; however, correct structural analysis depends on the identification and ...

[reaction: see text] The mechanism of aliphatic hydroxylation by cytochromes P450 has been the subject of intense debate with several proposed mechanistic alternatives. Various cyclopropyl containing compounds (radical clocks), which can produce both unrearranged and ring opened products upon oxidation, have been key tools in these investigations. In this study, ...

The alkane-assimilating yeast Yarrowia lipolytica degrades very efficiently hydrophobic substrates such as n-alkanes, fatty acids, fats and oils for which it has specific metabolic pathways. An overview of the oxidative degradation pathways for alkanes and triglycerides in Y. lipolytica is given, with new insights arising from the recent genome sequencing ...

Hypoglycemia occasionally results from oxidative phosphorylation deficiency, associated with liver failure. Conversely, in some cases of respiratory chain defect, the impairment in glucose metabolism occurs with normal hepatic function. The mechanism for this hypoglycemia remains poorly understood. We report here three unrelated children with hypoglycemia as the presenting symptom associated ...

Deficiency of very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) is the most common long-chain fatty acid oxidation defect and presents with heterogeneous clinical manifestations. Accumulation of long-chain acylcarnitines and deficiency of free carnitine have often been proposed to play an important role in disease pathogenesis. The VLCAD-deficient mouse exhibits similar clinical and biochemical ...

5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside (AICAR), a pharmacological activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acutely stimulates glucose uptake and fatty acid (FA) oxidation in skeletal muscle. However, it is not fully understood whether AICAR-induced changes in glucose oxidation are secondary to changes in FA oxidation (i.e. glucose fatty acid cycle), or what role ...

Phytanic acid is a 3-methyl branched-chain fatty acid which originates from dietary sources. Since the 3-methyl group blocks regular beta-oxidation, it is broken down by peroxisomal alpha-oxidation. Adult Refsum disease patients accumulate phytanic acid as a result of an impairment in peroxisomal alpha-oxidation, caused by the deficient activity of the ...

Because of differences in energy yield and oxygen demand, the selection of oxidative fuels is important in the hypoxic or ischemic heart muscle. The aim of the present study was to clarify the contradictions observed in the effects of workload and fatty acid supply on myocardial fuel preference in isolated ...

We recently described a primarily reduced palmitate oxidation in myotubes established from type 2 diabetic subjects, whereas triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation seemed to be adaptive. However, it is still uncertain whether these changes are similar for saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and whether high concentrations of glucose and/or insulin may change ...

The oxidation with air of cyclohexanone was conducted in the presence of synthetic carbons catalysts. The effect of carbon activation treatment (CO2 or air burnoff), phosphorus additive, platinum loading, and nature of the solvent (water or water/acetic acid mixture) were studied. Cyclohexanone oxidation at 140 degrees C yielded a mixture ...

It is currently assumed that benzene contributes only negligibly to secondary organic aerosol formation in the atmosphere. Our understanding of the capacity of benzene to generate secondary aerosols is based on the work of Izumi and Fukuyama (Atmos. Environ. 1990, 24A, 1433) in which two photosmog experiments with benzene in ...

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of saturated and mono-unsaturated very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) and reduced peroxisomal VLCFA beta-oxidation activity. In this study, we investigated the role of VLCFA biosynthesis in X-ALD fibroblasts. Our data demonstrate that elongation of both saturated and mono-unsaturated ...

The saturated branched chain fatty acid, phytanic acid, a degradation product of chlorophyll, accumulates in Refsum disease, an inherited peroxisomal disorder with neurological clinical features. To elucidate the pathogenic mechanism, we investigated the influence of phytanic acid on cellular physiology of rat hippocampal astrocytes. Phytanic acid (100 microM) induced an ...

This paper considers stages of the search (initiated by V. P. Skulachev) for a receptor protein for fatty acids that is involved in their uncoupling effect. Based on these studies, mechanism of the ADP/ATP antiporter involvement in the uncoupling induced by fatty acids was proposed. New data (suppression by carboxyatractylate ...

Ischemic heart disease is characterized by a modification of the normal energy balance of the heart. During and following an ischemic event, circulating fatty acids are elevated, resulting in the acceleration of fatty acid oxidation at the expense of glucose oxidation. Despite the reduction in glucose oxidation, the rate of ...

The purpose of the present study is to identify bioactive compounds with potential for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) pharmacological therapy. Various plant natural products including flavonoids were tested for their ability to ameliorate the abnormality of very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) metabolism in cultured skin-fibroblasts from X-ALD patients. Of the ...

Branched-chain fatty acids (such as phytanic and pristanic acid) are ligands for the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) in vitro. To investigate the effects of these physiological compounds in vivo, wild-type and PPARalpha-deficient (PPARalpha-/-) mice were fed a phytol-enriched diet. This resulted in increased plasma and liver ...

Skeletal muscle contains two populations of mitochondria that appear to be differentially affected by disease and exercise training. It remains unclear how these mitochondrial subpopulations contribute to fiber type-related and/or training-induced changes in fatty acid oxidation and regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1beta (CPT1beta), the enzyme that controls mitochondrial fatty acid uptake ...