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The differential grasshopper (Orthoptera:
Acrididae)--its impact on turfgrass and landscape plants in urban
environs.
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| Abstract: |
The differential grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas)
(Orthoptera: Acrididae), frequently migrates from highway rights-of-way,
pastures, and harvested fields to feed in urban/suburban landscapes and
retail/wholesale nurseries across the southern and southwestern U.S.A.,
as these areas dry down during hot dry summers. Nine selected
turfgrasses and 15 species of landscape plants were evaluated for their
susceptibility or resistance to this grasshopper. Grasshoppers were
collected from stands of Johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense, which was used
as a standard host for comparison in both experiments. Based on feeding
damage, number of grasshopper fecal pellets produced, and their dry
weight, Zoysia matrella cv. 'Cavalier' was the least preferred
grass followed by Buchloe dactyloides cv. 'Prairie' and Z.
japonica cv. 'Meyer'. Festuca arundinacea was significantly
the most preferred host and sustained the most feeding damage, followed
by Poa pratensis x P. arachnifera cv. 'Reveille' and 2 Cynodon
spp. cultivars, 'Tifway' and 'Common'. Among the
landscape plants, Hibiscus moscheutos cv. 'Flare', Petunia
violacea cv. 'VIP', Phlox paniculata cv. 'John
Fanick', Tecoma stans cv. 'Gold Star', and Campsis
grandiflora were the least damaged or most resistant. Plumbago
auriculata cv. 'Hullabaloo', Glandularia hybrid cv. 'Blue
Princess', Canna x generalis, Johnsongrass, and Cortaderia selloana
cv. 'Pumila' sustained the most damage. Based on the number of
fecal pellets produced and their weights, Canna x generalis and
Glandularia hybrid cv. 'Blue Princess' were the most preferred
landscape plants tested. Key Words: turfgrass, lawns, landscape plants, nursery plants, host plant resistance, Melanoplus differentialis El chapulin diferencial, Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), frecuentemente emigra desde los derechos de via, pasturas y terrenos cosechados hacia jardines urbanos y viveros comerciales en busca de alimento, principalmente donde las areas comienzan a secarse en el verano del sur y sureste de Estados Unidos La susceptibilidad o resistencia a la alimentacion de chapulines fue evaluada en nueve pastos para cesped y otras quince plantas ornamentales. Los chapulines se colectaron en Johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense, el cual se uso como un hospedero estandar en ambos experimentos. Con base a los datos del dano al alimentarse, numero y peso de las heces fecales producidas, Zoysia matrella cv. 'Cavalier' es el menos preferido, seguido de Buchloe dactyloides cv. 'Prairie' y Z. japonica cv. 'Meyer'. El mas preferido significativamente, con el mayor dano al alimentarse fue Festuca arundinacea seguido de Poa pratensis x P. arachnifera cv. 'Reveille' y dos pastos de Cynodon spp. cv. 'Tifway' y 'Common'. En el grupo de plantas ornamentales, Hibiscus moscheutos cv. 'Flare', Petunia violacea cv. 'VIP', Phlox paniculata cv. 'John Fanick', Tecoma stans cv. 'Gold Star', y Campsis grandiflora presentaron la mayor resistencia. Plumbago auriculata cv. 'Hullabaloo', Glandularia hybrid cv. 'Blue Princess', Canna x generalis, Johnsongrass, y Cortaderia selloana cv. 'Pumila' presentaron el mayor dano significativamente. Con los parametros de numero y peso de heces fecales, Canna x generalis y Glandularia hybrid cv. 'Blue Princess' fueron las plantas mas preferidas. Translation provided by Carlos Campos, Texas A&M AgriLIFE Res. & Ext. Center, Dallas, TX |
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| Article Type: | Report |
| Subject: |
Turfgrasses
(Environmental aspects) Plants (Insect resistance) Plants (Evaluation) |
| Authors: |
Reinert, James A. Mackay, Wayne Engelke, M.C. George, Steve W. |
| Pub Date: | 06/01/2011 |
| Publication: | Name: Florida Entomologist Publisher: Florida Entomological Society Audience: Academic Format: Magazine/Journal Subject: Biological sciences Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2011 Florida Entomological Society ISSN: 0015-4040 |
| Issue: | Date: June, 2011 Source Volume: 94 Source Issue: 2 |
| Product: | SIC Code: 0139 Field crops, except cash grains, not elsewhere classified |
| Geographic: | Geographic Scope: United States Geographic Code: 1USA United States |
| Accession Number: | 263441278 |
| Full Text: |
The differential grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas)
(Orthoptera: Acrididae), does not fly long distances like the migratory
grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius) (Shotwell 1930).
