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Melioidosis in animals, Thailand,
2006-2010.
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| Article Type: | Report |
| Subject: |
Mortality
(Research) Mortality (Thailand) Animals (Health aspects) Pseudomonas infections (Risk factors) Pseudomonas infections (Diagnosis) Pseudomonas infections (Research) |
| Authors: |
Limmathurotsakul, Direk Thammasart, Suree Warrasuth, Nattachai Thapanagulsak, Patiporn Jatapai, Anchalee Pengreungrojanachai, Vanna Anun, Suthatip Joraka, Wacharee Thongkamkoon, Pacharee Saiyen, Piangjai Wongratanacheewin, Surasakdi Day, Nicholas P.J. Peacock, Sharon J. |
| Pub Date: | 02/01/2012 |
| Publication: | Name: Emerging Infectious Diseases Publisher: U.S. National Center for Infectious Diseases Audience: Academic; Professional Format: Magazine/Journal Subject: Health Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2012 U.S. National Center for Infectious Diseases ISSN: 1080-6040 |
| Issue: | Date: Feb, 2012 Source Volume: 18 Source Issue: 2 |
| Topic: | Event Code: 310 Science & research |
| Geographic: | Geographic Scope: Thailand Geographic Code: 9THAI Thailand |
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| Accession Number: | 281175417 |
| Full Text: |
Melioidosis is a serious infection caused by the gram-negative
bacillus and biothreat organism, Burkholderia pseudomallei. It is the
third most frequent cause of death from infectious diseases in
northeastern Thailand (after HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis) (1) and the most
common cause of community-acquired bacteremic pneumonia in northern
Australia (2). Melioidosis also occurs in a wide range of animal
species; most cases reported in the literature are in livestock in
northern Australia (3-8). In Thailand, serologic studies that use the
indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) have indicated that pigs, sheep,
goats, and cattle are exposed to B. pseudomallei (9,10), but to our
knowledge, culture-confirmed melioidosis in animals has not been
reported in the literature (11). We describe the findings of a study to
estimate incidence of melioidosis in animals in Thailand and compare the
geographic distribution of melioidosis in animals with that in humans. The Study A retrospective study was performed to collect data on all animals recorded to have died of melioidosis and the total number of livestock in Thailand during January 1, 2006-December 31, 2010. This information was obtained from the Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Thailand. Information about animal melioidosis was derived from necropsies on animals that died of unknown causes which are taken to the National Institute of Animal Health in central Thailand or to 1 of 8 veterinary research and development centers throughout Thailand. Necropsy is performed principally to monitor for infectious diseases that may be associated with outbreaks in farm animals. During the study period, IHA, blood culture, and pus culture (if available) for B. pseudomallei were performed if melioidosis was suspected as the cause of death. Melioidosis was diagnosed as the cause of death in 61 animals. For 49 (80%) of these animals, diagnosis was based on a culture positive for B. pseudomallei from [greater than or equal to] 1 clinical specimens; for 12 (20%) animals, cultures were negative but samples were IHA positive for melioidosis (based on a cutoff value of [greater than or equal to] 320). Cases diagnosed by IHA, but culture negative, were excluded from further analysis because apparently healthy animals in melioidosis-endemic areas can have high bacterial titers (9,10). The animal species affected were goats (31), pigs (8), cattle (4), deer (1), horse (1), and wild animals in captivity (camel, crocodile, monkey, and zebra [1 each]). Thirty-one (61%) of the 49 cases were identified during the rainy season (June-November). The estimated incidence rate of melioidosis was highest in goats (1.63/100,000/ year), followed by incidence in pigs and cattle (0.02 and 0.01/100,000/year, respectively) (Table 1). We mapped the geographic distribution of melioidosis in goats by province and compared the meloidosis distribution with the total number of goats in the country during the same period (Table 2; Figure). The average number of total goats per year for 2006-2010 was 381,405. Most (41%) were in provinces in the south, with the remainder in western (19%), central (16%), northern (16%), northeastern (5%), and eastern (3%) Thailand. Although goats were not numerous in northeastern Thailand, provinces with the first and third highest incidence of goat melioidosis (Sakon Nakohn and Khon Kaen) were situated in the northeast, a region with the highest reported incidence of human melioidosis (1). The incidence rate of goat melioidosis was low in the south, where the incidence of human infection has not been defined but appears to be low according to cases reported in the literature (12-14). The relative incidence of goat melioidosis was also high in western and eastern Thailand, regions