The patient, a 69-year-old man, had a chief complaint of hepatomegaly. The liver was palpated four fingerbreadths below the costal margin, and the spleen was three fingerbreadths below the costal margin. There were no other abnormal findings. Laparoscopy showed that the liver resembled an orange-yellow crayon in appearance and was ...

Lipogenic gene expression in liver is repressed in mice upon leucine deprivation. The hormone FGF21, which is critical to the adaptive metabolic response to starvation, is also induced under amino acid deprivation. Upon leucine deprivation, we found that FGF21 is needed to repress expression of lipogenic genes in liver and ...

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Obesity and hepatic steatosis are frequently associated with the development of a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The mechanisms driving progression of a non-inflamed steatosis to NASH are largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether ingestion of peroxidized lipids, as being present in Western style diet, triggers the development of hepatic inflammation. ...

INTRODUCTION: Mediators derived from the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid oxidation have been shown to have tumour promoting effects in experimental models, while n-3 PUFAs are thought to be protective. Here we report fatty acid concentrations in hepatic colorectal metastases compared to liver tissue without tumour in humans. ...

BACKGROUND: Compared with biofluids, target tissues and organs more directly reflect the pathophysiological state of a disease process. In this study, a D-galactosamine (GalN) / lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse model was constructed to investigate metabonomics of liver tissue and directly characterize metabolic changes in acute liver failure (ALF). METHODS: After pretreatment ...

Parenteral nutrition (PN) can be life saving for infants unable to adequately absorb enteral nutrients due to intestinal failure from inadequate bowel length or function. However, long-term PN carries significant morbidity and mortality, with 30 to 60% of patients developing progressive liver dysfunction. The etiology of PN-associated liver disease (PNALD) ...

We evaluated the effect of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) seed extract (CI) on hepatic steatosis caused by early and late stage diabetes in rats (in vivo), and induced in HepG2 cells (in vitro) by BSA-oleic acid complex (OA). Different dosages of CI (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/ml) were applied along ...

Camelina (Camelina sativa) oil was tested as a replacement for fish oil in diets for farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Camelina differs from other plant oilseeds previously used in aquaculture with high lipid (40 %), α-linolenic acid (40 %), antioxidants and low proportions of saturated fats. Dietary treatments were fed to cod ...

OBJECTIVE: Liver X receptors (LXRs) are oxysterol-activated nuclear receptors that are highly expressed in macrophages and regulate lipid homeostasis and inflammation. Among putative LXR target genes, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3) involved in the Lands cycle controls the fatty acid composition at the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids and, therefore, the availability ...

Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI) is an emerging viral disease caused by a novel Atlantic salmon reovirus (ASRV) affecting farmed fish. Primary symptoms associated with HSMI include myocardial and skeletal muscle necrosis indicating a severe inflammatory process. Recently, we applied the concept of clinical nutrition to moderate the long-term ...

In dairy cows, ketosis is an important disease associated with negative energy balance, which leads to low blood glucose levels and high blood nonesterified fatty acid levels. The liver is the most active organ in cows for the metabolism of nonesterified fatty acids. Insulin is an anabolic hormone that plays ...

The liver regulates both glycaemia and triglyceridaemia. Hyperglycaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia are both characteristic of (pre)diabetes. Recent observations on the specialised role of DGAT2 (diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2) in catalysing the de novo synthesis of triacylglycerols from newly synthesized fatty acids and nascent diacylglycerols identifies this enzyme as the link between the ...

This study was designed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of chromium picolinate (CrPic, Fig. 1) hepatoprotective activity from alloxan-induced hepatic injury. Diabetes is induced by alloxan-treatment concurrently with the hepatic injury in mice. In this study, we investigate the protective effect of CrPic treatment in hepatic injury and the signal role ...

Bile acid synthesis not only produces physiological detergents required for intestinal nutrient absorption, but also plays a critical role in regulating hepatic and whole body metabolic homeostasis. We recently reported that over-expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in the liver resulted in improved metabolic homeostasis in Cyp7a1 transgenic (Cyp7a1-tg) mice (Li ...

In a previous study we provided evidence for the presence in liver of rainbow trout of fatty acid (FA) sensing systems responding to changes in levels of oleate (long-chain fatty acid, LCFA) or octanoate (medium-chain fatty acid, MCFA). Since those effects could be attributed to an indirect effect, we have ...

The recent article of great interest by Mina Hamano et al. reported that adiponectin negatively correlates with alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver dysfunction; hypoadiponectinemia is a significant determinant for steatotic dysfunction for all levels of alcohol consumption.(1) Recently, other studies have also indicated the similar relationship between adiponectin and liver diease, ...

