The root endophytic basidiomycete Piriformospora indica has been shown to increase resistance against biotic stress and tolerance to abiotic stress in many plants. Biochemical mechanisms underlying P. indica-mediated salt tolerance were studied in barley (Hordeum vulgare) with special focus on antioxidants. Physiological markers for salt stress, such as metabolic activity, ...

Cyanide is a rapidly acting neurotoxin that necessitates immediate, vigorous therapy. The commonly used treatment regimen for cyanide includes the intravenous administration of sodium nitrite (SN) and sodium thiosulphate (STS). Due to many limitations of these antidotes, a search for more effective, safer molecules continues. Cyanide is known to react ...

Acid deposition commonly occurs due to conversion of primary acidic pollutants (SO2 & NO2) into secondary pollutants (H2SO4 & HNO3 and their salts). The main natural sources of acid deposition in Alexandria include lightening and microbial processes. Anthropogenic sources include traffic, industrial, fuel burning, and incineration activities. Acid deposition has ...

A synthetic procedure for the preparation of 4-cyclohexyl-2-methyl-buta-2,3-dienoic acid in the two optically active forms has been developed. Synthesis of the racemic allenoic acid was made by an efficient route with good overall yield. Resolution of the enantiomers was achieved by forming the cinchonidine and cinchonine diastereomeric salt, respectively, and ...

In the United Kingdom, as in other regions of Europe and North America, recent decreases in surface water sulphate concentrations, due to reduced sulphur emissions, have coincided with marked increases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Since many of the compounds comprising DOC are acidic, the resulting increases in organic ...

The model legume Lotus japonicus was subjected to non-lethal long-term salinity and profiled at the ionomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic levels. Two experimental designs with various stress doses were tested: a gradual step acclimatization and an initial acclimatization approach. Ionomic profiling by inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) revealed salt stress-induced ...

We report the dispersions of a fatty acid and hydroxyl derivative salts in aqueous solutions that were further used to produce foams and emulsions. The tetrabutyl-ammonium salts of palmitic acid, 12-hydroxy stearic acid, and omega-hydroxy palmitic acid formed isotropic solutions of micelles, whereas the ethanolamine salts of the same acids ...

Herein we report the effect of various additives (viz. alcohols, cycloalcohols, amino acids, sugars, ureas) on the clouding phenomenon observed in 50mM chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) drug solutions (prepared in 10mM sodium phosphate buffer). Long chain alcohols (except octanol), cyclohexanol and allylalcohol increased the cloud point (CP) followed by a decrease ...

Laboratory trials were carried out to evaluate the toxicity and the influence of a commercial mixture of vegetal, essential oils, and potassium salts of fatty acids (Acaridoil 13SL) on the population growth rate (r(i)--instantaneous rate of increase) of two mite species, the phytophagous Tetranychus urticae Koch and the predator Phytoseiulus ...

The aggregation of alpha-synuclein (alphaS) in the brain has been implicated as a critical step in the development of Lewy body diseases (LBD) [Parkinson's disease (PD)/dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)] and multiple system atrophy (MSA). The involvement of neuroinflammation and microglial activation has been emphasized in the pathogenesis of PD. ...

A number of analogues of diaryl dihydropyrazole-3-carboxamides have been synthesized. Their activities were evaluated for appetite suppression and body weight reduction in animal models. Depending on the chemical modification of the selected dihydropyrazole scaffold, the lead compounds--the bisulfate salt of (+/-)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid morpholin-4-ylamide 26 and the bisulfate salt of (-)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic ...

Micelle-to-vesicle transition method was used to make liposomes containing oleanolic acid. First, the solubilization of potassium salt of oleanolic acid at basic condition by micelle formation was confirmed. Using the soluble state of oleanolic acid at basic condition, liposomes containing oleanolic acid was prepared by adjusting pH. After making homogeneous ...

