Abstract Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) is a small molecule that is involved in bacterial cell-to-cell signaling whose precursor formation is mediated by luxS. A luxS mutant of Salmonella Typhimurium PJ002 (ΔluxS) was grown in glucose-containing M-9 minimal medium supplemented with varying concentrations (1×, 10×, and 100×) of long-chain fatty acids (linoleic acid, ...

Francisella tularensis is a remarkably infectious facultative intracellular pathogen that causes the zoonotic disease tularemia. Essential to F. tularensis spp. pathogenesis is its ability to escape the destructive phagosomal environment and inhibit the host cell respiratory burst. F. tularensis spp. encode a series of acid phosphatases, which have been reported ...

Several N-linked amino acid-linoleic acid conjugates were studied for their potential as anti inflammatory agents. The parent molecule, N-linoleoylglycine was tested in an in vivo model, the mouse peritonitis assay where it showed activity in reducing leukocyte migration at doses as low as 0.3mg/kg when administered by mouth in safflower ...

OBJECTIVE: Macrophages play an important role in immunogenic challenges and can aggravate and propagate local inflammation. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 pathways can regulate these inflammatory processes by modulating expression of proinflammatory genes. Bioactive molecules present in food, such as procyanidins and polyunsaturated fatty acids, possess antiinflammatory ...

BACKGROUND: Traditional medicines and health supplements have historically been used to treat many illnesses but most of them have not been evaluated objectively to prove their efficacy. We have been investigating the effects of royal jelly (RJ) supplements on acetic acid-induced colitis on the distribution of CD3(+), CD5(+), CD45(+) T-cell ...

Lipid mediators derived from essential fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, play important roles in physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. Prostaglandins, thromboxane, and leukotrienes are well-known eicosanoids that play critical roles in hemodynamics and inflammation. New families of mediators were recently uncovered that constitute a new genus stimulating resolution of acute ...

Two new triterpenes, 29-hydroxydehydrotumulosic acid (1) and 29-hydroxydehydropachymic acid (2), together with six known compounds, dehydropachymic acid (3), dehydrotumulosic acid (4), 29-hydroxypolyporenic acid C (5), polyporenic acid C (6), tumulosic acid (7), and pachymic acid (8), were isolated from the dried sclerotia of Poria cocos. In the in vitro bioassays, ...

The activity-guided fractionation of the MeOH extract of the rhizomes and roots of Nardostachys chinensis led to the isolation of two new sesquiterpenoids, narchinol B (8) and narchinol C (9), along with 10 known compounds, ursolic acid (1), nardosinone (2), pinoresinol (3), desoxo-narchinol A (4), kanshone B (5), epoxyconiferyl alcohol ...

Itaconic acid, or methylenesuccinic acid, is not generally classified as a mammalian metabolite. Using NMR based metabolomics and 13C-labeling, we have detected itaconic acid in both macrophage-like VM-M3 and RAW 264.7 tumor cell lines as well as stimulated and unstimulated primary murine macrophages. Macrophage activation by addition of lipopolysaccharide and ...

Cholesteryl esters (CE) are important lipid storage molecules. The present study demonstrates that sodiated adducts of CE molecular species form positive ions that can be detected in both survey scan mode as well as by exploiting class-specific fragmentation in MS/MS scan modes. A common neutral loss for CE is the ...

Dietary fatty acid type alters atherosclerotic lesion progression and macrophage lipid accumulation. Incompletely elucidated are the mechanisms by which fatty acids differing in double-bond geometric or positional configuration alter arterial lipid accumulation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of using Tamm-Horsfall protein 1 (THP-1) macrophages as ...

Oxyprenylated naturally occurring cinnamic acids displayed efficient and promising biological activities. Aim of this study was to characterize the effects of 3-(4'-geranyl-3'-methoxy)phenyl-2-trans propenoic acid and its selected semi-synthetic analogues, on COX-2 expression and activity, and on COX-1 activity, in purified systems or in whole cell systems. The anti-inflammatory activity of ...

The development of atherosclerotic lesions and abdominal aortic aneurysms involves degradation and loss of extracellular matrix components, such as collagen and elastin. Releases of the elastin cross-links desmosine (DES) and isodesmosine (IDE) may reflect elastin degradation in cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the production of soluble elastin cross-linking structures by ...

Eicosadienoic acid (Δ11,14-20:2; EDA) is a rare, naturally occurring n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) found mainly in animal tissues. EDA is elongated from linoleic acid (LA), and can also be metabolized to dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), arachidonic acid (AA), and sciadonic acid (Δ5,11,14-20:3; SCA). Although, the metabolism of EDA has been ...

Two billion people are latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb-infected macrophages are likely to be sequestered inside the hypoxic environments of the granuloma and differentiate into lipid-loaded macrophages that contain triacylglycerol (TAG)-filled lipid droplets which may provide a fatty acid-rich host environment for Mtb. We report here that human ...

Consumption of herbal medicines derived from Aristolochia plants is associated with a progressive tubulointerstitial disease known as aristolochic acid nephropathy. The nephrotoxin produced naturally by these plants is aristolochic acid I (AA-I), a nitrophenanthrene carboxylic acid that selectively targets the proximal tubule. This nephron segment is prone to toxic injury ...

