Auxin and abscisic acid (ABA) modulate numerous aspects of plant development together, mostly in opposite directions, suggesting that extensive crosstalk occurs between the signaling pathways of the two hormones. However, little is known about the nature of this crosstalk. We demonstrate that ROP-interactive CRIB motif-containing protein 1 (RIC1) is involved ...

Adventitious rooting is an essential but sometimes rate-limiting step in the clonal multiplication of elite tree germplasm because the ability to form roots declines rapidly with age in mature adult plant tissues. In spite of the importance of adventitious rooting, the mechanism behind this developmental process remains poorly understood. We ...

Concussive injury (or mild traumatic brain injury; mTBI) can exhibit features of focal or diffuse injury patterns. We compared/contrasted the cellular and molecular responses after mild controlled cortical impact (CCI; a focal injury) or fluid percussion injury (FPI; a diffuse injury) in rats. The rationale for this comparative analysis was ...

The regulation of Schwann cell (SC) responses to injury stimuli by microRNAs (miRNAs) remains to be explored. Here, we identified 17 miRNAs that showed dynamic expression alterations at five early time points following rat sciatic nerve resection. Then we analyzed the expression pattern of 17 miRNAs, and integrated their putative ...

BACKGROUND: Retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements that constitute a sizable proportion of eukaryote genomes. Although retroelements are known to play significant roles in embryogenesis, stress reactions, and disease progression, they have never been studied in the context of animal regeneration. RESULTS: In this study, high-throughput transcriptome analysis revealed unexpectedly large-scale ...

In the last several years, relevant progress has been made in our understanding of the transcriptional machinery regulating CNS repair after acute injury, such as following trauma or stroke. In order to survive and functionally reconnect to the synaptic network, injured neurons activate an intrinsic rescue program aimed to increase ...

mRNA translation, or protein synthesis, is a major component of the transformation of the genetic code into any cellular activity. This complicated, multistep process is divided into three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation is the step at which the ribosome is recruited to the mRNA, and is regarded as ...

The lung is vulnerable to trauma; pulmonary edema starts quickly as part of the systemic responses involved in shock. The present study investigated the molecular pathology of posttraumatic alveolar damage and responses involving pulmonary edema in forensic autopsy cases of injury (n = 66) compared with acute cardiac death cases (n = 13). Intrapulmonary ...

Some receptors that block axonal regeneration or promote cell death after spinal cord injury (SCI) are localized in membrane rafts. Flotillin-2 (Flot-2) is an essential protein associated with the formation of these domains and the clustering of membranal proteins, which may have signaling activities. Our hypothesis is that trauma will ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: While there is strong evidence for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) involvement in cancer development, there is limited information about the role of PI3K regulatory subunits. PIK3R3, the gene encodes the PI3K regulatory subunit p55 gamma, is over-expressed in glioblastoma and ovarian cancers, but its expression in gastric cancer (GC) ...

Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1R) are widely distributed in the brains of many vertebrates, but whether their functions are conserved is unknown. The weakly electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus, has been well studied for its brain structure, behavior, sensory processing, learning and memory. It therefore offers an attractive model for comparative studies ...

Age-related neurodegenerative diseases are associated with alterations in gene expression in affected neurons. One of the mechanisms that could account for this is altered subcellular localization of transcription factors, which has been observed in human post-mortem brains of each of the major neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The specific ...

Hypoxia and/or ischemia are implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. In these diseases, hypoxia/ischemia may induce oxidative stress, including production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which result in a decrease in glutamate transporter expression. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as the third gasotransmitter, has neuroprotective effects and potent antioxidant properties. In the present study, ...

Translocator protein (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, is a ubiquitous drug- and cholesterol-binding protein primarily found in the outer mitochondrial membrane as part of a mitochondrial cholesterol transport complex. TSPO is present at higher levels in steroid-synthesizing and rapidly proliferating tissues and its biological role has been ...

Cerebral pyruvate depletion and lactate acidosis are common metabolic characteristics of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and are associated with poor prognosis. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is the rate-limiting enzyme coupling glycolysis to mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Brain PDH activity is regulated by its phosphorylation status and other effectors. ...

Activin A, a stimulator of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion from pituitary, acts as a neurotrophic and neuroprotective factor in the central nervous system. Activin receptor-interacting protein 1 (ARIP1) has been identified as a cytoplasmic protein that interacts with the type II receptor of activin (ActRII). However, the distribution pattern ...

Subcellular localization of mRNA enables compartmentalized regulation within large cells. Neurons are the longest known cells; however, so far, evidence is lacking for an essential role of endogenous mRNA localization in axons. Localized upregulation of Importin β1 in lesioned axons coordinates a retrograde injury-signaling complex transported to the neuronal cell ...

