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Comparison of primary and metastatic malignant
melanoma of the esophagus: clinicopathologic review of 10
cases.
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| Abstract: |
* Context.--Primary esophageal melanoma (PEM) is a rare disease and
is difficult to distinguish from other esophageal malignancies and from
metastatic melanoma. Objective.--To develop diagnostic criteria for PEM, we compared the clinicopathologic features of 5 PEMs and 5 metastatic melanomas to esophagus. Design.--Ten cases of esophageal melanoma, including 4 surgically resected specimens, 2 autopsy cases, and 4 cases reported on mucosal biopsies, were reviewed. The histologic parameters used in this study were well-characterized features for cutaneous melanoma, including junctional component (in situ melanoma), radial growth phase, modified Breslow thickness, depth of invasion, lymphovascular invasion, satellitosis, predominant type of cytology, and regional lymph node metastasis. Clinical and follow-up information was obtained by reviewing patients' medical records. Results.--Previous history of cutaneous melanoma was present in all 5 cases of metastatic esophageal melanoma but was not present in the 5 patients with PEMs. In situ melanoma and/or radial growth phase were identified in all 5 PEMs but were not present in any of the metastatic cases. Among the 4 resected and 2 autopsy cases, melanocytosis and mixed epithelioid and spindle cell morphology was present in 2 (50%) of 4 PEMs but was not present in 2 (40%) of the metastatic melanomas. Melanin pigment was detectable in all cases. Patients with PEM had better survival than those who had metastatic melanoma to esophagus (P = .03). Conclusions.--The presence of in situ melanoma, radial growth phase, melanocytosis, and mixed epithelioid and spindle cell morphology, in the context of no history of melanoma, distinguishes PEM from metastatic melanoma. |
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| Article Type: | Report |
| Subject: |
Esophageal cancer
(Diagnosis) Esophageal cancer (Prognosis) Metastasis (Research) Metastasis (Diagnosis) Melanoma (Diagnosis) Melanoma (Prognosis) Immunohistochemistry (Analysis) Immunohistochemistry (Usage) |
| Authors: |
Sanchez, Amy A. Wu, Tsung-Teh Prieto, Victor G. Rashid, Asif Hamilton, Stanley R. Wang, Huamin |
| Pub Date: | 10/01/2008 |
| Publication: | Name: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Publisher: College of American Pathologists Audience: Academic; Professional Format: Magazine/Journal Subject: Health Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2008 College of American Pathologists ISSN: 1543-2165 |
| Issue: | Date: Oct, 2008 Source Volume: 132 Source Issue: 10 |
| Topic: | Event Code: 310 Science & research |
| Geographic: | Geographic Scope: United States Geographic Code: 1USA United States |
| Accession Number: | 230246829 |
| Full Text: |
It has been postulated that during early embryogenesis,
melanoblasts migrate from the neural crest to various sites, including
the epidermis, hair follicles, oral cavity, uvea, leptomeninges, and
inner ear, which accounts for the development of primary malignant
melanoma in these sites. (1) The presence of esophageal melanocytes may
be attributed to aberrant migration because the esophagus normally lacks
melanoblasts. (2-4) Primary esophageal melanoma (PEM), associated with
melanocytosis of the esophagus, has been reported. (5) Primary esophageal melanoma is an extremely rare tumor and accounts for only 0.1% to 0.2% of all primary esophageal malignancies. (6-8) Similarly, esophageal metastasis of malignant melanoma is also uncommon. In 1964, Dasgupta and Brasfield (9) reviewed 100 autopsy cases of metastatic melanoma to gastrointestinal tract and found only 4 patients who had esophageal metastases. Small bowel is the most common gastrointestinal site for metastatic melanoma, comprising 70% of all gastrointestinal metastasis. (9) Because of the rarity of this disease, the literature on malignant melanoma of esophagus is limited, to our knowledge, to only a few small series and case reports that focused primarily on the clinicopathologic features of primary esophageal melanoma. (10-13) There is no report in the literature that compares the distinguishing clinical and histopathologic features between PEM and metastatic melanoma of the esophagus. Thus, despite some of the established criteria based on the previous studies, the diagnosis of a primary esophageal melanoma remains challenging, and it is very difficult to definitively rule out a metastasis based on histology alone. For these reasons, we decided to study 10 cases of malignant melanoma of the esophagus, including 5 PEMs and 5 metastatic melanomas at our institution and to compare the clinicopathologic features between these 2 groups. The results from our study will help to further define the diagnostic criteria for PEM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten cases of esophageal melanomas, including 4 surgically resected specimens (3 primary and 1 metastatic), 2 autopsy cases (1 primary and 1 metastatic), and 4 cases reported on mucosal biopsies (1 primary and 3 metastatic), were identified in the files at the University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston), covering a period of 49 years from 1957 to 2006. All 5 cases of PEM were reported based on clinicopathologic correlation with no history of melanoma. