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Lack of association of vitamin d binding protein
polymorphisms in egyptian children with type 1 diabetes/Misirli
cocuklarda tip 1 diyabet ile D vitamini baglayici protein polimorfizmi
arasindaki iliski yoklugu.
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| Abstract: |
Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a polygenic
autoimmune disease. Vitamin D is a potent modulator of the immune system
and has been implicated in T1D pathogenesis and prevention. Vitamin
D-binding protein (VDBP) is the main systemic transporter of vitamin D
and is essential for its cellular endocytosis. Two frequent single
nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in exon 11 of the VDBP gene, result in
amino acid variants: (rs7041) GAT [right arrow] AG substitution replaces
aspartic acid by glutamic acid in codon 416; and (rs4588) ACG [right
arrow]AAG substitution in codon 420 leads to an exchange of threonine
for lysine. These VDBP variants lead to differences in the affinity for
vitamin D. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the association of these 2 VDBP gene SNPs with T1D in Egyptian children. Material and Method: Unrelated 59 children with T1D and 65 healthy controls were included in this study. The sequence of VDBP exon 11, which contains both examined SNPs, was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: The frequency of Asp/Glu alleles, at codon 416, was 35.6/64.4% in T1D patients and 44.6/55.4% in controls (P=0.15). At codon 420 the frequency of Thr/Lys alleles were 88.1/11.9% and 87.7/12.3% (P=0.91), respectively. Distributions of genotypes at both loci, and the common haplotypes constructed by them, were also very similar in both groups (P>). Conclusion: DNA polymorphisms in the VDBP gene are not associated with T1D in Egyptian children.. Turk Jem 2011; 15: 111-5 Key words: Type 1 diabetes, Vitamin D binding protein, group-specific component, Asp416Glu, Thr420Lys Ozet Giris: Tip 1 diyabet (T1D), bir poligenik otoimmun hastaliktir. D vitamini, immun sistemin guclu bir duzenleyicisidir ve T1D patogenezi ve onlenmesi ile iliskilendirilmistir. Vitamin D baglayici protein (VDBP), D vitaminin temel sistemik tasiyicisidir ve hucresel endositoz icin gereklidir. VDBP geninde exon 11'de sik gorulen iki tek nukleotid polimorfizmi (SNP), amino asit varyantlarinin olusmasina yol acar: (rs7041) GAT [right arrow]GAG degisimi sonucu kodon 416'da glutamik asit yerine aspartik asit gecer; ve kodon 420'de (rs4588) ACG [right arrow] AAG degisimi ile lizin yerine treoninin gecer. Bu VDBP varyantlari, D vitaminine olan affinitede farkliliklara yol acar. Amac: Bu calismada Misirli cocuklarda, bu iki VDBP geni SNP'lerinin T1D ile iliskisinin arastirilmasi amaclandi. Metod: Akrabalik bagi olmayan 59 T1D'li cocuk ve 65 saglikli kontrol calismaya dahil edildi. Arastirilan her iki SNP'yi iceren VDBP exon 11 sekansi, polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu-restriksiyon parcacik uzunluk polimorfizmi (PCR-RFLP) yontemiyle incelendi. Bulgular: Kodon 416'da Asp/Glu allel sikligi T1D hastalarinda % 35.6 / 64.4 ve kontrollerde % 44.6 /55.4 seklindeydi (P=0.15). Kodon 420'de Thr/Lys allel sikligi ise sirasiyla % 88.1/ 11.9 ve % 87.7 / 12.3 tu (P=0.91). Her iki lokustaki genotiplerin ve bunlarin olusturdugu ortak haplotiplerin dagilimi her iki grupta benzer bulundu (P>0.05). Sonuc: Misirli cocuklarda, VDBP genindeki DNA polimorfizmleri, T1D ile iliskili bulunmamistir. Turk Jem 2011; 15: 111-5 Anahtar kelimeler: Tip 1 diyabet, Vitamin D baglayici protein, grup-spasifik bilesen, Asp416Glu, Thr420Lys |
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| Subject: |
Children
(Analysis) Glutamate (Analysis) Genes (Analysis) DNA (Analysis) Chromosomes (Analysis) Aspartate (Analysis) Lysine (Analysis) Amino acids (Analysis) Diabetes (Diet therapy) Diabetes (Genetic aspects) Diabetes (Prevention) Diabetes (Analysis) Codon (Analysis) Protein binding (Analysis) Vitamins (Analysis) Alfacalcidol (Analysis) Calcifediol (Analysis) Vitamin D (Analysis) Type 1 diabetes (Diet therapy) Type 1 diabetes (Genetic aspects) Type 1 diabetes (Prevention) Type 1 diabetes (Analysis) |