Aim: The current study aimed to test the intensity of spontaneous emotional expressions and the accuracy of posed emotional expressions in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Method: Twenty-three participants with TBI and 27 matched control participants were asked to relate personal angry, happy, and sad events (spontaneous expressivity) ...

The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor (GABAAR) is responsible for most fast synaptic inhibition in the adult brain. The GABAAR protein is composed of multiple subunits, which determine the distribution, properties and dynamics of the receptor. Several studies have shown that the Janus Kinase / Signal Transducer and Activator ...

Gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43) was markedly increased in podocytes in a rat model of nephrosis induced by puromycin. However, mechanisms and roles of the altered Cx43 in podocytes are still unclear. Given that oxidative stress mediates podocyte injury under a variety of pathological situations, we examined the possible involvement ...

Previous studies have suggested that bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) has a pronounced upregulation in rat brains subjected to traumatic brain injury. Bone morphogenetic protein-10 (BMP-10) is a newly identified cardiac-specific peptide growth factor that belongs to the TGF-β superfamily. To elucidate the dynamic expression changes and cellular localization of BMP-10 ...

SUMMARY AT A GLANCE: The exact mechanism of benefit with steroids in minimal change nephrotic syndrome is not known. The authors show that adriamycin treatment causes rearrangement of actin cytosleleton of podocytes, which is restored by dexamethasone. This action is mediated via alpha-actinin 4. ABSTRACT: Background:  Glucocorticoid therapy has been ...

MicroRNAs are important in the development, functioning, and pathophysiology of the central nervous system. Here, we show that increasing the levels of microRNA-320 (miR-320) for 3 days markedly increases neurite length, and at 4 days, reduces the total cell number in Neuro-2A cells. In-silico analysis of possible miR-320 targets identified ...

GRB10 is an imprinted gene differently expressed from two promoters in mouse and human. Mouse Grb10 is maternally expressed from the major promoter in most tissues and paternally expressed from the brain-specific promoter within specific regions of the fetal and adult central nervous system. Human GRB10 is biallelically expressed from ...

Glucocorticoids (GC) induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in different cell types and therefore are widely used to treat a variety of diseases including autoimmune disorders and cancer. This effect is mediated by the GC receptor (GR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that translocates into the nucleus where it modulates transcription ...

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is elevated and participates in the regulation of several brain inflammatory disorders. The deleterious effects of ET-1 on endothelial cells may aggravate brain inflammation mediated through the upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying ET-1-induced COX-2 expression in brain microvascular endothelial cells ...

Phosphatase and actin regulators (Phactrs) are a novel family of proteins expressed in the brain, and they exhibit both strong modulatory activity of protein phosphatase 1 and actin binding activity. Phactrs are comprised of four family members (Phactr1-4), but their detailed expression patterns during embryonic and postnatal development are not ...

OBJECTIVES: Interleukin (IL)-21 is mainly produced by CD4 T helper (Th) cells including Th2, Th17 and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. Recent studies have reported that IL-21 is involved in the formation of germinal centres (GCs) and class switching of IgG4. It has been suggested that IgG4-related dacryoadenitis and sialoadenitis ...

Guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C), the receptor for the guanylin family of gastrointestinal hormones, regulates ion secretion in intestinal epithelial cells where it is predominantly expressed. Previously it was shown that a HNF4-response element present in the proximal part of the promoter regulates the basal transcription of GC-C. In this study ...

Forkhead box P3 regulatory T cells control inflammatory responses, but it remains unclear whether they inhibit brain death-initiated inflammation and tissue injury in deceased kidney donors. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, MEASUREMENT: To study the actions of regulatory T cells at various stages of the donation and transplantation procedure, forkhead box P3, ...

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in elderly people. The presynaptic terminal is an important site of pathological changes in AD, leading to synaptic loss in specific brain regions, such as in the cortex and hippocampus. In this study, we investigated SNAP25 mRNA levels and promoter ...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease among elderly people worldwide. Several genes have been validated to be associated with AD, and calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (Calhm1) is the latest suspected one. To investigate the biological and pathological function of Calhm1 systematically, we generated a Calhm1 conventional knockout ...

The transcription factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important regulator against the process of oxidative stress. It can effectively scavenge oxygen-free radicals within cells to maintain homeostasis. In this study, we cultured primary myocardial cells, established the hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model to simulate myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, and examined effects of 17β-estradiol ...

The MAPT locus is one of the most remarkable in neurogenetics due not only to its involvement in multiple neurodegenerative disorders, including progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Parksinson's disease and possibly Alzheimer's disease, but also its genetic evolution and complex alternative splicing features which are to some extent linked and ...

