Many people have advocated initiating back care education early in life because back pain and injuries are so common in the adult population. This study investigated the learning of a lifting technique and the risk factors involved in low back pain with 27 sixth-grade and 28 eighth-grade public school children. ...

The instructional hierarchy is a behavior-analytic model that links level of academic skill development (i.e., acquisition, fluency, generalization, adaptation) with appropriate instructional techniques. The present study used the instructional hierarchy to compare the effects of three instructional interventions (listening passage preview, subject passage preview, and taped words) on subjects' oral ...

Imposed postfeedback delays promote discrimination training; the present experiments determined whether they also improve performance in programmed instruction. In two experiments, college students completed 45 sets of Holland and Skinner's (1961) programmed text on behavior analysis in a computerized format in a three-component multiple schedule. In Experiment 1, the conditions ...

A multiple baseline design across subjects with a reversal was used to examine the effects of classwide peer tutoring relative to traditional reading instruction on reading skills and social interaction time for 3 high-functioning students with autism and their typical peers in integrated, general education classrooms. Traditional reading instruction consisted ...

We evaluated the use of response cards during science instruction in a fifth-grade inner-city classroom. The experiment consisted of two methods of student participation-hand raising and write-on response cards-alternated in an ABAB design. During hand raising, the teacher called upon 1 student who had raised his or her hand in ...

This study employed a self-report questionnaire in a Solomon four-groups design to assess the efficacy of suicide intervention classes in achieving their instructional objectives. Because adolescents are often the first to know of a peer's suicidal thoughts or plans, the goal of the classes was to increase the likelihood that ...

As more instructional software is designed by faculty, it becomes increasingly important, as well as time efficient, that faculty approach development of software from an instructional design perspective. Today, faculty can select among emerging technologies, and the future will undoubtedly present even more options. Educators who want to design their ...

Researchers investigated the effects of three different previewing interventions on the oral reading rates of 12 junior and senior high school students with learning disabilities. Under fast-rate listening previewing (FRLP), students were instructed to follow silently as experimenters read from a text at an average rate that was 77.7% faster ...

Ninety-one detectives watched videofragments of 20 confederates who had been instructed either to tell the truth or to lie. After each videofragment the detectives indicated whether the confederate was lying. Although the study took place in a police context, and thus had higher ecological validity, the results strongly corresponded with ...

Video-assisted thoracoscopy (VAT) is rapidly gaining application in a variety of thoracic surgical procedures. As a result, fellowship programs in thoracic surgery need to provide training in VAT techniques. Instruction should include emphasis on aspects of the open procedures, including the anatomic relationships as seen through an open thoracotomy and ...

A counter-balanced design was used to compare student knowledge and self-efficacy following interactive videodisc (IVD) and traditional instruction on intravenous therapy procedures. Students were assigned randomly to treatment groups receiving either IVD instruction followed by traditional lecture or lecture followed by IVD. Subjects were pretested before any instruction and post-tested ...

An instructional unit was developed to enhance the critical thinking skills of middle school and high school students with learning disabilities by teaching them the principles of scientific reasoning. Student-teacher dialogues were used to engage the students in an active process of critical inquiry. Students analyzed everyday information presented in ...

Information overload is a significant problem for the modern radiologist. This prospective study compares the instructional effectiveness of a multimedia textbook (HyperLung) with a lecture. HyperLung is a radiologic multimedia textbook about imaging diffuse lung disease created using a multimedia authoring tool, the Annotator (the University of Iowa Second Look ...

Ensuring safe operation for a medical accelerator is a difficult task. Users must assume more responsibility in using contemporary equipment. Additionally, users must work closely with manufacturers in promoting the safe and effective use of such complex equipment. Complex treatment techniques and treatment modality changeover procedures merit detailed, unambiguous written ...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess subgingival irrigation instruction in accredited dental hygiene programs in the United States; specifically, the number of programs providing instruction; teaching methods used; delivery systems taught didactically and/or clinically; the amount of student clinical experience provided; clinical patient selection criteria; and specific ...

In part because learning strategies are often taught in isolated resource settings outside of the contexts in which students with learning disabilities are expected to apply this knowledge, generalization has been a significant challenge to educators. To address this problem, an instructional model is proposed for integrating cognitive strategy instruction ...

The study of mathematics and specifically dosage calculation can be difficult for both student and instructor. The authors describe how algorithms can be effectively used to reduce instructional and learning time, serve as a performance aid for students, help students understand the logic of mathematical operations, and allow students independent ...