| Authors: |
Mahmoud, Moushira Ibrahima, Gehan Fawzya, Manal Atwa, Hoda |
| Pub Date: | 12/01/2011 |
| Publication: | Name: Turkish Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism Publisher: Galenos Yayinevi Tic. Ltd. Audience: Academic Format: Magazine/Journal Subject: Health Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2011 Galenos Yayinevi Tic. Ltd. ISSN: 1301-2193 |
| Issue: | Date: Dec, 2011 |
| Product: | Product Code: E121920 Children; 2831812 Deoxyribonucleic Acid; 2834710 Vitamin Preparations; 2834700 Vitamin, Nutrient & Hematinic Preps NAICS Code: 325414 Biological Product (except Diagnostic) Manufacturing; 325412 Pharmaceutical Preparation Manufacturing SIC Code: 2834 Pharmaceutical preparations |
| Accession Number: | 286721347 |
| Full Text: |
Introduction Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by selective destruction of insulin-secreting beta cells in the pancreatic islets (1). Beta-cell destruction is preceded by insulitis, a massive invasion of the islets by a mixed population of lymphocytes and macrophages; in which T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines produced by islet-infiltrating leukocytes dominate over T helper 2 cells (Th2) (2). The molecular mechanisms underlying type 1 diabetes are only partly understood. It develops as a result of a complex interaction of many genetic and environmental factors. Previous studies support a role for vitamin D in the pathogenesis of T1D. 1 [alpha], 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1, 25(OH) 2D3], the active form of vitamin D, has been successfully used to prevent autoimmune insulitis and reduce diabetes incidence in the mouse model of T1D (3). In humans, population studies suggest that vitamin D supplementation in early childhood decreases T1D incidence (4). Moreover, the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) revealed that dietary vitamin D intake by women during pregnancy was correlated with diminished islet autoantibodies in their children (5) The major biological effect of vitamin D is the regulation of serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis as well as bone metabolism. However, its role in T1D is thought to be related to immunomodulatory actions. Vitamin D induces an autoantigen-specific 'protective' Th2 cell population, blocks pancreatic infiltration of Th1 cells and inhibits their cytokine secretion (6-8). Thus, it is feasible that genes encoding proteins participating in vitamin D metabolism may influence susceptibility to T1D. A key protein in vitamin D metabolism is the vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), formerly known as "group-specific component" (Gc). VDBP binds to vitamin D metabolites (e.g., 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH) D3], the major circulating metabolite, and 1,25(OH)2D3) at the sterol binding domain. It transports vitamin D to liver, kidney, bone, and other target tissues; and stores and prolongs the half-life of the circulating vitamin D metabolites (9, 10). VDBP, a 458-amino acid highly polymorphic single-chain serum glycoprotein, is synthesized and secreted by the liver. The human VDBP-gene is localized at chromosome 4q11-q13. It extends over 35 kb DNA and contains 13 exons and 12 introns (11, 12). There are three major electrophoretic variants of the VDBP glycoprotein, which differ in their affinity for active vitamin D. These variants are identified by two missense polymorphisms in exon 11: (rs7041) a GAT to GAG substitution at codon 416 that replaces aspartic acid by glutamic acid (Asp416Glu) and (rs4588) an ACG to AAG substitution at codon 420 that changes threonine to lysine (Thr420Lys). Haplotypes of these nucleotide changes result in the variants of the VDBP protein which called Gc1 fast (Gc1F), Gc1 slow (Gc1S) and Gc2 (13, 14). Materials and Methods Subjects Fifty-nine T1D children (median age: 13 years; 27 boys and 32 girls), followed-up in the Pediatric Diabetology Clinic at the Suez Canal University Hospital, were enrolled. The age at the onset of diabetes varied between 2 and 17 years (median: 7.5 years). The mean