The formation and maintenance of neural circuits in the mammal central nervous system (CNS) require the coordinated expression of genes not just at the transcriptional level, but at the translational level as well. Recent evidence shows that regulated messenger RNA (mRNA) translation is necessary for certain forms of synaptic plasticity, ...

The severe phenotypic effects of altered glycosylation in the congenital muscular dystrophies, including Walker-Warburg syndrome, muscle-eye-brain disease, Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy, and congenital muscular dystrophy 1D, are caused by mutations resulting in altered glycans linked to proteins through O-linked mannose. A glycosyltransferase that branches O-Man, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase Vb (GnT-Vb), is highly ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous noncoding RNA molecules that are involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing. Using global miRNA expression profiling, we found miR-21, -155, and 18a to be highly upregulated in rat kidneys following tubular injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) or gentamicin administration. Mir-21 and -155 also showed decreased expression patterns ...

Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor (Smurf) 1 and 2 are E3 ubiquitin ligases originally identified as inhibitors of transforming growth factor beta signaling and are shown to modulate multiple cellular activities. The roles of Smurfs in vertebrate embryogenesis, however, are not completely understood. Here we investigate the function of Smurf2 during ...

BACKGROUND: Keratin 17 (K17) is regarded as a basal/myoepithelial cell keratin and is known to be inducible in activated keratinocytes. The high frequency of K17 expression in pancreaticobiliary nonmucinous adenocarcinoma or basal-like breast carcinoma has previously been described. However, its expression in gastric cancer (GC) is controversial. METHODS: We investigated ...

Odar K, Boštjančič E, Gale N, Glavač D & Zidar N (2012) Histopathology Differential expression of microRNAs miR-21, miR-31, miR-203, miR-125a-5p and miR-125b and proteins PTEN and p63 in verrucous carcinoma of the head and neck Aims:  To investigate the expression of microRNAs miR-21, miR-31, miR-203, miR-125a-5p and miR-125b and ...

Gap junctions (GJs) between the cells play a pivotal role in the transformation and proliferation processes of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, the expression of the component proteins of GJs, connexins 40 and 43 (Cx40 and Cx43), are inconsistent in numerous cases. The aim of this study was to determine ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a stress-induced transcription factor that has been shown to repress inflammatory gene expression in multiple cell types and diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the role of ATF3 in the pathological processes of cerebral ischemia and its influence on post-ischemic ...

The let-7 microRNA (miRNA) plays important roles in human liver development and diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma, liver fibrosis and hepatitis wherein oxidative stress accelerates the progression of these diseases. To date, the role of the let-7 miRNA family in modulation of heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), a key cytoprotective enzyme, ...

This study was aimed to construct eukaryotic expression vectors carrying the small hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting TRPC6 gene and investigate the effect of TRPC6 knockdown on puromucin aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced podocyte injury. Two DNA sequences containing the small hairpin structure targeting TRPC6 were designed, synthesized and then inserted into the green ...

Many transcription factors that regulate lung morphogenesis during development are reactivated to mediate repairs of the injured adult lung. We hypothesized that CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα), a transcription factor critical for perinatal lung maturation, regulates genes required for the normal repair of the bronchiolar epithelium after injury. Transgenic Cebpα(Δ/Δ) mice, ...

OBJECTIVE: Calcium overloading is responsible for initiating the cell death in neuronal tissue after hypoxic injury. Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) is an important calcium channel which regulates cellular calcium homeostasis. IP3R1 is widely expressed in brain and spinal tissue. In the present study, we have studied the regulation of IP3R1 ...

Glomerular podocytes are highly specialized epithelial cells whose injury in glomerular diseases causes proteinuria. Since mitochondrial dysfunction is an early event in podocyte injury, we tested whether a major regulator of oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial function, the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), affects podocyte damage. Aldosterone-induced injury ...

Background: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) is a transcriptional co-activator that co-ordinately regulates genes required for mitochondrial biogenesis and is a key contributor to the up-regulation of antioxidant activities in response to oxidative stress. The expression pattern of PGC-1α after traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been studied. ...

The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPR30 contributes to the neuroprotective effects of 17β-estradiol (E2); however, the mechanisms associated with this protection have yet to be elucidated. Given that E2 increases astrocytic expression of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), which would prevent excitotoxic-induced neuronal death, we proposed that GPR30 mediates E2 action on ...

Subterranean rodents inhabit closed tunnel systems that are hypoxic and hypercapnic and buffer aboveground ambient temperature. In contrast to other strictly subterranean rodents, Ctenomys talarum exhibits activity on the surface during foraging and dispersion and hence, is exposed also to the aboveground environment. In this context, this species is a ...