The effects of tape-recorded self-instruction cues on the mathematics performance of students with learning disabilities (LD) were investigated. Nine students were assigned to one of three conditions: an experimental condition, in which students attended two training sessions in self-instruction (SIT); an observer condition, wherein students observed SIT but did not ...

This study investigated the comparative efficacy of two instructional approaches--didactic teaching and self-instructional training--in teaching average and poor readers a comprehension question-answering strategy. Forty-five average students and 45 poor readers from Grades 5 and 6 participated. These 38 girls and 52 boys were equally and randomly assigned to one of ...

This study compared the effectiveness of computer assisted instruction (CAI) and small-group review in teaching clinical calculation to associate degree nursing (ADN) students. Subjects were 123 ADN students randomly assigned to receive 50 minutes of supplemental instruction in clinical calculation by means of CAI or small-group review. Both CAI and ...

The impact of community-based instruction on the development of adaptive behavior in 34 high school students with moderate to profound mental retardation was examined. Results were: (a) Students made statistically significant gains in three of four domains of the Scales of Independent Behavior; (b) student IQ, level of student ambulation, ...

This study investigated the relationship of response time and aesthetic preference for 30 college students who participated in learning about the life of Vincent Van Gogh presented by interactive videodisk. No mean difference pre- and post-test in preferences but a significant decrease in response times were observed. There was little ...

This multiple baseline study investigated the effectiveness of history strategy instruction emphasizing the linkage of knowledge in teaching junior high students with behavior disorders. The intervention included 24 students and 3 teachers across three classes for 3-6 weeks. The strategy included a scripted curriculum involving brisk student-teacher interchanges; student note ...

This article describes the nature and effectiveness of methods developed for longitudinal surveillance and control of Chagas' disease vectors in Mambaí, Brazil. The surveillance effort made use of an education program in the schools, community leader and resident participation, specific surveillance equipment (Gómez-Núñez boxes, instructive posters, and instructive calendars with ...

This study employed the Carleton Skills Training Package (CSTP) to attempt to enhance both objective and subjective components of hypnotic susceptibility. In addition, changes in susceptibility were compared for subjects administered a standard hypnotic induction procedure and for subjects given brief "place yourself in hypnosis" instructions. Results indicated that subjects ...

Ninety-two undergraduates were assigned into groups to evaluate the effectiveness of interactive, computer-delivered programmed instruction for nutrition education on the topic of diet and cancer compared to traditional passive modes of instruction. Students were monitored for knowledge gains by means of a single 50-item test and an application task, using ...

We used an alternating treatments design to compare the effects of active student response error correction and no-response error correction during sight word instruction. Six students with developmental disabilities were provided one-to-one daily sight word instruction on eight sets of 20 unknown words. Each set of 20 words was divided ...

The problem studied was whether different instructional methods could increase assessment skills and affect reporting patterns of child abuse and neglect among undergraduate students majoring in nursing. Two hundred nineteen nursing students were selected from two urban universities. A programmed instruction manual, Child Abuse and Neglect, a pretest booklet, and ...

This study investigated the effects of implementing cognitive learning theory principles in computer assisted instruction of educational psychology concepts. A total of 19 preservice deaf teachers participated in the study. We used a pre-post design to measure the learning and attitude changes of the teachers. The results of the analysis ...

When attending physicians are conducting teaching rounds, they rapidly decide what and how much to teach in response to each case presentation. How do they make these instructional decisions? The author performed a qualitative study of the instructional reasoning and actions of six distinguished clinical teachers in general internal medicine ...

The authors believe that for computer assisted instruction to be an effective instructional tool, it must incorporate the most current theoretical principles related to learning and instruction. To assist future developers of computer assisted instruction, the authors review some of the major constructs from the theoretical foundations of various disciplines ...

This is the second part of a three-part series reporting a national survey of general practice residency directors and their evaluation of the medical risk assessment (MRA) instruction curriculum in their programs. The purpose of Part II is to evaluate the degree of success of the implementation of the ADA ...

The purpose of these studies was to develop and use a writing attitude survey for students in Grades 1 to 3 modeled after the survey developed and used with students in Grades 4 to 8 in 1991. A 19-item survey was administered to 394 children in Grades 1, 2, and ...

