Responses to glyceryl trinitrate/nitroglycerin (GTN), S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), and sodium nitrite were compared in the intact chest rat. The iv injections of GTN, sodium nitrite, and GSNO produced dose-dependent decreases in pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures. In as much as cardiac output was not reduced, the decreases in pulmonary and systemic ...

To study diclofenac sodium induced histological and mechanical alterations and their prevention with Imipenem in rat intestine. Male Wistar rats (n=240) were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: GI: n=60 treated with 0.9% saline IM; GII: n=60 treated with 6mg/kg body weight diclofenac sodium IM for four days; GIII: n=60 ...

The objective of this study was to find out if lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered intraperitoneally affects sodium and water intake and renal excretion in dehydrated rats. LPS (0.3-5 mg/kg b.w.) inhibited 0.3M NaCl intake induced by subcutaneous injection of the diuretic furosemide (FURO, 10 mg/kg b.w.) combined with the angiotensin converting ...

Oxymatrine is one of the main alkaloid components extracted from SOPHORA roots and has been shown to play various protective roles in the cardiovascular system. The present study was designed to study the protective effect of oxymatrine on arrhythmias and their ionic channel mechanism. Rat arrhythmic models were established by ...

OBJECTIVE: To describe the effects of increasing the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume by approximately 20% on acid-base changes and electrolyte concentrations in anesthetized rats. ANIMALS: 18 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. PROCEDURES: Rats were assigned to a control group (n = 6 rats) and a treatment group (12). All rats were ...

Pregnancy is characterized by plasma volume expansion and renal sodium retention with loss of natriuretic response to atrial natriuretic peptide due to increased medullary phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5). Here, we determined whether natriuretic responses to nitric oxide (NO) are also blunted in pregnancy due to increased PDE5. Anesthetized 16-day pregnant and virgin ...

Extracellular Ca(++) activates cell membrane calcium-sensing receptors (CaRs), leading to renal tubule production of prostaglandins E(2) (PGE(2)), which decrease both sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop and free-water reabsorption in collecting ducts. To assess the activity of this diuretic system in experimental cirrhosis, we evaluated renal ...

We have evaluated the ability of a semi-automated, optomotor reflex method to assess drug-induced visual dysfunction, in albino and pigmented rats and mice. Male Han Wistar (HW) and Long Evans (LE) rats and mice (CD-1 and C57BL/6) were tested in a chamber formed by 4 computer monitors displaying a rotating ...

A water decoction of the poisonous shrub Cleistanthus collinus is used for suicidal purposes. The mortality rate is 28%. The clinical profile includes distal renal tubular acidosis (DRTA) and respiratory failure. The mechanism of toxicity is unclear. To demonstrate features of C. collinus toxicity in a rat model and to ...

Abstract We examined sodium selenite, an inorganic selenium supplement, for its ulcer healing properties and antimicrobial activity against gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using disk diffusion and flow cytometry. The studies were performed over a concentration range of 1 microg/ml to 500 microg/ml sodium selenite. ...

This study investigated the role of post-ingestive signals in the satiation of thirst or salt appetite. Post-ingestive signals, defined as those arising from the passage of fluid into the duodenum and proximal jejunum, were manipulated by implanting rats with gastric fistulas. After recovery, rats were water deprived and the following ...

1. Nephropathy and elevated plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC) have been observed in (pro)renin receptor transgenic (TG) rats. In the present study, we hypothesized that PAC and/or mineralocorticoid receptor contribute to the nephropathy of TG rats. To test this hypothesis, the effects of a high-sodium (8% NaCl) diet and heminephrectomy on ...

This study analyzes the effects of sodium tungstate and vanadyl sulphate in the fructose-overloaded rat, a model of metabolic syndrome. Fructose (9 weeks) increased blood pressure, triglycerydemia, glycemia, and reduced release of vasodilator prostaglandins (prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 ) in the mesenteric vascular bed. Sodium tungstate prevented those alterations; meanwhile ...

OBJECTIVE. There are well-documented reports of cisplatin-associated hyponatremia in the literature, but there are no data on gender-dependent differences. The aim of the present study was to define characteristics of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in young adult Wistar rats of both genders and to evaluate the gender-related effect of cisplatin. ...

The present study evaluated the protective effect of fish oil in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. The results of the present study indicate that the IPH administration decreases the activities of membrane-bound ATPases compared to control animals. Fish oil pretreatment brought about significant increase in the activity of these membrane-bound ...

In the present study, we investigated the effects of acute intracerebroventricular (icv) insulin administration on central mechanisms regulating urinary sodium excretion in simultaneously centrally NG-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME)-injected unanesthetized rats. Male Wistar-Hannover rats were randomly assigned to one of five groups: a) icv 0.15 M NaCl-injected rats (control, N = 10), ...

Dietary sodium restriction coupled with axotomy of the rat chorda tympani nerve (CTX) results in selectively attenuated taste responses to sodium salts in the contralateral, intact chorda tympani nerve. Converging evidence indicates that sodium deficiency also diminishes the activated macrophage response to injury on both the sectioned and contralateral, intact ...