However, as highway rights-of way, pastures, and harvested fields dry
down during hot dry summers, M. differentialis adults fly from them to
nearby urban/suburban landscapes and retail/wholesale nurseries to
consume the foliage of turfgrasses and many landscape plants across the
Southern U.S.A. Based on limited surveys during summers and autumns
since 1998, we have recorded the differential grasshopper as the most
frequently encountered species occurring in urban areas of Dallas,
Texas. M. differentialis is also 1 of the most important grasshopper
species causing economic injury to corn, wheat, alfalfa, and several
other field crops (Anonymous 1994; Isely 1944; Harvey & Thompson
1993). A single adult of this species feeding on a small potted or
landscape plant can defoliate it practically overnight, and the invasion
of many adults can devastate an entire landscape after just a few days
and nights of feeding. Such sudden damage to nursery production can
render the planting stock unsellable for the remainder of the season.
The extremely hot and dry summers in the Southern and Southwestern
U.S.A. create ideal conditions for extensive outbreaks across many
states. Dense migrating populations do not occur every year, but when
conditions are right, large and quite devastating populations do occur
across the region. As pastures and field crops are either harvested or
desiccated from drought in late summer and early autumn, M.
differentialis readily disperse into plant nurseries and the urban
landscapes in search of food (Reinert et al. 2001). As a result,
extensive damage is common on many landscape plant species, and
effective grasshopper control strategies for the urban landscape, and
especially plant nurseries, are often required to protect valuable
plants that contribute significantly to high property values (Merchant
& Cooper 2010; Reinert et al. 2001; Royer & Edelson 2004). Several studies have been conducted to determine the feeding preferences of selected species of grasshoppers on various grasses and herbaceous plants; however, most of them have dealt with range or pasture grasses, weeds, and cultivated field crops. Isely (1938) determined that the short-horned grasshoppers (Acrididae), including M. differentialis, have mandible patterns possessing both graminivorous and forbivorous characteristics, which allows them to readily feed on both grasses and forbs. Specific host feeding studies have also been conducted with M. differentialis. Isely (1944) fed nymphs of M. differentialis on 2 native grasses (Andropogon saccharoides Swartz and Sprorobolus heterolepis A. Gray) and on Johnosongrass, Sorgham halepense (L) Pers; bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon L. Pers; and corn, Zea mays L. He also fed them on 5 weeds: Helianthus annuus (L.) (Asteraceae); common sunflower, Ambrosia aptera (DC) (Asteraceae); giant ragweed, Lactuca virose (L.) (Asteraceae); wild lettuce, Gaillardia pulchella (Four.) (Asteraceae); and Parthenium hysterophorus (L.) (Asteracaeae) that were commonly present in stands of Johnsongrass. Isely (1944) did not report on the preference of 1 grass or herb over another, but only that M. differentialis matured an average of 12 d faster in cages with forbs than in cages with only grasses. In another set of studies with 12 species of plants in Maryland, M. differentialis showed a strong preference for common dandelion, Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. (Asteraceae). Plantago rugellii Dcne. (Plantaginaceae); Dactylis glomerata L.; and Cyperus strigosus L. (Cyperaceae) also served as good hosts (Kaufmann 1968). Goldenrod, Solidago altissima L. (Asteraceae), was only nibbled by the grasshoppers (Kaufmann 1968). Kaufmann also showed that this grasshopper could develop and reproduce by feeding only on species of Poaceae; but development was slower and adults were smaller than when they fed on both grasses and forbs. M. differentialis also showed a preference for some corn hybrids over others in choice field experiments (Brunson & Painter 1938; Harvey & Thompson 1993). Even though under field conditions M. differentialis feeds heavily on alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae), it was found to be an inadequate host for complete development (Barnes 1963). M. differentialis showed strongest preference for the common sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae) compared to the following offered food plants: fava bean, Faba vulgaris