Two bisphosphonates (BPs), namely 1-hydroxy-2-[4-aminophenyl]ethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (APBP) and 1-hydroxy-2-[3-indolyl]ethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (IBP), have been synthesized and incorporated to acrylic injectable and self-curing formulations. Alendronic acid monosodium trihydrated salt (ALN) containing cement was formulated as control. These systems have potential applications in low density hard tissues affected by ailments characterized by a ...

AIMS: To partially purify and characterize bioemulsifiers produced by two new marine Halomonas species, TG39 and TG67, and to compare their emulsifying activities with those of commercial emulsifiers. METHODS AND RESULTS: The production of emulsifiers HE39 and HE67 was achieved from glucose-supplemented marine broth, and recovered by cell removal, concentration ...

The acetate salts of tambjamines C, E, and F (2-4, respectively), as well as those of the related alkaloids BE-18591 (5) and 6, have been prepared by treatment of bipyrrole aldehyde 16 with the relevant amine in the presence of acetic acid. The 5'-bromo-analogue, 30, of compound 16 has also ...

Two commercially available organic acid salts, potassium lactate (PURASAL HiPure P) and a potassium lactate-sodium diacetate blend (PURASAL Opti. Form PD 4), were assessed as potential inhibitors of Listeria monocytogenes growth in modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) sliced ham in challenge studies. The influence of the initial inoculation level of L. ...

AIM: To seek a novel and potent antitussive drug based on Shedan-Chuanbei powder, a complex of traditional Chinese medicine preparation for cough therapy. METHODS: Verticinone-cholic acid (Ver-CA) salt, a novel, salifying derivative of verticinone and cholic acid, both of which are the major bioactive components in Shedan-Chuanbei powder, was synthesized. ...

Two hybrid compounds 6 and 7, linked via an ester-bond between the 7-hydroxyl residue of an umbelliferone 1 and a carboxylic acid residue of two nitroxide radicals 3 and 4, and one hybrid compound 8, linked via an ester-bond between a 3-carboxylic acid residue of umbelliferone 2 and a hydroxyl ...

Systematic determinations of electrical conductivities of sodium penicillin G, potassium penicillin G, and potassium penicillin V in the 278.15-313.15 K temperature range are reported. These conductivities are examined by applying the Quint-Viallard conductivity equations and the Debye-Hückel equations for activity coefficients. Determined dissociation constants and the limiting conductances of penicillin ...

Experiments were conducted to study the effects of different sodium salts viz., sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulphate (Na(2)SO(4)) and sodium carbonate (Na(2)CO(3)) on growth, dry matter production, mineral contents, biochemical constituent and enzyme activities of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The germinating sunflower seeds were treated with 10, 20 and 50mM ...

A mild and efficient method for the preparation of O,O-mixed, O,S- and N,O-acetals from symmetrical O,O-acetals has been developed. Thus, the treatment of symmetrical O,O-acetals with TESOTf and 2,4,6-collidine formed weakly electrophilic collidinium salts. The addition of nucleophiles, such as an alcohol, lithium thioxide, and sodium azide, to the salts ...

A kinetic study was carried out on the acid hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenylacetate and 4-nitrophenyllaurate in water/HOT/isooctane microemulsions. The substitution of Na+ in the sodium salt of bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate by H+ has permitted us to obtain a functionalized surfactant (HOT) and, consequently, strongly acid microemulsions. The use of HOT-based microemulsions allows us ...

AIMS: to study and model the effect of sodium acetate, sodium lactate, potassium sorbate and combination of acid salts on the behaviour of Listeria monocytogenes in ground pork. METHODS AND RESULTS: Water activity (a(w)), pH and concentration of acid salt of the meat were adjusted. The behaviour of inoculated L. ...

Polygalacturonic acid (PGA) synthase successively transfers galacturonic acid to oligogalacturonic acid by an alpha1,4-linkage to synthesize PGA, the backbone of plant pectic homogalacturonan. PGA synthase has not been purified to date due to its instability in vitro. In this study, we found stable conditions in vitro and separated a minimum ...

