If the initial use of amoxicillin fails to cure otitis media, a family will be burdened with medical costs for a second medication, additional office visit fees and time lost from employment. For some families the initial choice of a more expensive but more effective antibiotic may be more cost ...

"This paper extends the work of Ethier on illegal immigration by examining the optimal level of enforcement for the labor-importing country in a two-country model and by considering the effects of allowing capital mobility. We derive a formula for the optimal level of enforcement against firms that hire illegal workers, ...

In this paper a systemic or national approach to cost-effectiveness analysis of risk-reduction measures is reviewed, and its advantages and limitations are discussed. The method is applied to the problem of the cost-effectiveness of increasing the Angra 3 NPP containment wall thickness from the present 60 cm to 180 cm ...

A comparison has been made of the effects on the gingivae of occlusally and gingivally approaching clasps. The effect on the gingivae has been assessed by measuring plaque accumulation, crevicular temperature and microbial distribution in patients and students wearing appliances. Habitual and nil oral hygiene regimes have been used to ...

This study assessed the effects of New York State's recently adopted mandatory seat belt use law on teenage drivers. Teenage drivers were observed as they entered high school parking lots before the law was adopted, after it was adopted but before it was effective, one month after the effective date, ...

Concerns about cost containment in the health care industry have caused many hospital P & T Committees to focus on developing measures for curtailing drug costs, and antibiotics have been a principal area of this focus focus. The development of an educationally based program created to bring an awareness to ...

Attempts to test the hypothesis that Clinical Pastoral Education is an effective means of training people for ministry by surveying former CPE students using a questionnaire. Concludes from statistical analyses of results that the particular program surveyed produced lasting effects. A critical response in which limitations of the survey are ...

The effectiveness of a program designed to eliminate exposure to a risk factor may be enhanced by selecting specific subpopulations for the intervention effort. A second factor is called an intervention effect modifier of the first factor if the effect of the intervention. If an intervention effect modifier exists, a ...

Reduction of radon exhalation from uranium tailings as a function of the number of radon diffusion lengths in cover materials is discussed, based on dimensionless mathematical functions. Cost effectiveness is examined to determine the least expensive cover with a preselected number of radon diffusion lengths (i.e., a preselected level of ...

Increasing pressures to justify health services on the basis of cost-effectiveness have resulted in a flurry of economic analyses by providers, policymakers and researchers. In what follows we attempt to briefly describe the rationale for performing cost-effectiveness analysis, summarize the basic analytical steps involved in performing a cost-effectiveness analysis, and ...

Surveillance in leprosy forms an integral part of leprosy control activities. Usually contact and school surveys are done annually and general population surveys are done once every 3-5 years. Data is presented which suggest that frequently done surveys may not be cost effective as a means of case detection. Carefully ...

We assessed the effects of posted feedback and warning ticket programs on speeding and accidents in two cities. In Experiment 1, speeding feedback signs were effective even when 10 were used in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, and reductions in speeding were associated with reductions in accidents. The effectiveness of the signs ...

4 successive cohorts of low-income families were randomly assigned either to a home-based intervention program that focused on modeling verbal interaction between mother and child around selected toys and books or to comparison treatments. Large program effects were found on maternal interaction styles in videotaped observations. Small IQ and program-specific ...

A paste brushing method (Complete) and soaking in either of two denture cleanser tablet solutions (Efferdent or Polident) were compared for denture cleansing effectiveness as measured by plaque level. The 12-week product use period with weekly evaluations allowed an assessment of plaque reaccumulation on the denture surface as well as ...

Existing data on the economics of sealant use are insufficient to permit firm conclusions; an additional handicap is that both data and attitudes are based principally on results with first-generation sealants when it is clear that greatly improved materials are now available. The limited data plus the preceding discussion of ...

Epidemiological monitoring (EPM) is emerging as a frequent counterpart to environmental monitoring (ENM). EPM and ENM are not alternatives to each other but rather complement each other. Each cannot be evaluated on its own merit but rather on its contributory effects in conjunction with the other. The effectiveness of EPM ...

Data from small scale studies on low level and delayed neurotoxic effects from exposure to organophosphate pesticides suggest the need for monitoring those at risk in agriculture and industry, as well as residents repeatedly exposed to aerosol drift from aerial spraying. A pilot program is put forth with the aim ...

Measuring the impact of therapeutic recreation services appears to be a major concern in the field. While effects and outcomes are of primary importance in determining service delivery impact, of equal importance is the documentation and evaluation of the intervention program presumed to cause the effect. Very little attention has ...