With the aid of in vivo whole-body counting of the rats (administered simultaneously with the radionuclides (82)Br and (24)Na) by high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry, we extended the applicability of our experimentally proved hypothesis that the biological half-life of bromide depends on the magnitude of sodium intake rather than on the intake ...

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of sodium houttuyfonate on myocardial hypertrophy and its mechanism of action in mice and rats. METHODS: A mouse model of myocardial hypertrophy was established by subcutaneous injection with isoproterenol. Mice were randomly divided into five groups: normal control; isoproterenol ...

An uncontrolled trial reported that sodium thiosulfate reduces formation of calcium kidney stones in humans, but this has not been established in a controlled human study or animal model. Using the genetic hypercalciuric rat, an animal model of calcium phosphate stone formation, we studied the effect of sodium thiosulfate on ...

Previous studies, which have mostly focused on concentrated NaCl solution intake, have suggested sodium depletion may be accompanied with salt taste sensory changes. To further investigate whether the function of the salt taste system changes in different patterns for highly concentrated and diluted NaCl taste stimuli, the effects of sodium ...

It is suggested that an ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker suppresses sodium-induced hypertension through increased secretion of urinary kallikrein. We reported that glibenclamide, an ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker, accelerated dose-dependent secretion of renal kallikrein in sliced kidney cortex and in vivo in rats. In vehicle-treated normal Brown- Norway-Kitasato (nBN-Ki) rats, the ...

BACKGROUND: Partial renal ablation is associated with compensatory renal growth, significant azotaemia, a significant increase in fractional excretion of sodium and changes in solute transport. The present study evaluated the occurrence of adaptations in the remnant kidney, especially in renal amino acid transporters and sodium transporters and their putative role ...

AIM: Uroguanylin, isolated from human and opossum urine, is a candidate intestinal natriuretic hormone that controls the sodium and water balance between the intestine and the kidneys. Levels of immunoreactive (ir)-uroguanylin in the plasma and urine are increased in rats and humans with nephrotic syndrome, which is physiologically characterized by ...

Dietary manipulation has been used as an experimental strategy to gain insight into the normal development of the gustatory system. Institution of a diet low in sodium chloride (NaCl) from embryonic day 3 (E3) to E12 (E3-E12 sodium-restricted rats) yields dramatically enlarged terminal fields of the chorda tympani (CT), greater ...

Excessive glucocorticoid hormone, as occurs with Cushing syndrome, is known to be associated with altered body water homeostasis, but the molecular mechanisms are unknown. In this study, rats treated with daily dexamethasone (Dex) for 14 d provided a model of Cushing syndrome. Compared with control rats, Dex-treated rats demonstrated increased ...

Inward rectifier potassium Kir2.x channels mediate cardiac inward rectifier potassium currents (I(K1)). As a subunit of Kir2.x, the physiological role of Kir2.3 in native cardiomyocytes has not been reported. This study shows that Kir2.3 knock-down remarkably down-regulates Kir2.3 expression (Kir2.3 protein was reduced to 19.91+/-3.24% on the 2nd or 3rd ...

Both clinical and experimental reports indicate that aldosterone contributes to the progression of renal failure independent of its hemodynamic effects. In the present study, we evaluated effect of aldosterone on human mesangial cell (MC) growth. Aldosterone induced apoptotic and mitogenic effects on MCs. Aldosterone promoted MC apoptosis in a dose- ...

Fifteen of 20 Wistar albino rats were treated with various doses of the anthelmintic agent piperazine citrate (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg body weight). All 20 rats were subsequently given barium chloride, 20 mg/kg. The 5 rats (25%) that did not receive piperazine citrate developed ventricular fibrillations after barium chloride ...

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of hypoglycemia and induced convulsions on the blood-brain barrier permeability in rats with or without lifelong administration of sodium selenite. There is a significant decrease of the blood-brain barrier permeability in three brain regions of convulsive, hypoglycemic male rats treated ...

OBJECTIVE: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma ligand, pioglitazone (PIO), is reported to induce edema especially in postmenopausal women. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism for PIO-induced sodium retention and to discover the therapeutic strategy for the PIO-induced changes in renal sodium handling. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Zucker obese ...

The synthesis and biological evaluation of ethyl 8-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-thiazolo[3,2-a][1,3]diazepin-3-carboxylate (HIE-124, 4), as a member of a new generation of ultra-short acting hypnotics is described. HIE-124 4 exhibited potent in-vivo activity with a very rapid onset of action and a shorter duration of action with no acute tolerance or noticeable side effects ...

Sodium hydrosulfide and dimethylsulfide duplicate the effects of hydrogen sulfide in causing coma in Sprague-Dawley rats and are additive for lethality. Nitrite, pyruvate and dithiothreitol had no significant effect on coma or lethality but bicarbonate with and without glucose reduced duration of coma. This finding suggests an antidotal treatment.

There has been little work on the specificity and mechanisms underlying the appetite of potassium (K(+)) deprived rats, and there are conflicting results. To investigate the contribution of oral factors to changes in intake induced by K(+) deficiency, we conducted two experiments using 20-s "brief access" tests. In Experiment 1, ...