Moench. (Fabaceae); kale, Brassica oleracea L. (Brassicaceae); and tomato, Solanum Iycopersicum L. (Solanaceae) (Howard 1995). However, in another test M. differentialis preferred giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida L. (Asteraceae), over sunflower (Lewis 1984). Host preference has also been shown with other Melanoplus species (Bailey & Mukerji 1976; Fielding & Brusven 1992; Hinks et al. 1990; Hinks & Olfert 1993; Johnson & Miindel 1987; Porter & Redak 1997). Damage to seedlings in a pine nursery was reported by Feaver (1985), but no other literature on the preferences of M. differentialis for either turfgrasses or landscape plants has been found. Mulkern (1967) reviewed the literature on preference for food plants by grasshoppers and concluded that they are selective feeders with definite preferences, especially in choice experiments when they are confined on 2 or more species of plants. Only limited published documentation exists on grasshopper damage to urban landscapes and gardens. Lists of the preferred plants based upon landscape observations when M. differentialis nymphs and adults were feeding, and control strategies have been developed by Cooperative Extension Specialists in Texas (Merchant & Cooper 2010), Oklahoma (Royer & Edelson 2004), and Kansas (Bauernfeind 2005). This study was initiated to test our hypothesis that some turfgrasses and landscape plants are more preferred than others by M. differentialis, and secondly to determine if any of the commonly planted turfgrasses or landscape plants exhibit resistance to this pest. A diverse selection of landscape plants from 13 plant families and 9 turfgrasses was chosen to help identify preferences among the plant groups used in the urban landscape. MATERIALS AND METHODS A representative collection of 9 of the most commonly used cultivars and species of turfgrasses (family Poaceae) in the arid Southwestern U.S.A. and 15 species of landscape plants (in 13 families) found either growing in the landscape or in container nurseries at the Texas AgriLIFE Research & Extension Center, Dallas, Texas was selected for this study. Two no-choice feeding experiments were conducted, the first compared 9 selected turfgrasses and a second study compared 15 species of landscape plants (Table 1). Johnsongrass, S. halepense, was included in both experiments as a standard host plant, since the grasshoppers used in these experiments were collected from this host. Johnsongrass is a common food source for M. differentialis (Isely 1944), and because it is fairly drought resistant, this grasshopper species tends to aggregate on it as the other plant materials begin to desiccate during the summer heat and drought stress period. For each test plant in each replicate, leaves or terminal shoots were clipped from the grasses or landscape plant and transported to the laboratory in a cooled ice chest. Adequate plant material (leaves or shoots) to support 1 adult grasshopper for at least 2 d of feeding on the turfgrasses and 3 d on the landscape plants was initially caged with each adult M. differentialis in a 9 cm diam x 20 mm deep plastic feeding chamber (Petri dish). Each feeding chamber was provided with 2 water-saturated, 7 cm diam filter paper discs to maintain plant turgidity. Both feeding studies consisted of 1 grasshopper per feeding chamber, with 3 chambers per experimental unit and 8 replications for a total of 24 grasshoppers per test plant. These chambers were observed daily for feeding activity and the weight and production of fecal pellets was recorded. After 2 d exposure to the test turfgrasses, each grasshopper was moved to a new feeding chamber and several parameters were assayed to determine feeding activity: a) the amount of feeding was rated on a scale of 1-5, 1 = little or no feeding, and 5 = near complete consumption of the plant material; b) fecal pellets were counted; and c) fecal pellets were oven dried (72 h at 70[degrees]C) and weighed. The grasshoppers tested on the turfgrasses were again placed on fresh samples of the respective grasses for an additional 6 d (8 d total) of feeding. Grasshoppers were held initially for 3 d on the test landscape plants before these parameters were assayed. Grasshoppers held on the landscape plants were reestablished in the test chambers for an additional 11 d (14 d total) of feeding on each plant species. For both experiments, cages were opened every 2-3 d, so that fecal pellets and decaying plant material could be