where human melioidosis is not considered endemic. No reports of human melioidosis in the west have been published, and the 1 report from the east described 78 blood culture-positive cases during 3 years in Sa Keao Province, from which an annual incidence rate was calculated of 4.9 per 100,000 persons (15). To further evaluate this finding, we contacted 4 provincial hospitals in eastern and western Thailand, where cases in animals were observed, to request information about the number of culture-confirmed melioidosis cases in humans. Culture-confirmed human melioidosis cases were observed each year in all 4 hospitals (Table 2). Our findings indicate that that the geographic area of Thailand affected by melioidosis is much greater than appreciated previously. Conclusions The cases of animal melioidosis in Thailand reported here probably underestimate actual cases because necropsies are performed on a small minority of animals that die of natural causes. Goats are a major domestic animal in Thailand, particularly in western and southern Thailand. We demonstrated that the estimated incidence of melioidosis in goats relative to other animals is high and might represent a substantial cause of economic loss for goat farmers. The high susceptibility of goats to melioidosis relative to that of pigs and cattle is consistent with a previous report from Australia (5). Mapping of goat melioidosis demonstrated concentrations of cases in specific provinces and large areas of the country with no apparent disease. This finding might represent an artifact, based on the availability of information from specific veterinary centers, and we propose that animal melioidosis might be underestimated and widely distributed across the country. We predicted that the incidence of melioidosis in goats would parallel that in humans because both would be exposed to similar levels of environmental B. pseudomallei. This finding proved to be the case in northeastern Thailand, where the incidence of human melioidosis is high and where a small population of goats also had a high relative incidence. Such was not the case in the west, however, where the relative incidence of goat melioidosis was high, but human cases have not been reported in the literature. Possible explanations include a more active approach to determine causes of death in goats or failure to diagnose or report human disease in the west and, less plausibly, the presence of an animal-adapted B. pseudomallei strain that fails to infect humans. Contact with hospitals in western and eastern Thailand indicated that melioidosis was more common than the literature suggests. Further studies to determine an accurate incidence of human and animal melioidosis throughout Thailand are required. The ability to culture and detect B. pseudomallei in clinical microbiology laboratories countrywide also needs to be improved (1,15). Our findings support the recommendation for pasteurization of goat milk before consumption in Thailand, which is necessary to prevent human brucellosis and also will prevent ingestion of live B. pseudomallei in milk. Our study was not designed to detect evidence for animal-to-human transmission in potentially at-risk populations, such as herdsmen, veterinarians, or abattoir workers. Such detection is a future objective in Thailand because presumptive zoonotic infection has been reported in Australia (5). Melioidosis is not currently part of the animal disease control program in Thailand, but its inclusion may now warrant review. Acknowledgments We are grateful to the staff of National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, and the Wellcome Trust-Oxford University-Mahidol University Tropical Medicine Research Program. We thank Patiwat Sa-angchai and the Tropmed GIS Unit, Department of Tropical Hygiene, Mahidol University for technical support. Dr Limmathurotsakul is a clinician scientist at the Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand. His research interests focus on the epidemiology of melioidosis and B. pseudomallei in the environment. References 1. Limmathurotsakul D, Wongratanacheewin S, Teerawattanasook N, Wongsuvan G, Chaisuksant S, Chetchotisakd P, et al. Increasing incidence of human melioidosis in northeast Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;82:1113-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh. 2010.10-0038 2. Currie BJ, Fisher DA, Howard DM, Burrow JN, Selvanayagam S, Snelling PL, et al. The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Acta Trop. 2000;74:121-7. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/S0001-706X(99)00060-1 3. Hampton V, Kaestli M, Mayo M, Choy JL, Harrington G, Richardson L, et al. Melioidosis in birds and Burkholderia pseudomallei dispersal, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:1310-2. http://dx.doi. org/10.3201/eid1707.100707 4. Millan JM, Mayo M, Gal D, Janmaat A, Currie BJ. Clinical variation in melioidosis in pigs with clonal infection following possible environmental contamination from bore water. Vet J. 2007;174:200-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.05.006 5. Choy JL, Mayo M, Janmaat A, Currie BJ. Animal melioidosis in Australia. Acta Trop. 2000;74:153-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0001-706X(99)00065-0 6. Van der Lugt JJ, Henton MM. Melioidosis in a goat. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1995;66:71-3. 7. Ketterer PJ, Webster WR, Shield J, Arthur RJ, Blackall PJ, Thomas AD. Melioidosis in intensive piggeries in south eastern Queensland. Aust Vet J. 1986;63:146-9. http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1986.tb02953.x 8. Thomas AD, Norton JH, Forbes-Faulkner JC, Woodland G. Melioidosis in an intensive piggery. Aust Vet J. 1981;57:144-5. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1981.tb00492.x 9. Srikawkheaw N, Lawhavinit O. Detection of antibodies against melioidosis from animal sera in Thailand by indirect haemagglutination test. Kasetsart Journal: Nature Science. 2007;41:81-5 [cited 2011 Dec 9]. http://research.rdi.ku.ac.th/world/showItem. php?itemID=115861&lang=en 10. Srikitjakarn L, Sirimalaisuwan A, Khattiya R, Krueasukhon K, Mekaprateep M. Seroprevalence of melioidosis in dairy cattle in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002;33:739-41. 11. Leelarasamee A. Melioidosis in Southeast Asia. Acta Trop. 2000;74:129-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0001-706X(99)00061-3 12. Leelarasamee A, Trakulsomboon S, Kusum M, Dejsirilert S. Isolation rates of Burkholderia pseudomallei among the four regions in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1997;28:107 13. 13. Vuddhakul V, Tharavichitkul P, Na-Ngam N, Jitsurong S, Kunthawa B, Noimay P, et al. Epidemiology of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;60:458-61. 14. Chierakul W, Winothai W, Wattanawaitunechai C, Wuthiekanun V, Rugtaengan T, Rattanalertnavee J, et al. Melioidosis in 6 tsunami survivors in southern Thailand. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:982-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/432942 15. Bhengsri S, Baggett HC, Jorakate P, Kaewpan A, Prapasiri P, Naorat S, et al. Incidence of bacteremic melioidosis in eastern and northeastern Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;85:117-20. http:// dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0070 Author affiliations: Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (D. Limmathurotsakul, A. Jatapai, N.P.J. Day, S.J. Peacock); Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok (S. Thammasart, N. Warrasuth, P. Thapanagulsak, P. Thongkamkoon); Ratchaburi Hospital, Ratchaburi, Thailand (V. Pengreungrojanachai); Chachoengsao Hospital, Chachoengsao, Thailand (S. Anun); Chonburi Hospital, Chonburi, Thailand (W. Joraka); Phrachomklao Hospital, Phetchaburi, Thailand (P. Saiyen); Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (S. Wongratanacheewin); University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (N.P.J. Day); and Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (S.J. Peacock) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111347 Address for correspondence: Direk Limmathurotsakul, 420/6 Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Rajvithee Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; email: direk@tropmedres.ac Table 1. Estimated incidence rates of culture-proven animal
melioidosis, Thailand, 2006-2010 *
Total
population No. melioidosis Incidence
Animals ([dagger]) cases over 5 y rate
Goats 381,405 31 1.63
Pigs 8,187,332 8 0.02
Cattle 8,944,662 4 0.01
Others ([double dagger]) NA 6 NA
* Cases/100,000 animals/year. NA, not available.
([dagger]) Average number of animals per year during 2006-2010.
([double dagger]) One each of the following animals: camel,
crocodile, deer, horse, monkey, and zebra.
Table 2. Estimated incidence rates * of melioidosis
in goats and humans, Thailand, 2006-2010
Total Goat
population No. cases
Province} Region ([double dagger]) over 5 y
Sakon Nakhon Northeast 397 2
Ratchaburi West 9,027 16
Khon Kaen Northeast 1,372 1
Chachoengsao East 1,433 2
Chonburi East 2,106 1
Songkhla South 18,355 4
Trang South 7,058 1
Phetchaburi West 7,823 1
Nakhon Si Thammarat South 10,009 1
Patthani South 19,768 1
Yala South 33,325 1
Total Human
Incidence population No. cases Incidence
Province} rate ([section]) over 5 y rate
Sakon Nakhon 100.76 1,115,900 1,082 19.39
Ratchaburi 35.45 834,107 50 1.20
Khon Kaen 29.15 1,757,772 2,122 24.14
Chachoengsao 27.91 664,184 151 4.55
Chonburi 9.50 1,262,661 76 1.20
Songkhla 4.36 1,335,832 Unknown Unknown
Trang 2.83 614,797 Unknown Unknown
Phetchaburi 2.56 459,398 8 0.35
Nakhon Si Thammarat 2.00 1,513,936 Unknown Unknown
Patthani 1.01 643,718 Unknown Unknown
Yala 0.60 476,437 Unknown Unknown
* Per 100,000/year.
([dagger]) Provinces are ordered by incidence rate of goat melioidosis.
([double dagger]) Average number of goats per year during 2006-2010.
([section]) Average human population per year during 2006-2010. |
| Gale Copyright: | Copyright 2012 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. |
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