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems and is derived from various inputs that control its turnover. Glaciers and ice sheets are the second largest water reservoir in the global hydrologic cycle, but little is known about glacial DOM composition or contributions to biogeochemical cycling. Here we employ ...

BACKGROUND: Orange flavour is the results of a natural combination of volatile compounds in a well-balanced system including sugars, acids and phenolic compounds. This paper reports the results of the first determination of aroma, organic acids, sugars, and phenolic components in Dortyol yerli orange juices. RESULTS: A total of 58 ...

A series of difunctionalized monosubstituted octasilsesquioxanes have been synthesized that bear ester, amino acid, alcohol, haloalkyl, or azido functional groups. These units are suitable nanobuilding blocks for the preparation of new organic-inorganic hybrid materials.

A bifunctional imidazolium linker was used for the production of highly crosslinked element organic frameworks by Suzuki-coupling with tetrafunctional boronic acids. The resulting porous materials are good heterogeneous organocatalysts in the N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed conjugated umpolung of α,β-unsaturated cinnamaldehyde.

The neutralization of acidic aerosols by ammonia has been studied through experiments which combine ambient air with laboratory generated sulfuric acid aerosol. Results indicated that acidic aerosol mixed with organic free air and ammonia was neutralized on a time scale <1 min, consistent with expectations. However, in the presence of ...

Magnetic cationic hydrogel (MCH) was synthesized, and its removal efficiency and mechanisms in regard to natural organic matter (NOM, represented by humic acid and fulvic acid) from the aqueous environment were studied. The effects of time, adsorbent dosage, initial pH, ionic strength, background ions, and NOM types were also investigated. ...

Carbonaceous chondrites are asteroidal meteorites that contain abundant organic materials. Given that meteorites and comets have reached the Earth since it formed, it has been proposed that the exogenous influx from these bodies provided the organic inventories necessary for the emergence of life. The carbonaceous meteorites of the Renazzo-type family ...

We analysed the changes in the metabolites of Lupinus albus organs (leaf-blades, petioles, apexes, hypocotyls and roots) as a consequence of B deficiency. The deficiency did not affect malate concentration and induced only minor changes in the sugars content, suggesting that the carbohydrate metabolism is little affected by the deficiency. ...

Due to its relatively low solubility, mimetite Pb(5)(AsO(4))(3)Cl may control Pb and As(V) solution levels at a low value in contaminated soils. The time-dependent dissolution of mimetite by low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) such as acetic, lactic, citric, and ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) was determined. At pH 3.5, the presence ...

Aims:  To study phosphate solubilization in Penicillium purpurogenum as function of medium pH, and carbon and nitrogen concentration. Methods and Results:  Tricalcium phosphate (CP) solubilization efficiency of Penicillium purpurogenum, was evaluated at acid or alkaline pH using different C and N sources. Glucose- and (NH(4) )(2) SO(4) -based media showed ...

A study was conducted to identify volatile organic compounds or volatiles produced by Candida intermedia strain C410 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and to determine efficacy of the volatiles of C. intermedia in suppression of conidial germination and mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea and control of botrytis fruit rot of strawberry. ...

Measurements of submicron particles by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in 14 campaigns in North America, Asia, South America, and Europe were used to identify characteristic organic functional group compositions of fuel combustion, terrestrial vegetation, and ocean bubble bursting sources, each of which often accounts for more than a third of ...

BACKGROUND: Organic crops are often thought to contain more phenolic secondary metabolites than conventional ones. This study evaluated the influence of organic and conventional farming on concentrations of phenolic acids in spring and winter wheat cultivars. RESULTS: Five phenolic acids were identified: ferulic, sinapic, p-coumaric, vanillic and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Ferulic ...

One-pot synthesis of spherical silver nanoparticles with excellent monodispersity in organic medium is presented in this account. Thermal decomposition of organometallic precursor, (hfac)Ag(PMe3) in the presence of oleic acid and oleylamine in o-xylene provides monodispersed silver nanospheres with the average diameters ranging from 15 to 18 nm and the deviations ...

The solid-state chiral optical properties of a 4-(2-arylethynyl)-benzoic acid/amine supramolecular organic fluorophore can be controlled by changing the arylethynyl group of the achiral 4-(2-arylethynyl)-benzoic acid component molecule rather than the chirality of the amine component molecule.

Organic acidurias or organic acidemias constitute a group of inherited disorders caused by deficient activity of specific enzymes of amino acids, carbohydrates or lipids catabolism, leading to large accumulation and excretion of one or more carboxylic (organic) acids. Affected patients usually present neurologic symptoms and abnormalities, sometimes accompanied by cardiac ...

Recently, portable Raman instrumentation has been in demand for geosciences and for future planetary exploration for the identification of both organic and inorganic compounds in situ on Earth and on other planetary bodies, especially on Mars. Here we present the results of the analysis of halite/β-carotene and halite/mellitic acid mixtures, ...

