Thiazolidinediones are used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus because they decrease plasma glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and fatty acid levels. Thiazolidinediones are agonists for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, a nuclear receptor that is highly expressed in fat tissue. We identify glyceroneogenesis as a target of thiazolidinediones in cultured adipocytes and ...

BACKGROUND: Alpha-linolenic acid may protect against cardiovascular disease. We examined the association between adipose tissue alpha-linolenic acid and nonfatal acute myocardial infarction (MI) in a population-based case-control study in Costa Rica. METHODS AND RESULTS: The 482 case patients with a first nonfatal acute MI and 482 population control subjects were ...

Peat and various peat extracts have been successfully applied for a variety of clinical indications. Quite apart from the physico-thermal effects, new studies point towards the so-called "chemical effects" of peat containing substances. These effects include a stimulatory response of the spontaneous contractile activity (SCA) of smooth muscle (SM) tissue. ...

To explore the hypothesis that proliferating lymphoid cells in immune-stimulated lymph nodes obtain nutrients locally from adjacent adipose tissue, adult guinea pigs were fed for 6 weeks on standard chow or on chow supplemented with 100 g suet, sunflower oil or fish oil/kg. All the guinea pigs ate standard chow ...

OBJECTIVE: To examine effects of dietary protein quality (casein [CA] vs corn gluten [CG]) and dietary lipids (corn oil [CO] vs oil blend [OB] rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids [LCPUFAs]) on fatty acid composition in liver and adipose tissue after weight loss in overweight cats. ANIMALS: 24 ovariohysterectomized adult ...

Exogenously supplied auxin (1-naphthaleneacetic acid) inhibited light-induced activity increase of polyamine oxidase (PAO), a hydrogen peroxide-producing enzyme, in the outer tissues of maize (Zea mays) mesocotyl. The same phenomenon operates at PAO protein and mRNA accumulation levels. The wall-bound to extractable PAO activity ratio was unaffected by auxin treatment, either ...

PURPOSE: To calibrate and compare intake of different fats and individual fatty acids as assessed with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) against that estimated with (i) a series of dietary recalls and; (ii) the relative fat concentration in an adipose tissue biopsy. The FFQ was specially designed for use in ...

Data presented in this paper show that the size of the endogenous coenzyme Q (CoQ) pool is not a limiting factor in the activation of mitochondrial glycerophosphate-dependent respiration by exogenous CoQ(3), since successive additions of succinate and NADH to brown adipose tissue mitochondria further increase the rate of oxygen uptake. ...

Sessile marine animals, such as sponges, are prone to infection by prokaryotic as well as by eukaryotic attacking organisms. Using the sponge Suberites domuncula we document for the first time that in its apoptotic tissue a toxic compound is produced that very likely controls the elimination of the dying tissue. ...

In temperate species, hibernation is enhanced by high levels of essential fatty acids in white adipose tissue. Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by mammals, thus nutritional ecology should play a key role in physiological adaptations to hibernation. Tropical hibernators are exposed to different physiological demands than hibernators in temperate ...

The objective of the present study was to investigate the relation between adipose tissue polyunsaturated fatty acids, an index of long-term or habitual fatty acid dietary intake, and depression. The sample consisted of 247 healthy adults (146 males, 101 females) from the island of Crete. The number of subjects with ...

The current study examined the acute effects of intravenous propionate infusion on plasma hormones and metabolites and the expression of adipose tissue lipogenic genes. Four yearling rams were assigned to one oftwo groups (saline or propionate infusion) in a crossover design. All sheep were cannulated in both jugular veins and ...

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the superfamily of ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors. Three PPAR subtypes, PPARalpha, PPARdelta (PPARbeta) and PPARgamma, have been described in mammals. The tissue distribution of PPARs is heterogeneous: PPARalpha is highly expressed in liver and skeletal muscle, PPARgamma is preferentially expressed in adipose tissues, ...

Thermogenic endurance and development of metabolic cold adaptation in birds may critically depend on their ability to synthesize and use fatty acids (FA) as fuel substrates. Hepatic lipogenesis and the capacity to oxidize FA in thermogenic tissues were measured in cold-acclimated (CA) ducklings (Cairina moschata) showing original mechanisms of metabolic ...

N-arachidonylglycine (NAGly), the carboxylic analog of the endocannabinoid anandamide, occurs in rat and bovine brain as well as in peripheral sites and shows activity against tonic, formalin-induced pain. It was also observed, using cell membrane preparations, that it inhibits the hydrolytic activity of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) on anandamide ...

BACKGROUND: Biomarkers can provide a more accurate measure of long-term intake than can dietary questionnaires. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to identify which adipose tissue fatty acids are suitable biomarkers of intake as assessed with a validated food-frequency questionnaire. DESIGN: Costa Rican men with a mean (+/- SD) age of 56 ...