duration of diabetes was 4.7[+ or -]2.7 years and the mean value of HbA1c was 9.1[+ or -]1.9%. T1D was diagnosed according to the criteria specified in the 1999 World Health Organization report (18).No other autoimmune or endocrine diseases were present at the time of the blood collection. The control group consisted of 65 unrelated healthy blood donors (31 males and 34 females; matched for gender to the patients group) who had no family history of diabetes or autoimmune diseases and from the same region as the patients. They were older than 24 years, as recommended by the DiaMond protocol (19). The study was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration. Informed consents were obtained from parents of all patients and controls. Genotyping Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using the Wizard[R] Genomic DNA Purification kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The concentration and purity of extracted DNA was measured using NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, Wilmington, Delaware, USA). DNA was stored at - 20 [degrees]C. until ready for use. The VDBP polymorphisms in exon 11 [Asp416Glu and Thr420Lys] were determined by polymerase chain reactions - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The PCR were carried out in a total volume of 30 [micro]l with 350 ng of genomic DNA, 2.5 U Taq polymerase in 1X Taq polymerase buffer (Promega, Madison WI), 1.5 mmol MgCl2, 0.2 mM of each dNTP and 100 pmol of each primer (Forward: 5'-CAAGTCTTATCACCATCCTG-3' and reverse: 5'-GCCAAGTTACAATAACAC-3') (17). PCR amplifications were performed using Robocycler[R] gradient 96 thermocycler (Stratagene, USA) according to the following cycling conditions: initial denaturation at 95 [degrees]C for 10 min, followed by 35 cycles at 95 [degrees]C for 30 sec, 55 [degrees]C for 30 sec, and 72[degrees]C for 30 sec, with a final extension at 72 [degrees]C for 10 min. Amplified products (809 bp) were checked by electrophoresis in 2% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide and compared with the 100-bp DNA size marker (Bioron, Germany). Then, 10 [micro]l of the amplified products were digested, at 37 [degrees]C overnight, in a 20 [micro]l reaction containing either 2.5U HaeIII or 2.5U StyI restriction enzymes (Fermentas, Germany) for both Asp416Glu and Thr420Lys polymorphisms, respectively. The digestion products were visualized on 2% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. In VDBP Asp416Glu polymorphism, individuals homozygous for the Glu allele showed two bands (577 and 232 bp) while individuals homozygous for the Asp allele had a non-digested band at 809 bp (Figure 1A). The homozygous Thr allele of the Thr420Lys polymorphism appeared as a single band (809 bp), while, the Lys allele showed two bands (584 and 225 bp) (Figure 1B). The Gc haplotypes were determined by observing the digestion products of both restriction enzymes. The Gc1F has neither HaeIII nor StyI site. The Gc1S has the HaeIII but not the StyI site. The Gc2 has the StyI but not the HaeIII site. The existence of both restriction sites on a single haplotype has not yet been described (20). Data Analysis The genotypes and alleles frequencies of the studied polymorphisms were calculated by counting. Hardy-Weinberg equilibriums were assessed on a contingency table of observed and expected genotype frequencies using the Chi-square ([chi] 2) goodness of fit test. Differences in genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies were calculated by [chi] 2, or Fisher's exact test when necessary. Two-tailed p-values were calculated and statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Odds ratios (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for each genotype, allele, and haplotype. Analysis of data was carried out using SPSS package version 10.0 for Windows (Chicago, Illions, USA). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Results The frequencies of the Asp416Glu and Thr420Lys polymorphisms in exon 11 of the VDBP gene were examined in T1D patients and controls. The genotype distribution of both studied groups fits the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P> 0.05, Table 1). Both polymorphisms showed no statistically significant difference in either genotype distribution or allelic frequencies in T1D compared to control subjects. No single genotype or allele was associated with an altered risk for T1D. Further analysis for the haplotypes constructed by these 2 polymorphisms was shown in Table 2. The three common haplotypes all had similar frequencies in non-diabetic control subjects and T1D patients. Discussion VDBP is the major transporter of 1,25(OH)2D3 and facilitates its peripheral bioavailability. Apart from transporting vitamin D, VDBP has been shown to influence the immune system through its conversion to a macrophage-activating factor by the activity of T-and B-lymphocyte enzymes (21). Furthermore, VDBP can serve as a co-chemotaxin for C5a and C5a des Arg. In this role, VDBP acts as a co-chemotactic factor in facilitating the chemotaxis of neutrophils and monocytes during the inflammation process (reviewed in 22). Recently, Thrailkill et al. (23) have shown exaggerated urinary excretion of VDBP in T1D patients which suggests a contribution of VDBP to vitamin D deficiency in this disease. It has been suggested that SNPs in exon 11 of the VDBP gene generate functionally different proteins and that such differences affect circulating vitamin D concentrations (24). Moreover, the serum concentration of VDBP was reported to depend on its Gc phenotype (25). Few studies have examined the relationship between VDBP polymorphism and risk of T1D. An earlier study among white Americans showed a borderline association of VDBP protein variants with T1D (15). Later, Pani et al. (16) failed to show such contribution to the disease in Germans. However, Ongagna and his colleagues, in their two reports (17, 26) confirmed such correlation in French Caucasians. They showed that the frequency of the distribution of VDBP alleles in codon 416 differed between diabetic subjects and controls and that the Glu/Glu genotype was significantly increased in T1D patients. However, their study failed to show an evidence of an association between the VDBP allele or genotype in codon 420 and T1D. We were not able to demonstrate any association between VDBP polymorphisms and risk of T1D in our patients. Although Glu/Glu genotype frequency was higher in T1D patients than in controls, however, this did not reach statistical significance (p= 0.06) The apparent discrepancies between these studies could be a result of the effect of ethnic differences related to the distribution of VDBP polymorphisms in the different populations. This was demonstrated in other autoimmune diseases. For example, multiple sclerosis (MS) has been shown to be associated with Gc1f haplotype of VDBP protein in Icelandic patients while with Gc2 in Italian MS patients (27, 28). However, there was no correlation between MS and the distribution of VDBP variants in both Canadian and Japanese patients (29, 30). The VDBP gene Lys allele at codon 420 was reported to confer susceptibility to Graves' disease in the Polish population, while both exon 11 polymorphisms were not associated with Graves' disease in German patients (31, 32). Moreover, it was suggested that the VDBP itself may not be the disease affecting locus, but rather a marker locus in linkage disequilibrium with the real disease locus, and the discrepant findings may reflect variable strengths of linkage disequilibrium in different populations. Under physiological conditions, only 2% of VDBP is saturated with vitamin D metabolites (33). Thus, slight alterations in its affinity toward 1,25(OH)2D3 might not have any functional effect at all on the pathogenesis of T1D. In conclusion, our data indicates that the two polymorphisms of the VDBP gene studied were not associated with T1D in a sample of Egyptian children, suggesting that it may not have a major effect on the susceptibility to T1D in this population. Up to our knowledge, this is the first study on the VDBP gene in an Egyptian population. Individually, biallelic SNPs have a low informational content. In a situation where the gene effect is very weak, and thus difficult