Fatty acid regulation of hepatic gene transcription was first reported in the early 1990s. Several transcription factors have been identified as targets of fatty acid regulation. This regulation is achieved by direct fatty acid binding to the transcription factor or by indirect mechanisms where fatty acids regulate signaling pathways controlling ...

Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1 (SCD1) is a rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids. Recently, SCD1 down-regulation has been implicated in the prevention of obesity, and the improvement of insulin and leptin sensitivity. In this study, we examined the effect of fucoxanthin, a marine ...

Metabolic responses to sub-optimal temperature deplete lipid depots, remodel membrane lipid and alter the fatty acid profile in the whole body and tissues of ectothermic vertebrates including fish. The magnitude of these changes may depend on dietary history including oil sources with different fatty acid compositions. Barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Perciformes, ...

OBJECTIVES;: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) describes a spectrum of disorders including simple steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. With the increased prevalence of obesity, and consequently NAFLD, there is a need for novel therapeutics in this area. To facilitate this effort, we developed a cellular model of hepatic steatosis ...

AIM: Protein-energy malnutrition is frequently observed in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC). Non-protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) measured by indirect calorimetry is a good marker to estimate energy malnutrition, and predicts the prognosis of patients with LC. However, measurement of npRQ is limited because of the high cost of indirect calorimetry. ...

Supplementing dairy cows with n-3 fatty acid-rich feeds does not easily increase quantities in milk fat. Previous results demonstrated very long-chain n-3 fatty acids are primarily transported in the PL fraction of blood, making them largely unavailable to the mammary gland for enrichment of milk fat. Our objective was to ...

Acute hepatic inflammation is regarded as a hallmark of early stage fibrosis, which can progress to extensive fibrosis and cirrhosis. Sinapic acid is a phenylpropanoid compound that is abundant in cereals, nuts, oil seeds, and berries and has been reported to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological properties. In this ...

Amino acid compositions of ovine muscle, ovine myofibrillar protein, ovine spleen, ovine liver, bovine blood plasma, bovine blood globulins and bovine serum albumin and the amino acid compositions and in vivo (laboratory rat) true ileal amino acid digestibilities of hydrolysates (sequential hydrolysis with Neutrase, Alcalase and Flavourzyme) of these protein ...

The successful navigation of malaria parasites through their life cycle, which alternates between vertebrate hosts and mosquito vectors, requires a complex interplay of metabolite synthesis and salvage pathways. Using the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei, we have explored the synthesis and scavenging pathways for lipoic acid, a short-chain fatty acid derivative ...

OBJECTIVE: The mechanisms underlying non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are not completely elucidated. In the current study we integrated gene expression profiling of liver biopsies from NASH patients with translational studies in mouse models of steatohepatitis and pharmacological interventions in isolated hepatocytes to identify new molecular targets in NASH. DESIGN AND RESULTS: ...

The discovery and optimization of a novel series of FATP1 inhibitors are described. Through the derivatization process, arylpiperazine derivatives 5k and 12a were identified as possessing potent in vitro activity against human and mouse FATP1s as well as excellent pharmacokinetic properties. In vivo evaluation of triglyceride accumulation in the liver, ...

40nm-sized boronic acid-rich protein nanoparticles composed of bovine serum albumin and poly(N-3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid) were prepared by polymerizing N-3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid in the presence of albumin. The content of boronic acid-containing poly(N-3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid) in the nanoparticles can be tuned from 80 % to 32 % at constant nanoparticle size. When used to ...

Sinapic acid is a member of the phenylpropanoid family and is abundant in cereals, nuts, oil seeds, and berries. It exhibits a wide range of pharmacological properties. In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects of sinapic acid on dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced chronic liver injury in rats. Sinapic acid ...

Activation of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) with all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) ameliorates glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in obese mice. A recently discovered fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is the hepatocyte-derived hormone that restores glucose and lipid homeostasis in obesity-induced diabetes. However, whether hepatic RAR is linked to FGF21 in the ...

Abstract 1. Arsenic (As(III)) toxicity has received increasing attention as human exposure to arsenic is associated with pulmonary, hepatic and renal toxicities. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of acute As(III) treatment on pulmonary, hepatic and renal cytochrome (CYP) P450-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism. 2. Our results demonstrated that acute ...

Few studies have compared differences between conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in triacylglycerol (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) form. This study assessed differences in liver incorporation, mineral mass balance, bone density, and biomarkers of bone metabolism between FFA and TG CLA diets. Rats (n=36) were fed a control (CTRL) or ...

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic lipid accumulation in the absence of excess alcohol intake. NAFLD is the most common chronic liver disease, and ongoing research efforts are focused on understanding the underlying pathobiology of hepatic steatosis with the anticipation that these efforts will identify novel therapeutic ...