Five studies were conducted over a 10-month period to determine the effectiveness of specific procedures in encouraging recycling among residential neighborhoods. Results indicated that: (a) initial levels of participation in neighborhoods were frequently related to housing values; (b) weekly recycling pick-ups that coincided with garbage collection days resulted in higher ...

A retrospective follow-up study was conducted to assess the impact of a psychosocial support program on survival with breast cancer. One-hundred and two nonparticipants were individually matched to 34 participants on several prognostic factors, and both groups were followed from date of cancer diagnosis (1971-1980) until December, 1981. Preliminary findings ...

This manuscript introduces and demonstrates a modification of the popular cost-effectiveness methodology. Because arbitrarily selected discount rates for future health effects can radically change the cost-effect ratio, the determinants of the ratio--differences in the present values of effects and costs-are examined for a wide range of discount rates. Treatment selection ...

Large sums of money are often spent on setting up different systems of helping or managing disruptive adolescents in the school system, without reference to objective data on effectiveness. This paper considers 24 alternative systems, scrutinizes the evaluation research on each, and notes that the most expensive systems are not ...

Appreciation of the apparent efficacy of the traditional healer/diviner in the alleviation of psychological disturbances led to an examination of his/her methods and training in comparison to those of the Western psychotherapist. Models of the themes, components and effects of psychotherapy can be seen to be applicable in both instances, ...

The relationships among input uncertainty, means of coordination, and criteria of the organizational effectiveness of hospital emergency units were explored using data from 30 emergency units in six midwestern states. Input uncertainty generally was not associated with the use of various means of coordination. However, input uncertainty affected relationships between ...

A systematic program of observing atmospheric backscatter beta profiles from 4 to 16-km above sea level is described. Initial monthly averages indicating a lognormal distribution are presented. Cirrus prevalence, volcanic layers in the stratosphere, diurnal effects, convection, calibration, and absorption effects are discussed as well.

Prospective payment is distinguished from the imposition of a regulatory ceiling on hospital costs. While a regulatory ceiling could potentially be effective in controlling expenditure growth, its success depends upon the political climate. Prospective payment, as a distinct financial policy, offers little cost-containment potential. It is appropriately evaluated in term ...

The effects of a combined token economy and reserved parking program were evaluated as a means of increasing car pooling among students on a university campus. Following a baseline period, students in two experimental parking lots were notified of the availability of reserved parking and coupons redeemable for 25 cents ...

Until the past decade, physicians were content to base therapeutic decisions on the clinical diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis. Subsequently, numerous studies demonstrated that clinical diagnosis of this condition is nonspecific. Although many now use objective methods to diagnose venous thrombosis, their relative cost and effectiveness have not been adequately studied. ...

Cost-effectiveness analysis can be useful as an aid to decision makers concerned with the allocation of health care resources. The approach requires an explicit, quantitative measure of the health effectiveness of the intervention under analysis, as well as a measure of its net resource cost. Cost-effectiveness analyses are less useful ...

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a routine rescreening (RS) culture several weeks after treatment for gonorrhea, as well as the specific efforts to ensure return visits, we followed 438 consecutive patients, 347 men and 91 women. Return visit compliance rates were 70 per cent for a test-of-cure culture, 27 per ...

Programs of flexible workhours (flexi-time) have a reputation for broad and substantial effects in organizations. This article provides a summary evaluation of the empirical flexible workhours literature, focuses upon the characteristics of flexi-time programs, and details "hard" and "soft" effects of the intervention revealed by the literature. Despite limitations of ...

A study to compare the cost effectiveness of retrospective manual and on-line bibliographic searching is described. Forty search queries were processed against seven abstracting-indexing publications and the corresponding SDC/ORBIT data bases. Equivalent periods of coverage and searcher skill levels were used for both search models. Separate task times were measured ...

To be effective, biomedical equipment repair programs must be cost effective, must provide a readily identifiable service, and must be responsive. The success of such programs requires adequate manpower backed by proper materials and technical expertise. An example of a microscope repair program is given for the U.S. Army Medical ...

A prompting and differential reinforcement procedure was used to increase sitting in a hyperactive, retarded boy in a remedial preschool. This procedure not only increased sitting, but had the additional effects of decreasing posturing while leaving normal walking unaffected, and increasing the use of toys and proximity to children. All ...

Sixteen pupils in a psychiatric hospital were assigned to two tutorial reading classes and balanced on six pupil characteristics and teacher preferences for the children. The effects of reward and cost procedures in a token program were assessed using both within- and between-subject comparisons in the following phases: (1) Baseline; ...

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Davis, 2002.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Montana, 2006.

When a practitioner sets out to develop a broad base of influence in order that referral sources are varied and active, marketing must address client, business and professional issues. When resources of money and time become scarce, a satisfied client must be and always will be the best recommendation. To ...