removed and fresh plant material added to insure that the grasshoppers always had adequate fresh plant material on which to feed. After feeding for 8 and 14 d on turfgrasses and landscape plants, respectively, all remaining fecal pellets were counted, oven dried, and weighed. Adult differential grasshoppers for these studies were individually collected with a sweep net from large stands of Johnsongrass growing wild in highway and railroad rights-of-ways in Denton, County, Texas, U.S.A. and stored in cooled ice chests for transport to the laboratory. Grasshoppers were held with no food and only water for 72 h to allow them to eliminate any waste from plants on which they had been feeding. Grasshoppers that appeared healthy were then used to establish the tests. Female grasshoppers were randomly chosen for all 8 replicates with the turfgrasses. For the landscape plant experiment, females were used for the first 7 replicates; but since there were not enough females to complete replicate 8, only males were used for this last replicate. Statistical Analysis Data for the following parameters were recorded: feeding damage, number, and weight of fecal pellets after 2 d of feeding on each of the turfgrasses; the same 3 parameters after 3 d of feeding on each of the landscape plants; the number and weight of fecal pellets produced after 8 d of feeding on each of the turfgrasses; and the same 2 parameters after 14 d of feeding on each of the landscape plants and they were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (PROC GLM) for a randomized complete block design to test the differences between test plants. Means were compared at the 5% level of significance using Waller-Duncan k-ratio (k = 100) t test (SAS Institute 2009). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Turfgrasses The feeding response by the differential grasshopper on 9 turfgrasses is presented in Figs. 1 and 2. Zoysia matrella cv. 'Cavalier' was the least preferred cultivar of turfgrass with a mean damage rating of 0.79 on the scale of 1 to 5, with 1 = little or no damage, and 5 = near complete consumption of the plant material (Fig. 1). Buchloe dactyloides cv. 'Prairie' and Z. japonica cv. 'Meyer' were the next 2 least damaged grasses with damage ratings of 1.17 and 2.13, respectively. Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) sustained the most feeding damage and was the most preferred grass (rating of 4.62), followed with significantly less feeding damage by Poa pratensis x P. arachnifera cv. 'Reveille', Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis cv. 'Tifway', C. dactylon cv. 'Common' (each with damage ratings [greater than or equal to] 3.50) (Fig. 1). Feeding on Johnsongrass was also high with a damage rating of 3.24. When the number of fecal pellets and their weight were compared for each grass after 2 d of feeding, the response among the various grasses was very similar to the results for actual feeding damage ratings (Fig. 2). Grasshoppers feeding on Zoysia cv. 'Cavalier' only produced an average of 5.33 fecal pellets (Fig. 2A) during the first 2 d at a weight of 15.57 mg (Fig. 2B). The weight of fecal pellets (24.79 mg) produced on Buchloe cv. 'Prairie' was not significantly different from that produced on Zoysia cv. 'Cavalier'. In contrast, grasshoppers feeding on F. arundinacea produced an average of 29.62 fecal pellets at a mean weight of 80.32 mg. Significantly fewer fecal pellets (21.91, 22.85, 20.15, and 17.78) were produced by grasshoppers feeding on P. pratensis, P. arachnifera cv. 'Reveille', Cynodon cv. 'Tifway', Cynodon cv. 'Common', and P. pratensis cv. 'Tejasl', respectively than on F. arundinacea (Fig. 2A) and the 2-d fecal pellet weight produced on each of these grasses exceeded 54 mg (Fig. 2B). The number of fecal pellets produced during the first 2 d on Zoysia cv. 'Meyer' was not much greater than produced on Buchloe cv. 'Prairie'; however, their weight was more than doubled at 50.76 mg. Even though the damage rating was relatively high on Johnsongrass, the number of fecal pellets (11.96) and their weight (29.94 mg) was unexpectedly low compared to the number and weight of fecal pellets produced on the less damaged Zoysia cv. 'Meyer' and Stenotaphrum secundatum cv. 'Raleigh'. Production on Johnsongrass was considerably lower than the number and weight of pellets produced on 'Reveille' hybrid bluegrass or on Cynodon cvs. 'Tifway' or 'Common', which had similar damage ratings. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] After 8 d of feeding, Zoysia cv. 'Cavalier' and Buchloe cv. 'Prairie' were still significantly the most resistant with the lowest mean number of fecal pellets produced per day (2.05 and 2.78, respectively) (Fig. 2C) and mean weights of 5.78 and 6.77 mg, respectively (Fig. 2D). The number of pellets and their weight were ca. one-half that of the next 2 grasses, Zoysia cv. 'Meyer' and Stenotaphrum cv. 'Raleigh' with numbers of pellets >5 and weights >12 mg. Johnsongrass continued to be in the midrange of damage with a mean of 5.57 fecal pellets weighing 13.72 mg per day. Isely (1944) also reported Johnsongrass as a good host, especially when it was growing in mixed stands with common sunflower, giant ragweed, and wild lettuce. Tall fescue continued to be significantly the most preferred host with the highest average number of fecal pellets (12.24) and highest weight (31.39 mg) per day over the 8-d feeding period. Regardless of the grass, M. differentialis produced more fecal pellets weighing more per day during the first 2 d of feeding than they did daily during the remaining feeding period. This higher level of feeding is probably due to the fact that we starved the grasshoppers for a 72-h period before the initial 2-d feeding period. No literature was found that characterized the preferential feeding behavior of M. differentialis for one turfgrass in preference to another. Landscape Plants Feeding responses of M. differentialis on the 15 landscape plants compared with Johnsongrass are presented in Figs. 3 and 4. The ratings of feeding damage during the first 3 d the grasshoppers were confined on the plant material show that the least visual feeding damage occurred on Hibiscus moscheutos cv. 'Flare' (1.96), Petunia violacea cv. 'VIP' (2.02), Phlox paniculata cv. 'John Fanick' (2.00), Tecoma stans cv. 'Gold Star' (2.46), and Campsis grandiflora (2.48) (Fig. 3). Conversely, the highest amount of feeding per adult M. differentialis occurred on Plumbago auriculata cv. 'Hullabaloo' (3.83), Glandularia hybrida cv. 'Blue Princess' (3.77), red Canna x generalis (3.67), Johnsongrass (3.45), and Cortaderia selloana cv. 'Pumila' (3.43), with these 5 plants grouped in the top statistical separation. Since M. differentialis normally feeds on both grasses and herbs, it was no surprise that Johnsongrass and pampas grass along with several of the landscape plants were among the test plants showing the most feeding damage. When the number and dry weight of fecal pellets per grasshopper for the first 3-d feeding period were examined, Ipomoea batatas cv. 'Marguerite', Bougainvillea sp., and Lantana horrida were also grouped in the same statistical separation of least fed upon plants (nonpreferred) (Fig. 4). Based on these 2 parameters, red Canna and Glandularia cv. 'Blue Princess' were the most preferred hosts with the highest number of fecal pellets (Glandularia = 25.5; Canna = 21.75) (Fig. 4A) and the highest fecal pellet weights (Canna = 62.0 mg; Glandularia = 41.56 mg) (Fig. 4B). [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] After 14 d of continual feeding, the same 5 cultivars continued to exhibit the least feeding (resistant) based on the number and dry weight of fecal pellets per grasshopper per day of feeding (Fig. 4C and 4D). Red Canna, Glandularia cv. 'Blue Princess', Plumbago cv. 'Hullabaloo', and Cortaderia cv. 'Pumila' continued to be among the preferred hosts. The number and weight of fecal pellets produced on red Canna during the last ll d of the trial were significantly reduced compared to the feeding exhibited during the first 3 d. The lower number on red Canna can partially be explained by the large amount of fluids present in the Canna leaves which caused the grasshoppers to produce very watery fecal pellets that were difficult to distinguish and did not hold together. Nerium oleander cv. 