Using stable isotopic labeling of dietary fatty acids in conjunction with arteriovenous difference measurements, we have assessed the regulation of lipoprotein lipase-derived fatty acid entrapment in subcutaneous adipose tissue and forearm muscle in healthy subjects in the postprandial state. Eight volunteers fasted overnight and were then given a mixed meal ...

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was infused intravenously for 2.5 h in seven healthy human volunteers at a dose giving rise to a circulating IL-6 concentration of approximately 35 ng l(-1). The metabolic effects of this infusion were studied in subcutaneous adipose tissue on the anterior abdominal wall and in the splanchnic tissues ...

Numerous inhalation studies have demonstrated that exposure to high concentrations of a wide range of volatile acids and esters results in cytotoxicity to the nasal olfactory epithelium. Previously, a hybrid computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) dosimetry model was constructed to estimate the regional tissue dose of ...

This study examines fuel use and metabolism in a group of long-distance migrating birds, red knots Calidris canutus (Scolopacidae), flying under controlled conditions in a wind tunnel for up to 10 h. Data are compared with values for resting birds fasting for the same time. Plasma levels of free fatty ...

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to have an effect on subcutaneous fatty acid composition and has been reported to decrease stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) activity by decreasing mRNA expression and(or) catalytic activity in rodents and rodent cell lines. This investigation was designed to study the effects of ...

AIMS: To develop a method to preserve lipids in formalin-fixed tissues for staining in paraffin sections, and to illustrate its use in lung and brain of a fat embolism case, and in examples of fatty liver and atheroma. METHODS AND RESULTS: A saturated solution of linoleic acid in 70% ethylene ...

The position, porosity and oil-filled nature of the zygomatic process of the squamosal bone (ZPSB) of the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris, suggest that it may have a similar sound conduction function to that of the intramandibular fat body (IMFB) of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, and other odontocetes. To ...

We have previously shown that maternal intake of essential fatty acids during late gestation and lactation affects the level of serum leptin in pups. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary essential fatty acids on leptin content in the milk of rat dams and ...

We have reported strong intrapair resemblances (IPRs) in serum phosphatidylcholine (PC) fatty acid composition within adult monozygotic twins living apart. This study assessed the contribution of genetic factors to changes in serum and adipose tissue fatty acids resulting from weight loss and followed by a subsequent year of weight maintenance. ...

We studied the effect of moderate undernutrition on the fatty acid composition of adipose tissues in reindeer calves (<1 year) between early winter and late spring. Calves studied in early winter (December) had grazed on natural pastures and were in good condition, while the calves in spring (April) had been ...

Energy balance in animals is a metabolic state that exists when total body energy expenditure equals dietary energy intake. Energy expenditure, or thermogenesis, can be subcategorized into groups of obligatory and facultative metabolic processes. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), through the activity of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), is responsible for nonshivering ...

The phytol derivatives phytanic acid and pristanic acid may activate nuclear hormone receptors and influence gene expression and cell differentiation. Phytanic acid induces brown adipocyte differentiation. It was determined that brown fat and brown adipocytes are sites of high gene expression of phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase, the enzyme required for initiation of ...

Acute ethanol intoxication increased triacylglycerides (TAG) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in liver and promoted the liberation of epinephrine. Four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)--aspirin, naproxen, nimesulide and piroxicam--prevented this increase in TAG and TBARS. Because fatty acids provided by adipose tissue contribute substantially to elevated hepatic TAG in ethanol-intoxicated ...

The influence of dietary tung oil, containing a high level of alpha-eleostearic acid (cis-9, trans-11, trans-13-octadecatrienoic acid, EA) on growth, egg production, and lipid and fatty acid compositions in tissues and egg yolks of laying hens was studied in White Leghorn hens. Forty-week-old hens were divided into three groups of ...

Adipose depots that contain lymph nodes, and probably intermuscular fat in skeletal and cardiac muscle, are specialized to provision adjacent tissue in a paracrine mode. Perinodal adipocytes respond selectively to various cytokines and incorporate proportionately more polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipolysis in the adipocytes of node-containing depots can be stimulated via ...

The formation of methanethiol and dimethyl disulfide in crushed, homogenized, and frozen-thawed tissues of broccoli florets was investigated. These volatile sulfur compounds were produced in crushed florets, but their formation was inhibited in frozen-thawed tissues. Only dimethyl disulfide was formed in homogenized tissues. High pH treatment triggered the release of ...

Our objective was to determine effects of dietary high-oleate (Oleate; 76% 18:1) or high-linoleate (Linoleate; 78% 18:2) safflower seeds on fatty acids in muscle and adipose tissue of feedlot lambs. White-faced ewe lambs (n = 36) were fed a beet pulp, oat hay, and soybean meal basal diet (Control), blocked ...