From discovery synthesis of a zwitterionic pharmaceutical compound, 4-{[4-({[(3-isopropyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)carbonyl]amino}methyl)piperidin-1-yl]methyl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylic acid (compound A), two anhydrous ZW-I and ZW-II and two hydrate forms ZW-III and ZW-IV were identified. Although stable form ZW-I was chemically stable at 70 degrees C/75% RH for 10 days, it was transformed to hydrate form ZW-IV under ambient ...

This work provides a method to help recover nickel, cobalt metals and some of their salts having market value from spent nickel-metal hydride batteries (SNiB). The methodology used benefits the solubility of the battery electrode materials in sulfuric or hydrochloric acids. The results obtained showed that sulfuric acid was slightly ...

Changes in optical rotation of some alpha-amino acids are induced by electrolytes. Such effects on l- and d-enantiomers of a range of amino acids are explored for sodium salts with varying anion. The amino acids studied were alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, proline, threonine, and tryptophan. The anion's polarizability ...

Experimental and theoretical results for the thermodynamic properties of polyanetholesulfonic acid and its lithium, sodium, and cesium salts in aqueous solution at 298 K are presented. The osmotic pressure was measured using membrane and vapor pressure apparatus in the concentration range c(m) = 0.001-0.30 monomoles/dm(3). The osmotic coefficients obtained from ...

Although acidification of feed water is a common practice to prevent scaling of the sparingly soluble minerals in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis processes, the change of acidity may have a potentially adverse impact on colloidal fouling, which is another important type of fouling on the membranes. In this paper, commonly ...

OBJECTIVES: Acrylophosphonic acid (H(2)L) was reacted with biological apatite originating from dental enamel powder in order to identify and study the reaction products formed during the use of self-etch monomers. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) showed the formation of brushite and a calcium salt of acrylophosphonic acid. This Ca salt ...

We report for the first time the application of chlorofullerene C60Cl6 as a substrate for straightforward preparation of highly water-soluble fullerene derivatives, promising compounds for investigation of the biological action of fullerenes in vitro and in vivo. Methyl esters of phenylacetic and benzylmalonic acids were used as reagents in the ...

In this paper, we are reporting the influence of addition of aromatic acids (anthranilic and benzoic acid) and their sodium salts on the micellar morphological changes in three cationic gemini surfactant solutions, viz. 5 mM tetramethylene-1,4-bis(N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide), 10 mM pentamethylene-1,5-bis(N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide), and 10 mM hexamethylene-1,6-bis(N,-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide). The solubilization site of ...

The reaction of Zincke salts with primary amines to give pyridinium salts generally requires rather elevated temperature to go to completion (50-100 degrees C). It is shown that the addition of 1 equiv of a secondary amine allows formation, at ambient temperature, of intermediate aminopentadiene imine salts which can be ...

The accelerating effect of quinones has been studied in the bio-decolorization processes, but there are no literatures about the incorporation bio-treatment technology of the bromoamine acid (BA) wastewater and azo dyes wastewaters under high-salt conditions (NaCl, 15%, w/w). Here we described the BA wastewater as a redox mediator in the ...

Salt formation is the most common and effective method of increasing solubility and dissolution rates of acidic and basic drugs. In this article, physicochemical principles of salt solubility are presented, with special reference to the influence of pH-solubility profiles of acidic and basic drugs on salt formation and dissolution. Non-ideality ...

The work here described aimed to find out the location of the different species of two families of pharmaceutical substances, namely two beta-blockers (atenolol and nadolol) and two benzodiazepines (midazolam and nitrazepam) in synthetic (sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS) and natural (bile salts-sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate) micellar aggregate solutions. Electronic ...

Ambroxol theophylline-7-acetate (ACE) is the salt obtained by reaction of equimolar amounts of ambroxol (AMB), a drug showing mucolytic and expectorant properties, and theophylline-7-acetic acid (TAA), a xanthine derivative with specific bronchodilator activity. ACE is used for the treatment of bronchial and pulmonary diseases (bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, chronic obstructive disease). ...