'Hardy Red' emerged as the most preferred host with nearly 8 fecal pellets (weighing 15 mg) produced per grasshopper per day. Conversely, M. differentialis feeding on the 5 aforementioned resistant plants produced fewer than 4 fecal pellets and less than 6 mg of dry pellet weight per day of feeding. The strong feeding preference by the grasshoppers for Nerium was unexpected, because the presence of glucosides in both fresh and dry foliage of Nerium makes it extremely toxic to man and animals (Muenscher 1948). This was the first report of the ability to tolerate glucosides expressed by an Orthopteran. The ability of M. differentialis to detoxify plant secondary metabolites was first reported by Snyder et al. (1998). He showed that M. differentialis can tailor its detoxification enzymes (a variety of microsomal cytochrome P450s and several cytosolic detoxification enzymes) to the profile of secondary metabolites in its diet. All previous work with Orthoptera had dealt with detoxification of synthetic pesticides. This phenomenon had been well documented for several species of Lepidoptera (Berenbaum 1991). [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] Most previous research showed that several plants in the Asteraceae were good hosts for M. differentialis (Howard 1995; Isely 1944; Kaufmann 1968; Lewis 1984). However, these previous works provide little insight as to which other families of herbaceous plants that was tested in this experiment (Table l) would serve as hosts for this grasshopper. This experiment shows that M. differentialis will feed on a wide range of herbaceous plants from a diverse group of plant families. The differential grasshopper is a significant pest of several field crops but it also causes significant economic damage in urban/suburban landscapes and in plant nurseries. This paper characterizes the level of damage for a select group of turfgrasses and landscape plants commonly used in Southern landscapes. Knowing which plants are most susceptible to damage should be useful information for home owners and managers of parks and other public and private grounds to aid them in choosing plants that are less likely to be damaged. This knowledge can be especially important to nursery plant growers and for wholesale and retail nurseries to more closely monitor certain plant species that are more subject to damage, or to simply avoid handling these species; especially during M. differentialis outbreak years. This type of information is necessary for the development of comprehensive IPM programs for urban landscapes and plant nurseries. [FIGURE 4 OMITTED] REFERENCES CITED Anonymous. 1994. Grasshoppers: Their biology, identification, and management--Differential grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas). Wyoming Agr. Exp. Stn. Bull. 912, 5 pp. Bailey, C. G., and Mukerji, M. K. 1976. Feeding habits and food preferences of Melanoplus bivittatus and Melanoplus femurrubrum (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Can. Entomol. 108(11): 1207-1212. Barnes, O. L. 1963. Food plant tests with the differential grasshopper. J. Econ. Entomol. 56: 396-399. Bauernfeind, R. J. 2005. Grasshoppers in the lawn and garden. Kansas State Univ. Agr. Exp. Stn. Coop. Ext. Serv. Leaflet L-868, 3 pp. Available online at: http:// www.oznet.ksu.edu. Berenbaum, M. R. 1991. Comparative processing of allelechemicals in the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera). Archives Insect Biochem. Physiol. 17: 213-221. Brunson, A. M., and Painter, R. H. 1938. Differential feeding of grasshoppers on corn and sorghums. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 30: 334-346. Feaver M. N. 1985. Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acididae) damage to pine seedlings at night in a seed orchard. Florida Entomol. 68(4): 694-696. Fielding, D. J., and Brusven, M. A. 1992. Food and habitat preference of Melanoplus sanguinipes and Aulocara elliotti (Orthoptera: Acrididae) on disturbed rangeland in southern Idaho. J. Econ. Ento mol. 85(3): 783-788. Harvey, T. L., and Thompson, C. A. 1993. Differences in leaf feeding on corn hybrids by the differential grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas). J. Agr. Entomol. 10(1): 31-34. Hinks, C. F., and Olfert, O. 1993. Growth and survival to the second instar of neonate grasshopper nymphs, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) fed cultivars ancestral to hard red spring wheat. J. Agr. Entomol. 10: 171-180. Hinks, C. F., Olfert, O., Westcott, N. D., Coxworth, E. M., and Craig, W. 1990. Preference and performance in grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae), feeding on kochia, oats, and wheat: implication for population dynamics. J. Econ. Entomol. 83(4): 1338-1343. Howard, J. J. 1995. Variation in dietary patterns among and within polyphagous grasshopper species (Orthoptera: Acrididae). J. Insect Behavior 8(5): 563576. Isely, F. B. 1938. The relations of Texas Acarididae to plants and soils. Ecol. Monogr. 