Since the confirmation of the Older American's Act (OAA) in 1965, the growth of gerontology and geriatrics, has literally come of age in the United States. Although individual aging courses were offered in higher education prior to passage of the OAA, few gerontology programs had been established. On campuses where ...

This study investigated the effects of cognitive and metacognitive strategy instruction on the mathematical problem solving of six middle school students with learning disabilities. Conditions of the multiple baseline, across-subjects design included baseline, two levels of treatment, setting and temporal generalization, and retraining. For Treatment 1, subjects received either cognitive ...

In a prospective study, we measured compliance with breast self-examination, using an anonymous questionnaire, in suburban high school students three months (n = 85) and eight months (n = 54) after group instruction. Post-instruction proficiency in performing the procedure and personal health beliefs regarding breast cancer were also evaluated. At ...

30 low hypnotizable Ss were administered the Carleton Skills-Training (CST) program. Prior to testing, 15 Ss were administered honesty instructions (Bowers, 1967) in an effort to encourage responses that were consistent with subjective experiences and to dissuade Ss from performing in a manner intended to please E. Posttraining hypnotizability scores ...

Young children with learning disabilities typically encounter difficulty with academic tasks requiring intentional effort and effective use of metacognitive skills--qualities that competent readers and writers possess. In response to these difficulties, special educators often modify literacy instruction, isolating the "basic skills" of literacy (such as decoding and penmanship) from meaningful ...

Englert and her colleagues have contributed much to our knowledge about effective writing instruction. They have demonstrated that interventions that make explicit the writing process and text structures are successful with students with learning disabilities as well as those without. Englert attributes this success to the holistic, social, and interactive ...

This article considers the sociocultural perspective as a framework for writing instruction. Four assumptions of the perspective are examined and illustrated: Writing is a holistic cognitive activity; cognitive processes are learned in dialogic interactions with others; cognitive development occurs in students' zones of proximal development; and knowledge construction is a ...

This study evaluated the effectiveness and efficiency of constant time delay (a near errorless learning procedure) in a small-group instructional arrangement. Three fifth-grade students with learning disabilities were taught to recognize multisyllabic basal vocabulary words. A multiple-probe design across behaviors (word sets) was used to evaluate the procedure. Following instruction ...

The effectiveness of a brief program designed to teach occupational therapy students enrolled in a graduate research methods class to conduct searches of four electronic databases was investigated. Students in the experimental class read an instructional booklet and received approximately 1 hour of supervised practice time using compact disk--read-only memory ...

This research examined whether constant time delay would be effective in teaching students with moderate mental retardation in triads to perform chained tasks and whether observational learning would occur. Three chained snack preparation tasks were identified, and each student was directly taught one task. The other 2 students observed the ...

Teaching cross cultural communication typically involves instruction in differences between groups. As part of this course in cross cultural communication, six specific underserved population groups are introduced to students as a cultural experience. Additionally, instruction is provided to sensitize students to their personal biases and prejudices through videotaped mock interviews. ...

This study examined the effectiveness of matching three classifications of secondary students (17 with learning disabilities, 18 remedial, and 47 nondisabled) to differential levels of study guides. The students, 45 males and 37 females, were enrolled in science and social studies classes in middle school and high school. In one ...

Training is a dynamic process to assure that personnel are capable of performing their assigned functions. CGMP regulations contain only general expectations, and no FDA guideline regarding training has been issued. Training programs are generally in place in pharmaceutical firms. However, training quality and effectiveness may be inadequate in a ...

Programmed instruction is an underused approach for educating hospitalized patients. This educational technique is based on the work of Skinner, who developed the linear programmed instruction technique. To test the effectiveness of this technique as a patient education tool, a programmed instruction booklet was developed for patients who were hospitalized ...

Effective study skills are an essential component of medical education. Following analysis of current study habits of students attending the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) a brief study skills course was developed for premedical students. Course evaluation indicated that instructed students reported more positive study habits one year ...

This article discusses what is not known about instruction of preschoolers with disabilities. Knowledge gaps exist in four areas: the content of the curriculum, the procedures used to individualize instruction, the instructional procedures designed to ensure acquisition, and the strategies used to ensure skill use or generalization. Barriers to generating ...

The performance of microprocessors has increased steadily over the past 20 years at a rate of about 50% per year. This is the cumulative result of architectural improvements as well as increases in circuit speed. Moreover, this improvement has been obtained in a transparent fashion, that is, without requiring programmers ...