A structural analysis of over 80 salts and cocrystals synthesized from equimolar amounts of carboxylic acids and N-heterocycles demonstrates that salt formation as a result of proton transfer from the acid to the base frequently (11/24; 45%) results in a lattice with an unpredictable chemical (solvate) or stoichiometric composition. However, ...

The objective of this study was to improve the properties of shellac by composite salts formation. The shellac samples were prepared in various salt forms by dissolving them with 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and ammonium hydroxide (AMN) at various ratios of AMP:AMN. The results demonstrated that aqueous solubility of the shellac salts ...

A facile and general protocol for the preparation of isothiocyanates from alkyl and aryl amines is reported. This method relies on a tosyl chloride mediated decomposition of a dithiocarbamate salt that is generated in situ by treatment of an amine with carbon disulfide and triethylamine. Utilizing this protocol, we have ...

The synthesis of docetaxel esters of malic acid is described. These compounds were found to have greatly improved water solubility and are stable in solution at neutral pH. The C2' modified compounds 2a-c and 3a-c behave as prodrugs, that is, docetaxel is generated upon exposure to human plasma, whereas the ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the action of eight chemical principles by disinfection efficacy (DE) of Eimeria tenella oocysts. Disinfection efficacy was evaluated by either destruction or sporulation inhibition of the oocysts. Eight treatments were performed: T1 (Glutaraldehyde 42.5 g + Benzalkonium Chloride 7.5 g); ...

A new approach was explored to purify proteins in a multi-step procedure for the characterisation of proteinaceous materials (casein, animal glue, and egg) in artwork samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. High concentrations of inorganic salts, such as azurite, have been found to impair the determination of protein via amino acid ...

Fumaric acid esters (FAE) are chemical compounds derived from the unsaturated dicarbonic acid fumaric acid. The usage of FAEs in treatment of psoriasis was introduced in the late 1950's. In the 1980s more standardized oral preparations of FAEs were developed containing dimethylfumarate (DMF) and salts of monoethylfumarate (MEF) as main ...

Kinetically stable proteins are unique in that their stability is determined solely by kinetic barriers rather than by thermodynamic equilibria. To better understand how kinetic stability promotes protein survival under extreme environmental conditions, we analyzed the unfolding behavior and determined the structure of Nocardiopsis alba Protease A (NAPase), an acid-resistant, ...

The THz spectra of amino acids after application of spots of acetone were measured. The 0.6 THz band was commonly observed in many amino acids that formed the intra-molecular salt structure. The band can be attributed to the interaction vibration from the common structural configuration of amino acids and acetone ...

The aim of this study was to increase the stability of shellac because of the polymerization. A few approaches have been applied in this study. Shellac film was prepared in two salt forms, that is, ammonium and 2-methyl-2-amino 1-propanol salts, and a comparison was made with shellac film in free ...

Hydrophobic bile salts activate NADPH oxidase through a ceramide- and PKCzeta-dependent pathway as an important upstream event of bile salt-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. The mechanisms underlying bile salt-induced ceramide formation have remained unclear to date and thus were studied in rat hepatocytes. Proapoptotic bile salts, such as taurolithocholylsulfate (TLCS), lowered the ...

Growth of the lactic acid bacterium Oenococcus oeni under hyperosmotic constraint was investigated in a chemically defined medium. The bacterium could grow on media with an elevated osmolality, preferably below 1.5 Osm kg(-)(1) H(2)O. At osmolalities comprised between 0.6 and 1.5 Osm kg(-)(1) H(2)O, the growth deficit elicited by the ...

Wet oxidation tests were performed on two pure compound streams: acetic acid and ammonia; and on two wastewater streams: acrylic acid wastewater and sulphide laden spent caustic. Test results showed that Mn/Ce and Pt/TiO2 were effective catalysts that greatly enhanced acetic acid, ammonia and acrylic acid wastewater destruction. However, the ...