We have recently demonstrated that the common squid Todarodes pacificus express acidic lipids that were reactive with a monoclonal antibody A2B5. In the present study, two A2B5-reactive acidic lipids were isolated from squid hepatopancreatic tissue and characterized for their structures by methods including glycolipid overlay analysis, product analysis after sialidase ...

This study was performed to determine whether vitamin E supplementation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with insulin could affect the levels of fatty acid composition and malondialdehyde (MDA) of brain, liver and muscle tissues. Thirty Wistar albino rats were used during the experiments. They were randomly divided into three groups, ...

HYPOTHESES: Consumption of wild ruminant fat represented the primary lipid source for pre-agricultural humans. Hence, the lipid composition of these animals' tissues may provide insight into dietary requirements that offer protection from chronic disease in modern humans. METHOD: We examined the lipid composition of muscle, brain, marrow and subcutaneous adipose ...

The effect of alginic acid addition to 1% or 2% carteolol solutions on the ocular penetration of the drug has been evaluated in the pigmented rabbit. During single dose studies, an increase in bioavailability ranging from 40% to 60% was observed in the aqueous humor and in the iris-ciliary body. ...

In the present study, we characterized the effects of peroxisome proliferators (PP) on adipose tissue in mice. Treatment with potent PP, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 2-methyl-2-(p(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxy-naphthyl)-phenoxy)propionic acid, (4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)2-pyrimidinylthio) acetic acid, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, caused dramatic decreases in adipose tissue weight, whereas the moderately potent PP, acetylsalicylic acid, had a relatively ...

Measurement of shikimic acid accumulation in response to glyphosate inhibition of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase is a rapid and accurate assay to quantify glyphosate-induced damage in sensitive plants. Two methods of assaying shikimic acid, a spectrophotometric and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, were compared for their accuracy of recovering known amounts ...

Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) diverts energy from ATP synthesis to thermogenesis in the mitochondria of brown adipose tissue by catalysing a regulated leak of protons across the inner membrane. The functions of its homologues, UCP2 and UCP3, in other tissues are debated. UCP2 and UCP3 are present at much lower ...

Onion tissues of three varieties were evaluated for dietary fiber (DF) composition. Insoluble (IDF) and soluble (SDF) dietary fibers were subjected to acid hydrolysis, and the resultant neutral sugars, uronic acids, and Klason lignin were quantified. Brown skin exhibited the highest total dietary fiber (TDF) content (65.8%) on a dry ...

Reverse genetics technology offers the possibility to study the influence of particular amino acids of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) on adaptation to tissue culture. Genomic segments A and B of the very virulent (vv) IBDV field strain UK661 were completely cloned and sequenced, and the strain was rescued from ...

It is now clear that there are major regional differences in adipose tissue function as regards the uptake and release of fatty acids. Visceral adiposity is a good predictor of abnormal regulation of adipose tissue fuel export, but it is not the source of excess systemic FFA in humans. Regional ...

The aim of the present study was to study the influence of fatty acids on the adrenergic control of lipolysis both in vitro and in vivo. Human subcutaneous adipose tissue explants were cultured for 48 h in the presence of 100 microM bromopalmitate (BrPal), and lipolysis was measured in isolated ...

The bioconcentration of lipophilic organochlorines in ovine dentine in comparison to adipose tissue was examined. Sheep were given a single dose (0.2-1.4 mg/kg body wt) of individual polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) congeners (tetrachlorobiphenyls IUPAC Nos. 54 and 80, and hexachlorobiphenyls IUPAC Nos. 155 and 169) and organochlorine pesticides 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene) (4,4'-DDE) and hexachlorobenzene ...

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is expressed predominantly in white and brown adipose tissue where it is believed to play a crucial role in the lipolysis of stored triglycerides (TG), thereby providing the body with energy substrate in the form of free fatty acids (FFA). From in vitro assays, HSL is known ...

BACKGROUND: Abdominal obesity is associated with coronary risk, although causality is not well established. OBJECTIVE: In an obese Mediterranean population, we measured the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue, its relation with dietary fatty acids and central fat deposition, and its influence on plasma lipids and insulin. DESIGN: Adipose tissue ...

A role for uncoupling protein (UCP) 3 in fatty acid metabolism is reviewed within the context of our proposal, first put forward in 1998, that this homologue of UCP1 may be involved in the regulation of lipids as fuel substrate rather than in the mediation of thermogenesis. Since then, the ...

Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a small (9 kD) acidic protein that is an essential cofactor in plant fatty acid biosynthesis. Most plants have several isoforms of ACP, some of which are expressed constitutively and others that appear to be more tissue specific. Although the critical role of ACP in ...

BACKGROUND: Acipimox is a hypolipidaemic agent reducing serum concentrations of triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids. Acipimox may reduce triglyceride synthesis by decreasing non-esterified fatty acid availability from adipocytes, but this effect has yet to be demonstrated in vivo. Lipolysis after acipimox treatment was examined in subcutaneous adipose tissue of severely ...