Structured triglyceride (STG) is a new emulsion synthesized from long-chain fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids bound to the same glycerol backbone. We performed a meta-analysis to examine the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of STG for parenteral nutrition. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Chinese Biomedicine Database, with the last ...

Bile acids (BAs) have many physiological roles and exhibit both toxic and protective influences within the liver. Alterations in the BA profile may be the result of disease induced liver injury. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent form of chronic liver disease characterized by the pathophysiological progression from ...

BACKGROUND: The study of faeces offers a unique opportunity to observe cooperation between the microbiome and the metabolism of mammalian hosts, an essential element in the study of the human metabolome. In the present study, a global metabolomics approach was used to identify metabolites differentially excreted in the faeces of ...

In this report, we present a simple and rapid method for analysis of 21 kinds of bile acids and the conjugates in rat serum and liver samples by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) in the negative ionization mode, using cholic-2, 2, 4, 4-d4 acid as internal standard. After liquid-liguid ...

Peroxisomes play an essential role in mammalian cellular metabolism, particularly in oxidation fatty acid pathways. Serum very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA), the main biochemical diagnostic parameters for peroxisomal disorders, were examined in 25 neurological patients with epilepsy on a ketogenic diet and 27 patients with liver dysfunction. The data show ...

Hepatic triacylglycerol levels are governed through synthesis, degradation and export of this lipid. Here we demonstrate that enforced expression of hepatic lipase in the endoplasmic reticulum in McArdle RH7777 hepatocytes resulted in a significant decrease in the incorporation of fatty acids into cellular triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester accompanied by attenuation ...

Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling reduces hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance, however, its regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we sought to determine whether Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) signaling improves lipid metabolism in the liver and if so, whether VASP's effects are mediated by AMPK. ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Lipid metabolism plays important roles in the whole process of pregnancy. Previous studies have demonstrated abnormalities of lipid metabolism in the placentas of pregnancies obtained by assisted reproductive technology (ART). Therefore, we hypothesized that ART micromanipulation may affect lipid metabolism in offspring, and focused on the fatty acid ...

In this study, we aim to identify the potential biomarkers in hTG pathogenesis in schisandrin B-induced hTG mouse model. To investigate whether these identified biomarkers are only specific to schisandrin B-induced hTG mouse model, we also measured these biomarkers in a high fat diet (HFD)-induced hTG mouse model. We employed ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Malaria is the most significant human parasitic disease, and yet understanding of the energy metabolism of the principle pathogen, Plasmodium falciparum, remains to be fully elucidated. Amino acids were shown to be essential nutritional requirements since early times and much of the current knowledge of Plasmodium energy metabolism ...

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Nutrients influence non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Essential fatty acids deficiency promotes various syndromes including hepatic steatosis through increased de novo lipogenesis. The mechanisms underlying such increased lipogenic response remain unidentified. METHODS: We used wild-type mice and mice lacking Liver X Receptors to perform a nutrigenomic study ...

We assessed - by a lipidomic approach - the differential incorporation of EPA and DHA into hepatic lipids, after prolonged feeding of rats with fish oil. We also evaluated their effect on lipogenesis and its related enzymes. Rats were administered 100mg/kg/d fish oil, by oral gavage, for 30 days. The ...

BACKGROUND: In cell systems, saturated fatty acids, compared to unsaturated fatty acids, induce a greater degree of ER stress and inflammatory signaling in a number of cell types, including hepatocytes and adipocytes. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of infusions of lard oil (enriched in ...

The worldwide epidemic of obesity and insulin resistance favours nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Insulin resistance (IR) in the adipose tissue increases lipolysis and the entry of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) in the liver, whereas IR-associated hyperinsulinemia promotes hepatic de novo lipogenesis. However, several hormonal and metabolic adaptations are set ...

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in industrialized countries and may proceed to steatohepatitis (NASH). Apoptosis and free fatty acid (FFA) induced lipotoxicity are important features of NASH pathogenesis. We have shown a hepatoprotective effect of adiponectin in steatotic livers of HCV patients and recent ...

Perilla frutescens leaves are often used in East Asian gourmet food. In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of caffeic acid (CA), rosmarinic acid (RA), and their combination. P. frutescens contains 1.32 μg CA/mg dry material (DM) and 26.84 μg RA/mg DM analyzed by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS. CA remarkably ...

To compare noninvasive methods presently used for steatosis detection and quantification in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Cross-sectional study of subjects from the general population, a subgroup from the First Israeli National Health Survey, without excessive alcohol consumption or viral hepatitis. All subjects underwent anthropometric measurements and fasting blood tests. ...