8: 551-604. Isely, F. B. 1944. Correlations between mandibular morphology and food specificity in grasshoppers, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 37(1): 47-67. Johnson, D. L., and Mundel, H.-H. 1987. Grasshopper feeding rates, preference, and growth on safflower. Ann. Applied Biology Ill: 43-52. Kaufmann, T. 1968. A laboratory study of feeding habits of Melanoplus differentialis in Maryland (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 61: 173180. Lewis, A. C. 1984. Plant quality and grasshopper feeding: effects of sunflower condition on preference and performance in Melanoplus differentialis. Ecology 65(3): 836-843. Merchant, M., and Cooper, J. 2010. Grasshopper control tips for Texas landscapes, Texas A&M AgriLIFE Ext., College Station, TX. FactSheet Ent-1040: 2 pp. Available online at: http://citybugs.tamu.edu/FastSheets/Ent-1040.asp. Muenscher W. C. 1948. Poisonous Plants of the United States. Macmillian Co., New York. Mulkern, G. B. 1967. Food selection by grasshoppers, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 12: 59-78 Porter, E. E., and Redak, R. A. 1997. Diet of migratory grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in a California native grassland and the effect of prescribed spring burning. Population Ecology 26(2): 234-240. Reinert, J. A., Mackay, W. A., George, S. W., Read, J., Engelke, M. C., and Maranz, S. J. 2001. Residual chemical control for Melanoplus differentialis (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in urban landscapes. Florida Entomol. 83(3): 380-384. Royer, T. A., and Edelson, J. V. 2004. Grasshopper control in gardens and landscapes. Oklahoma Coop. Ext. Serv., Circ. F-7322, 4 pp. SAS Institute. 2009. SAS system for Windows, release 9.1, SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina. Shotwell, R. L. 1930. A study of the lesser migratory grasshopper. USDA Tech. Bull. 190, 34 pp. Snyder, M. J., Champagne, D. E., Cohen, M. B., and Howard, J. J. 1998. Effects of plant diet on detoxification enzyme activities of two grasshoppers, Melanoplus differentialis and Taeniopoda eques. J. Chem. Ecology 24(12): 2151-2165. JAMES A. REINERT (1), WAYNE MACKAY (2), M. C. ENGELKE (1) AND STEVE W. GEORGE (1) (1) Texas A&M AgriLIFE Research & Extension Urban Solutions Center, 17360 Coit Road, Dallas, TX, 75252-6599, U.S.A. E-mail: j-reinert@tamu.edu (2) Mid-Florida Research & Education Center, 2725 S. Binion Road, Apopka, FL, 32703-8504 U.S.A. TABLE 1. TURFGRASSES AND LANDSCAPE PLANTS EVALUATED IN FEEDING STUDY
FOR HOST PREFERENCE/RESISTANCE TO THE DIFFERENTIAL GRASSHOPPER.
Plants Family Plant/Cultivar Genus and Species
Turfgrasses (Experiment 1)
Poaceae 'Common' Bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon (L.)
Pers.
Poaceae 'Tifway' Bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon x C.
transvaalensis Burtt-Davy
Poaceae 'Prairie' Buffalograss Buchloe dactyloids
(Nutt.) Engelm
Poaceae 'Raleigh ' St. Stenotaphrum secundatum
Augustinegrass (Walt.) Kuntze
Poaceae 'Meyer' Zoysiagrass Zoysia japonica Steud
Poaceae 'Cavalier' Zoysiagrass Zoysia matrella (L.)
Merr.
Poaceae 'Tejas' Texas Bluegrass Poa arachnifera Torr.
Poaceae Reveille' TX x KY Poa pratensis L. x P.
Bluegrass arachnifera Torr.
Poaceae Tall Fescue Festuca arundinacea
Schreb.
Poaceae Johnsongrass Sorghum halepense (L.)
Pers.
Landscape Plants (Experiment 2)
Apocynaceae 'Hardy Red' Oleander Nerium oleander L.
Bignoniaceae Chinese Trumpet Vine Campsis grandiflora K.
Schum
Bignoniaceae 'Gold Star' Esperanza Tecoma stans (L.) Juss.
ex Kunth
Cannaceae Red Canna Canna * generalis L. H.
Bailey
Convolvulaceae 'Marguerite' Ornamental Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.
Sweet Potato
Lythraceae, Crape Myrtle Lagerstroemia fauriei
Koehne
Malvaceae 'Flare' Perennial Hibiscus moscheutos L.
Hibiscus
Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea Bougainvillea spp. Comm.
ex Juss.
Poaceae 'Pumila' Dwarf Pampas Cortaderia selloana
Grass (Schult. & Schult. f.)
Asch. & Graebn.
Poaceae Johnsongrass Sorghum halepense (L.)
Pers
Polemoniaceae 'John Fanick' Perennial Phlox paniculata L.
Phlox
Plumbaginaceae 'Hullabaloo' Blue Plumbago auriculata Lam.
Plumbago
Rosaceae 'Climbing Pinkie' Rose Rosa sp.
Solanaceae 'VIP' Petunia Petunia violacea Lindl.
Verbenaceae 'Blue Princess' Glandularia hybrida
(Groenland & Rumpler)
Perennial Verbena G. L.Nesom & Pruski
(formerly Verbena
hybrida)
Verbenaceae Lantana Lantana horrida Kunth
(Synonym of Petunia
integrifolia (Hook.)
Schinz & Thell.) |
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