BACKGROUND & AIMS: Alginate rafts (polysaccharide polymers that precipitate into a low-density viscous gel when they contact gastric acid) have been reported to form at the acid pocket-an unbuffered pool of acid that floats on top of ingested food and causes post-prandial acid reflux. We studied the location of an ...

BACKGROUND: Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are esophageal nociceptors that are candidates to mediate heartburn in non-erosive reflux disease (NERD). Amiloride, a diuretic, is known to inhibit ASICs. For this reason, we sought a role for ASICs in mediating heartburn by determining whether amiloride could block heartburn in NERD induced by ...

The nadir esophageal pH of reflux observed during pH monitoring in the postprandial period is often more acidic than the concomitant intragastric pH. This paradox prompted the discovery of the "acid pocket", an area of unbuffered gastric acid that accumulates in the proximal stomach after meals and serves as the ...

Mechanisms of progression from Barrett's esophagus (BE) to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) are not known. Cycloxygenase-2 (COX2)-derived prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) has been shown to be important in esophageal tumorigenesis. We have shown that COX2 mediates acid-induced PGE(2) production. The prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) responsible for acid-induced PGE(2) production in BE, however, ...

The effect of proton pump inhibitors on the characteristics of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in children and adolescents was evaluated. Twenty-one children and adolescents with symptoms suggesting GER disease (GERD) underwent upper endoscopy and a 24-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance/pH (MII-pH) monitoring before and at the end of 2 months of therapy ...

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a major role in pain processing and hypersensitivity. This study investigated whether PGE2 levels are increased in the esophageal mucosa after acid infusion and if increases in PGE2 are associated with heartburn. Furthermore, expression of the PGE2 receptor, EP1 was investigated in human esophageal mucosa. Fourteen ...

OBJECTIVES:Intact esophageal mucosal integrity is essential to prevent symptoms during gastroesophageal reflux events. Approximately 70% of patients with heartburn have macroscopically normal esophageal mucosa. In patients with heartburn, persistent functional impairment of esophageal mucosal barrier integrity may underlie remaining symptoms. Topical protection of a functionally vulnerable mucosa may be an ...

OBJECTIVES:Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a common strategy for the prevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). After RFA, the ablated esophagus heals on acid suppressive therapy, and is re-populated with a stratified squamous epithelium, referred to as "neosquamous epithelium (NSE)." Because the ability of the NSE to protect ...

The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate the lansoprazole (LPZ)-loaded microparticles to prevent nocturnal acid breakthrough in the case of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). The microparticulate delivery system was prepared by solvent evaporation method using Eudragit RS100 as a matrix polymer followed by enteric coated with Eudragit ...

Acid suppression, with proton pump inhibitors (PPI), is the mainstay of therapy for reflux disease; despite this, symptoms and injury persist in many patients. Novel approaches have focused on (1) augmenting acid suppression with reformulated current PPIs, new PPIs or new acid pump blockers and (2) preventing reflux with reflux ...

BACKGROUND: The esophageal intraluminal baseline impedance may be used to evaluate the status of mucosa integrity. Esophageal acid exposure decreases the baseline impedance. We aimed to compare baseline impedance in patients with various reflux events and with different acid-related parameters, and investigate the relationships between epithelial histopathologic abnormalities and baseline ...

BACKGROUND: Nissen-Collis gastroplasty (NCG) is an effective treatment for short esophagus, but it sometimes is associated with abnormal postoperative esophageal acid exposure. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that NCG prevents gastric reflux and that pathologic distal esophagus acid exposure is due to prolonged acid clearance in the ...

The present study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of Linum usitatissimum fixed oil on experimental esophagitis in albino rats. Group of rats (n = 6), treated with vehicle control (0.9% NaCl, 3 mL/kg, i.p.) or L. usitatissimum fixed oil (1, 2, 3 mL/kg, i.p.) or omeprazole (30 mg/kg, i.p.). ...

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is an intestinal metaplasia of the distal esophagus in which squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium. It is considered as a premalignant lesion, which can lead to esophageal adenocarcinoma, a very aggressive type of cancer, and can often be found in patients with gastro-esophageal reflux ...

A self-quenched zinc(ii) phthalocyanine dimer linked with an acid-sensitive ketal unit has been prepared, which can be activated in an acidic environment (pH = 5.0-6.5) as a result of the cleavage of the ketal linker and separation of the phthalocyanine units, resulting in enhanced fluorescence emission and singlet oxygen production.

Hybrid incompatibility (HI) genes are frequently observed to be rapidly evolving under selection. This observation has led to the attractive conjecture that selection-derived protein-sequence divergence is culpable for incompatibilities in hybrids. The Drosophila simulans HI gene Lethal hybrid rescue (Lhr) is an intriguing case, because despite having experienced rapid sequence ...

Solid-state and powder properties of softwood lignin and cellulose prepared by a new catalytic oxidation and acid precipitation method were characterised and compared with the commercial softwood and hardwood lignin and cellulose products. Catalytic pre-treated softwood lignin (CPSL) and cellulose (CPSC) were isolated from pine wood (Pinus sylvestris). CPSL with ...