to detect, a meta-analysis or a very large study group is required to prove the association. Further research on gene polymorphisms present in Egyptian patient groups is needed. Conflict of Interest None of the authors have any conflict of interest with regard to this manuscript. References (1.) Atkinson MA, Eisenbarth GS. Type 1 diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment. Lancet 2001;358:221-9. (2.) Suarez-Pinzon WL, Rabinovitch A. Approaches to type 1 diabetes prevention by intervention in cytokine immunoregulatory circuits. Int J Exp Diabetes Res 2001;2:3-17. (3.) Mathieu C, Waer M, Laureys J, Rutgeerts O, Bouillon R. Prevention of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. Diabetologia 1994;37:552-8. (4.) Hypponen E, Laara E, Reunanen A, Jarvelin MR, Virtanen SM. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet 2001;358:1500-3. (5.) Fronczak CM, Baron AE, Chase HP, et al. In utero dietary exposures and risk of islet autoimmunity in children. Diabetes Care 2003;26:3237-42. (6.) Overbergh L, Decallonne B, Waer M, et al. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces an autoantigen-specific T-helper 1/T-helper 2 immune shift in NOD mice immunized with GAD65 (p524-543). Diabetes 2000;49:1301-7. (7.) Boonstra A, Barrat FJ, Crain C, et al. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin d3 has a direct effect on naive CD4(+) T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells. J Immunol 2001;167:4974-80. (8.) Mathieu C, Gysemans C, Guilietti A, Bouillon R. Vitamin D and diabetes. Diabetologia 2005;48:1247-57. (9.) White P, Cooke N. The multifunctional properties and characteristics of vitamin D-binding protein. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2000;11:320-7. (10.) Verboven C, Rabijns A, De Maeyer M, et al. A structural basis for the unique binding features of the human vitamin D-binding protein. Nat Struct Biol 2002;9:131-6. (11.) Cooke NE, David EV. Serum vitamin D-binding protein is a third member of the albumin and alpha fetoprotein gene family. J Clin Invest 1985;76:2420-4. (12.) Braun A, Kofler A, Morawietz S, Cleve H. Sequence and organization of the human vitamin D-binding protein gene. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993;1216:385-94. (13.) Braun A, Bichlmaier R, Cleve H. Molecular analysis of the gene for the human vitamin-D-binding protein (group-specific component): allelic differences of the common genetic GC types. Hum Genet 1992;89:401-6. (14.) Arnaud J, Constans J. Affinity differences for vitamin D metabolites associated with the genetic isoforms of the human serum carrier protein (DBP). Hum Genet 1993;92:183-8. (15.) Hodge SE, Anderson CE, Neiswanger K, et al. Association studies between Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes and 27 genetic markers: lack of association between Type 1 diabetes and Kidd blood group. Diabetologia 1983;25:343-7. (16.) Pani MA, Donner H, Herwig J, Usadel KH, Badenhoop K. Vitamin D binding protein alleles and susceptibility for type 1 diabetes in Germans. Autoimmunity 1999;31:67-72. (17.) Ongagna JC, Kaltenbacher MC, Sapin R, Pinget M, Belcourt A. The HLA-DQB alleles and amino acid variants of the vitamin D binding protein in diabetic patients in Alsace. Clin Biochem 2001;34:59-63. (18.) World Health Organisation Report. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications. Geneva, 1999. (19.) Dorman J. Molecular epidemiology of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: WHO DiaMond Project. WHO DiaMond Molecular Epidemiology Sub-Project Group. Gac Med Mex 1997;133 Suppl 1:151-4. (20.) Borges CR, Rehder DS, Jarvis JW, et al. Full-Length Characterization of Proteins in Human Populations. Clin Chem 2010;56:202-11. (21.) Yamamoto N, Homma S. Vitamin D-binding protein (group-specific component) is a precursor for the macrophage-activating signal factor lysophosphatidylcholine-treated lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991;88:8539-43. (22.) Speeckaert M, Huang G, Delanghe JR, Taes YE. Biological and clinical aspects of the vitamin D binding protein (Gc-globulin) and its polymorphism. Clin Chim Acta 2006;372:33-42. (23.) Thrailkill KM, Jo CH, Cockrell GE, Moreau CS, Fowlkes JL. Enhanced excretion of vitamin D binding protein in type 1 diabetes: a role in vitamin D deficiency? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:142-9. (24.) Sinotte M, Diorio C, Berube S, Pollak M, Brisson J. Genetic polymorphisms of the vitamin D binding protein and plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:634-40. (25.) Lauridsen AL, Vestergaard P, Nexo E. Mean serum concentration of vitamin D-binding protein (Gc globulin) is related to the Gc phenotype in women. Clin Chem 2001;47:753-6. (26.) Ongagna JC, Pinget M, Belcourt A. Vitamin D-binding protein gene polymorphism association with IA-2 autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes. Clin Biochem 2005;38:415-9. (27.) Arnason A, Jensson O, Skaftadottir I, Birgisdottir B, Gudmundsson G, Johannesson G. HLA types, GC protein and other genetic markers in multiple sclerosis and two other neurological diseases in Iceland. Acta Neurol Scand 1980;62 (Suppl. 78):39-40. (28.) Di Bacco M, Luiselli D, Manca ML, Siciliano G. Bayesian approach to searching for susceptibility genes: Gc2 and EsD1 alleles and multiple sclerosis. Coll Antropol 2002;26:77-84. (29.) Steckley JL, Dyment DA, Sadovnick AD, et al. Genetic analysis of vitamin D related genes in Canadian multiple sclerosis patients. Neurology 2000;54:729-32. (30.) Niino M, Kikuchi S, Fukazawa T, Yabe I, Tashiro K. No association of vitamin D-binding protein gene polymorphisms in Japanese patients with MS. J Neuroimmunol 2002;127:177-9. (31.) Kurylowicz A, Ramos-Lopez E, Bednarczuk T, Badenhoop K. Vitamin D-Binding Protein (DBP) Gene Polymorphism is Associated with Graves' Disease and the Vitamin D Status in a Polish Population Study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006;114:329-35. (32.) Pani MA, Regulla K, Segni M, et al. A Polymorphism within the Vitamin D-Binding Protein Gene Is Associated with Graves' Disease but Not with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:2564-7. (33.) Kumar R. The metabolism and mechanism of action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Kidney Int 1986;30:793-803. Moushira Mahmoud, Gehan Ibrahima, Manal Fawzya, Hoda Atwa* Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ismailia, Egypt *Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Department of Pediatrics, Ismailia, Egypt Address for Correspondence: Moushira Mahmoud MD, Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt 41522 E-mail: moushira@yahoo.com Recevied: 05.06.2011 Accepted: 14.07.2011 Turkish Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, published by Galenos Publishing. Table 1. VDBP genotypes distribution and allele frequencies in TID
patients versus healthy control subjects
VDBP SNP Control T1D (n= OR (95% P
(n=65) 59) No. CI)[section] value
No. (%) (%)
Codon Genotype
416
Glu/Glu 16 (24.6) 24 2.1 0.06
(40.7) (0.98-4.52)
Glu/Asp 40 (61.5) 28 0.57 0.12
(47.5) (0.28-1.15)
Asp/Asp 9 (13.9) 7 (11.8) 0.84 0.74
(0.29-2.41)
Allele
Glu 72 (55.4) 76 (64.4) 1.46
(0.87-2.43)
Asp 58 (44.6) 42 0.69 0.15
(35.6) (0.41-1.14)
Codon Genotype
420
Thr/Thr 49 (75.4) 47 1.3 0.57
(79.7) (0.55-2.99)
Thr/Lys 16 (24.6) 10 (16.9) 0.63 0.29
(0.26-1.51)
Lys/Lys 0 2 (3.4)
Allele
Thr 114 104 1.04
(87.7) (88.1) (0.49-2.24)
Lys 16 (12.3) 14 0.96 0.91
(11.9) (0.45-2.06)
[section]OR (95% CI) = Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval).
OR was calculated between cases and controls for specific genotype
and allele frequency in relation to all the other genotypes except
for Lys/Lys genotype which was not found in controls
Table 2. VDBP Haplotype frequencies in TID patients and healthy
control subjects
Haplotype Control N (%) T1D N (%) OR (95% CI) [section] P value
Gc-If 42 (32.3) 28 (23.7) 0.65 (0.37-I.I4) 0.I3
Gc-Is 72 (55.4) 76 (64.4) I.46 (0.87-2.43) 0.I4
Gc-2 I6 (I2.3) I4 (II.9) 0.96 (0.45-2.06) 0.92
[section]OR (95% CI) = Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval). OR was
calculated between cases and controls for specific genotype and allele
frequency in relation to all the other genotypes |
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