Background: Sodium arsenite and/ or vasectomy may cause variation in sex hormones which affect pathophysiology of reproductive organs. Objective: The aim was to investigate the morphological changes in structure of testis and hormonal imbalance in bilateral Vasectomised rats treated with sodium arsenite. Materials and Methods: Four groups of rats: bilateral ...

To develop a hyaluronic microsphere with the improved oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble cyclosporin A (CsA), the microspheres were prepared with varying ratios of sodium hyaluronate (HA)/sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)/CsA using a spray-drying technique. The effects of HA and SLS on the dissolution and solubility of CsA in microspheres were ...

N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) is one of the most abundant strong carcinogens in unburned tobacco and cigarette smoke and is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as carcinogenic to humans. Human exposure to NNN mainly occurs upon use of tobacco products. It is also possible that additional amounts of ...

Opposing effects of the prebiotic, fructooligosaccharide, have been reported in experimental colitis. We compared the effects of the prebiotic, fructooligosaccharide, alone and in synbiotic combination with Lactobacillus fermentum BR11, on the development of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats. Rats consumed an 18 percent casein-based diet or diet supplemented with ...

Hypertension induced by cyclosporine is associated with renal sodium and water retention. Using immunoblotting of kidney homogenates, we investigated the regulation of sodium and water transport proteins in a rat model of cyclosporine-induced hypertension. Rats were treated with cyclosporine (25 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally) during 7 days. Control rats received vehicle. Cyclosporine-treated ...

Nearly three-quarters of a century ago, Curt Richter removed the adrenal glands from rats and noted that the animal's vitality was dependent on its increased consumption of sodium chloride. In doing so, Richter revealed an innate behavioral mechanism that serves to maintain the hydromineral balance of an animal faced with ...

Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) plays a crucial role in controlling sodium reabsorption in the kidney keeping the normal blood pressure. We previously reported that the expression of ENaC mRNA in the kidney of Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats was abnormally regulated by aldosterone, however it is unknown if dietary sodium affects ...

An injectable hyaluronic acid (HA) microhydrogel was successfully developed as a novel drug carrier for controlled release formulation of protein drugs. HA hydrogels were prepared by the disulfide bond formation of thiolated HA (HA-SH). EPO was loaded in situ during HA-SH hydrogel preparation using an accelerating agent of sodium tetrathionate. ...

Sodium thiopental in the comatogenic (but not soporogenic) dose caused hyperammoniemia in rats. Blood ammonium level increased 3-fold within 3 h and 5-fold within 18 h. Blood urea level increased by one-third within 18 h against the background of unchanged creatinine level and hematocrit. Urinary excretion of ammonium did not ...

N(G)-nitro-arginine (NNA) is known to exhibit stereoselective pharmacokinetics in which N(G)-nitro-d-arginine (d-NNA) has a faster clearance rate than N(G)-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) in anesthetized rats, and d-NNA undergoes unidirectional chiral inversion. It was postulated that chiral inversion of d-NNA was performed in a two-step pathway by d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) followed by ...

Shaoyao-Gancao-Tang (SGT), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine (Kampo formulation) containing Shaoyao (Paeoniae Radix) and Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix), is co-administered with laxative sodium picosulfate as a premedication for relieving the pain accompanying colonoscopy. Paeoniflorin (PF), an active glycoside of SGT, is metabolized into the antispasmodic agent paeonimetabolin-I (PM-I) by intestinal bacteria ...

A complex study of the peripheral erythron component was performed during methemoglobinemias induced by single administration of sodium nitrate and phenylhydrazine in LD50. Administration of methemoglobin-forming agents to rats induced the development of hemolytic anemia. The pathogenesis of this disorder included significant long-term modifications of the erythrocyte membrane. The severity ...

Interactions among sodium homeostasis, fatigue, mood, and cardiovascular regulation have been described previously. The present study investigates the effects of sodium deficiency on an index of mood (hypohedonia; Experiment 1), cardiovascular function (Experiment 2), and plasma electrolytes (Experiment 3) in rats. Following 48 hr of sodium depletion with a diuretic ...

Normal rat pregnancy is characterized by plasma volume expansion due to renal sodium retention and is associated with a blunted response to natriuretic stimuli, such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). ANP signals via cGMP, and phosphodiesterases (PDE) inactivate cGMP and terminate the natriuretic response. We previously reported that increased medullary ...

AIMS: The present study was designed to determine the individual and combined effects of acidified sodium chlorite (ASC, 0.1%, 24 +/- 1 degrees C), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC, 0.5%, 24 +/- 1 degrees C) and hot water (HW, 93 +/- 1 degrees C) treatments on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes and ...

Fulminant hyperammonaemia as a threshold effect of coma-inducing dose of sodium thiopental has been revealed in rats. Blood ammonia content increased progressively after the introduction of 1.0 LD(50) (but not 0.8 LD(50)) of sodium thiopental three times in 3h and five times in 18h. The urinary ammonia excretion was not ...