This study was performed to compare the effectiveness of individual treatments (ultrasound and organic acids) and their combination on reducing foodborne pathogens on organic fresh lettuce. Lettuce leaves were inoculated with a cocktail of three strains each of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes and treated with ultrasound ...

Bromide and algal pollution are important factors influencing disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation and speciation in reservoir water in coastal areas. In this study, the chlorination of model algal cellular compounds (bovine serum albumin, fish oil and starch), Microcystis aeruginosa and its extra-cellular organic matter (EOM) were conducted in the absence ...

Mammalian sPLA2-IB are well characterized. In contrast, much less is known about aquatic ones. The aquatic world contains a wide variety of living species and, hence represents a great potential for discovering new lipolytic enzymes. A marine stingray phospholipase A2 (SPLA2) was purified from delipidated pancreas. Purified SPLA2, which is ...

This study focused on the VFA (volatile fatty acid) profile variation with organic loading rate (OLR) of a two stage thermophilic anaerobic membrane bioreactor (TAnMBR). The two stage TAnMBR treating high strength molasses-based synthetic wastewater was operated under a side-stream partial sedimentation mode at 55°C. Reactor performances were studied at ...

Organic/hydroxyapatite (HA) hybrid composites are promising materials for orthopedic applications. Proteinoid/HA hybrid microsphere composite is an ideal material for bioresorbable and biocompatible three-dimensional scaffolds. Proteinoids are thermally condensed mixtures of amino acids, forming microspheres via self-assembly of proteinoid chains. Synthesis of an onion-type multilayer proteinoid/HA hybrid composite is achieved by ...

Organic/hydroxyapatite (HA) hybrid composites are promising materials for orthopedic applications. Proteinoid/HA hybrid microsphere composite is an ideal material for bioresorbable and biocompatible three-dimensional scaffolds. Proteinoids are thermally condensed mixtures of amino acids, forming microspheres via self-assembly of proteinoid chains. Synthesis of an onion-type multilayer proteinoid/HA hybrid composite is achieved by ...

Organic aerosol measurements with high temporal resolution can differentiate primary organic carbon (POC) from secondary organic carbon (SOC) and can be used to distinguish morning rush hour traffic emissions and subsequent photo-oxidation. In the current study, five hour filter samples were collected during the Summer Study for Organic Aerosols at ...

In the present study, sufu, an oriental fermented product of soybeans, was prepared by ripening the tofu cubes in Aspergillus oryzae fermented rice-soybean koji mash for 16 days at 37 °C. The sufu product was further kept at room temperature for another 30 days. Examining the changes in the sugar ...

To operate an anaerobic digester at low hydraulic retention time (HRT) is welcome in practice. This study characterized the extracellular biological organic matter (EBOM) and supernatant organics for a sewage sludge digested in a lab-scale mesophilic digester (5 l) running at an HRT of 20, 15 or 10 d. The ...

Cronobacter spp., formerly Enterobacter sakazakii, are considered emerging opportunistic pathogens and the etiological agent of life-threatening bacterial infections in infants. In the present study, C. sakazakii BCRC 13988 was first subjected to sub-lethal heat treatment at 47°C for 15min. Survival rates of the heat-shocked and non-shocked C. sakazakii cells in ...

The haloacetic acids (HAAs) are disinfection by-products (DBPs) that are formed during the disinfection of drinking water, wastewaters and recreational pool waters. Currently, five HAAs [bromoacetic acid (BAA), dibromoacetic acid (DBAA), chloroacetic acid (CAA), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA); designated as HAA5] are regulated by the U.S. EPA, ...

The utilization of organic fertilizer, a product of composted organic wastes, is being advocated in Nigeria as a solid waste management alternative. The application of such products near surface water could increase organic matter load of the aquatic environment, thus increasing the humic substance concentration that influence metal speciation and ...

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the second most prevalent class of disinfection byproducts found in drinking water. The implications of HAAs presence in drinking water are a public health concern due to their potential mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. In the present study, we examined the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of six ...

Kaurane diterpenes are considered important compounds in the development of new highly effective anticancer chemotherapeutic agents. Genotoxic effects of anticancer drugs in non-tumour cells are of special significance due to the possibility that they induce secondary tumours in cancer patients. In this context, we evaluated the genotoxic and mutagenic potential ...

Chemical disinfection of water generates harmful chemical compounds, known as disinfection by-products (DBPs). One class of DBPs is constituted by haloacetic acids (HAAs), the second major group in prevalence (after trihalomethanes) detected in finished drinking water. In this article, we report the results obtained in the evaluation of the chromosome ...

Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation using Fe(NO3)3 x 9H2O and Co(NO3)2 x 6H2O as the precursors, and its catalytic performance was investigated in ozonation of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (2,4-DP), nitrobenzene and oxalic acid. The experimental results indicated that Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 catalyst enabled an interesting improvement of ozonation efficiency during ...

Pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (pAOS) are non-digestible carbohydrates to be used in infant formulae and medical nutrition. To support its safety, the genotoxic potential of pAOS was evaluated. pAOS was not mutagenic in the Ames test. Positive results were obtained in the chromosome aberration test only at highly cytotoxic concentrations. The ...