The roles of benzoic acid and water on the Michael reaction of pentanal and nitrostyrene catalyzed by diarylprolinol silyl ether are revealed by density functional theory calculations. The calculations demonstrate that the benzoic acid is ready to attack the catalysts and form a hydrogen bond between the hydrogen atom of ...

This study presents a new approach for direct carboxyalkylation of chitosan in the gel state by using aza-Michael addition and substitution reactions. Various reagents were applied including acrylic and crotonic acids, and α-, β-, γ-, δ-, and ɛ-halocarboxylic acids. The reaction of chitosan with γ- and δ-halocarboxylic acids showed no ...

Structural features of hydrogen thioperoxide (oxadisulfane, H-S-O-H) and of alkanesulfenic acids (R-S-O-H; R = CH3, CH2CH3, CH2CH2CH3, CH(CH3)2, C(CH3)3, CF3, CCl3) and the mechanisms of their dehydrative cyclocondensation to the respective sulfinothioic acid (H-(S=O)-S-H) and alkyl alkanethiosulfinates (R-(S=O)-S-R) have been studied using CCSD(T) and QCISD(T) with the cc-pVDZ basis set ...

Solid-state NMR and DFT calculation studies certified the presence of an intermolecular solvent effect for molecules confined in microporous zeolite, leading to a notable increase in Brønsted acidity of the solid acid catalyst.

In the catabolic state with no food intake, the liver generates ketones by breaking down fatty acids. During the nocturnal fast or longer starvation periods, this protects the brain, which cannot oxidize fatty acids. In 1977, we published a study in the JCI noting the surprising realization that malonyl-CoA, the ...

The ionization behavior of an amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly(nbutyl acrylate50%-stat-acrylic acid50%)100-block-poly(acrylic acid)100 (P(nBA50%-stat-AA50%)100-b-PAA100, DH50) and of its equivalent triblock copolymer P(nBA50%-stat-AA50%)100-b-PAA200-b-P(nBA50%-stat-AA50%)100 (TH50) were studied by potentiometric titration either in pure water or in 0.5M NaCl. These polymers consist of a hydrophilic acidic block (PAA) connected to a hydrophobic block, P(nBA50%-stat-AA50%)100, ...

Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) usually catalyze the biosynthesis of peptide natural products by sequential selection, activation, and condensation of amino acid precursors. It was reported that some fatty acids, α-ketoacids, and α-hydroxyacids originating from amino acid metabolism as well as polyketide-derived units can also be used by NRPS assembly lines ...

Citrate is the main low mass molecule chelator of aluminum in serum, and knowledge of the interaction mode of this organic molecule with this cation is necessary to understand aluminum speciation in biosystems. However, the 1 ∶ 1 complexation of citric acid to Al(iii) is a complex process due to the myriad ...

The process of amino acid replacement in proteins is context-dependent, with substitution rates influenced by local structure, functional role, and amino acids at other locations. Predicting how these differences affect replacement processes is difficult. To make such inference easier, it is often assumed that the acceptabilities of different amino acids ...

It was of interest to determine the solid-state acidity of chitin-metal silicate coprocessed excipients and to correlate this acidity to the chemical stability of cefotaxime sodium in the presence of the aforementioned excipients. The solid-state acidities of chitin aluminum silicate, chitin magnesium silicate, and chitin calcium silicate were determined by ...

Coherent manipulation of molecular wavepackets in biomolecules might contribute to the quest towards label-free cellular imaging and protein identification. We report the use of optimally tailored UV laser pulses in pump-probe depletion experiments that selectively enhance or decrease fluorescence between two aromatic amino acids: tryptophan (Trp) and tyrosine (Tyr). Selective ...

The synthesis of dyes based on a highly substituted terephthalic acid core is described, starting from readily available 2,5-dihydroxy-terephthalic acid diethyl ester. The dyes are highly colored, soluble in organic solvents and reasonably fluorescent in solution and in the solid state. The maxima for absorption and emission are around 402 ...

Combinatorial libraries of peptoids (oligo-N-substituted glycines) have proven to be useful sources of protein ligands. Each unit of the peptoid oligomer is derived from 2-haloacetic acid and a primary amine. To increase the chemical diversity available in peptoid libraries, we demonstrate here that heterocyclic halomethyl carboxylic acids can be employed ...

Context: Rice [Oryza sativa L. (Gramineae)] bran is a rich source of phytochemicals. Its oil also contains several bioactive components that exhibit antioxidative properties such as ferulic acid (F), γ-oryzanol (O), and phytic acid (P) which can be a new source of cosmetic raw materials. Objective: To evaluate the anti-aging ...

Protective gloves are used to reduce dermal exposure when managing chemical exposures at the work place. Different glove materials may offer different degrees of protection. The present study combined the traditional ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) model with the Franz diffusion cell to evaluate overall penetration through glove ...

The present study aimed to evaluate the photoprotective effects of cosmetic formulations containing a dispersion of liposome with magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, alpha-lipoic acid and kinetin, as well as their effects on the hydration and viscoelastic skin properties. The photoprotection was determined in vitro (antioxidant activity) and in vivo on UV-irradiated ...

The effect of a homologue series of nonionic surfactants, namely poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) fatty acid esters, differing in oxyethylene (PEG 8, PEG 12, and PEG 40) and fatty acid (stearate, mono and di-laurate, and mono and di-oleate) chain lengths, on in vitro skin permeability of ketoprofen (KTP) vehicled in plasters ...

Background: L-ascorbic acid has been widely used to treat photo-aged skin. However, its aqueous formula is prone to oxidation. Therefore, a new formula that contains 23.8% L-ascorbic acid and a chemical penetration enhancer was developed. Objective: Observe the efficacy and safety of topical 23.8% L-ascorbic acid serum on photo-aged skin. ...

Haruan (Channa striatus) extract was formulated to aerosol for wound and burn treatment. Haruan extract is containing amino acids and fatty acids that important for wound healing process. The purpose of this study is to observe the effect of formulation and other excipients in the formula to amino acids and ...

Recently we reported that rice salicylic acid (SA) glucosyltransferase (OsSGT) is active toward 12-hydroxyjasmonic acid (tuberonic acid, TA) and that OsSGT gene expression is induced by wounding stress. Here we report that tobacco SA glucosyltransferase (NtSGT), which is thought to be an ortholog of OsSGT, is also active toward TA. ...

Pelargonic acid and its esters function as skin-conditioning agents in cosmetics. Molecular weight (mw) and octanol-water partition coefficient data suggest that dermal penetration is possible. The biohandling of branched-chain fatty acids is not the same as for straight-chain fatty acids, but the differences are not significant to the conclusion that ...

Palm kernel oil is a vegetable oil derived from Elaeis guineensis and widely used in neonatal settings for skin care. It is a good emollient with a beneficial effect in moisturizing the skin and preventing transdermal heat and water loss. However, it's putative roles in the prevention or treatment of ...

The synthesis of graft copolymer (κ-carrageenan-g-vinylsulfonic acid) is carried out in nitrogen atmosphere using potassium peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and malonic acid (MA) as redox system. The effect of reaction variables including the concentration of vinylsulfonic acid 1.3×10(-2) to 6.7×10(-2)moldm(-3), PMS 4×10(-3) to 20×10(-3)moldm(-3), MA 1.6×10(-3) to 4.8×10(-3)moldm(-3), sulfuric acid 1×10(-3) to ...

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of oleic acid modified polymeric bilayered nanoparticles (NPS) on combined delivery of two anti-inflammatory drugs, spantide II (SP) and ketoprofen (KP) on the skin permeation. NPS were prepared using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and chitosan. SP and KP were encapsulated ...

Tympanic membrane perforation represents a significant morbidity, especially if it occurs during a child's speech and language development. Recently, there has been an increased interest in hyaluronic-acid-related research and products as a potential therapeutic option for tympanic membrane perforation repair. AREAS COVERED: This review describes the physical and chemical properties ...

Five fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, myristic, lauric and capric) were incorporated in 10% (w/w) into ointment formulation and their influence on lipophilic model drug tolnaftate release in vitro and enhancing effect on tolnaftate penetration into epidermis and dermis of human skin ex vivo were investigated. The prepared ointments were tested ...

Context: The galls of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) frequently appear in many Thai Lanna medicinal plant recipes for promotion of longevity. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the skin anti-aging of gel containing niosomes loaded with a semi-purified fraction containing gallic acid from T. chebula galls. Method: ...

Many systemic and local factors contribute to gastrointestinal tract anastomoses dehiscence, which is a serious and potentially fatal postoperative complication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acid and ascorbic acid on the healing of ischemic colon anastomosis. 40 Wistar Albino rats weighing between ...

The effect of fatty acids on the skin permeation of donepezil base (DPB) and its hydrochloride salt (DPH) were studied in vitro using hairless mouse and human cadaver skin. DPB and DPH were solubilized in propylene glycol (PG) containing 1% (w/v) fatty acid, after which the in vitro permeation through ...

Conventional chitosan hydrogels exhibit an acidic nature and contain unfavorable additives because (i) chitosan is soluble only in acidic solutions and (ii) toxic chemicals or proteins of non-human origin that serve as antigens are necessary for preparing chitosan hydrogels. These characteristics of the chitosan hydrogels limit their possibilities as wound ...

Abstract Melasma, a hypermelanosis of the face, is a common skin problem of middle-aged women of all racial groups, especially with dark complexion. Its precise etio-pathogenesis is evasive, genetic influences, exposure to sunlight, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, estrogen-progesterone therapies, thyroid dysfunction, cosmetics and drugs have been proposed. Centro-facial, malar and mandibular ...

We describe, for the first time, the use of topical tranexamic acid as an adjunct to traditional methods in the control of bleeding in burns surgery. We illustrate our use with a case example and continue to discuss the reasons we believe it is a useful, effective and safe means ...

Chronic venous leg ulcers are a major health issue and represent an often overlooked area of biomedical research. Nevertheless, it is becoming increasingly evident that new approaches to enhance healing outcomes may arise through better understanding the processes involved in the formation of chronic wounds. We have for the first ...