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were available from all cases except for 1 autopsy case of PEM (case 4). The institutional review board at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center approved this study. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Clinical information and follow-up data were obtained from review of patients' medical records and from the US Social Security Death Index (SSDI; http://ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com). Overall, survival was calculated from the time of diagnosis of esophageal melanoma to the time of death or to the time of last follow-up, at which point, the data were censored. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 12 for Windows, SPSS, Chicago, Ill). The survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test was used to evaluate the statistical significance of differences. RESULTS The clinical features of 5 patients with PEM and 5 patients with metastatic melanomas to esophagus are shown in Table 1. Among the 5 patients with PEM, 2 (40%) were men and 3 (60%) were women, with a median age at diagnosis of 62 years (range, 45-89 years). In comparison, 4 (80%) of 5 of the patients with metastatic melanoma were men, with a median age of 50 years (range, 30-67 years). All patients presented with dysphagia, except 1 patient, who had metastatic melanoma and presented with back pain from bone metastasis. The tumor was located in the distal third of the esophagus in 3 (60%) of 5 patients with PEM and in 4 (80%) of 5 patients with metastatic melanoma, in the middle third of the esophagus in 1 patient (20%) in each group, and in the proximal esophagus in 1 patient (10%) with PEM (Table 1). None (0%) of the 5 patients who had PEM had a history of melanoma or distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis other than regional nodal disease. In contrast, all (100%) 5 patients with metastatic melanoma to esophagus had a history of cutaneous malignant melanoma. The interval between the primary cutaneous melanoma and the metastatic tumor to the esophagus ranged from 11 months to 62 months (median interval, 50 months). All (100%) 4 patients with metastatic melanoma, whose follow-up information was available, had metastasis to other organs at the time of the diagnosis of esophageal metastasis (Table 1). One patient with PEM (case 4) and 1 patient with metastatic melanoma (case 9) were misdiagnosed as poorly differentiated squamous carcinoma on initial biopsies. The diagnosis of melanoma was confirmed at the time of autopsy (case 4) or on a subsequent biopsy (case 9). Among the 10 patients, 4 (40%) underwent esophagogastrectomy (3 with PEM and 1 with metastatic melano ma), and autopsies were performed on 2 additional patients (1 with PEM and 1 with metastatic melanoma). The histopathologic features of these 6 cases are summarized in Table 2. Four (67%) of 6 tumors had a polypoid or exophytic configuration (Figure 1, A). In situ melanoma and radial growth phase was present in all 4 PEMs (100%; Figures 1, B, and 2, A and B). For case 2, in situ melanoma was present at the proximal esophageal resection margin, which was, grossly, 6.0 cm away from the tumor (Figure 1, B, inset). In addition, in situ melanoma was also present in the case of PEM reported on mucosal biopsy (case 5; Figure 3) and in the biopsy of case 4 but not in biopsies from the remaining 2 cases of PEM. In situ melanoma was, however, not present in any (0%) of the 5 patients with metastatic melanoma to esophagus. Of 4 patients with PEM, 2 (50%) had mixed epithelioid and spindle cell morphology (Figure 2, C and D), 1 (25%) had spindle cell morphology, and 1 (25%) had epithelioid morphology. In contrast, all (100%) 5 metastatic melanomas had only epithelioid morphology (Table 2), including 1 (20%) resected case, 1 (20%) autopsy case, and 3 (60%) reported on biopsies (cases 8, 9, and 10). It was interesting that 2 PEMs that had polypoid configuration (cases 1 and 2) showed invasion only into submucosa, and yet 1 of those cases (case 2) had metastasis in 3 (12%) of 25 regional lymph nodes. Satellitosis was present in only 1 PEM (case 1). Focal melanocytosis was present in 2 (50%) of 4 cases of PEM but not in the resected or the autopsy cases of metastatic melanoma to esophagus (Table 2). Lymphovascular invasion was present in 1 case of PEM evaluated but not in the other 3 PEMs or the 2 metastatic melanomas evaluated. Lymph node metastases were present in 3 (75%) of 4 PEMs documented and in 1 (50%) of 2 metastatic melanoma cases evaluated. Melanin pigments were present in all 10 cases. [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] Immunohistochemical studies were performed on 9 cases to confirm the diagnosis. S100 and HMB-45 were positive in 9 (100%) of 9 cases, and pancytokeratin was negative in all 9 cases (Figures 2 and 3). The in situ melanoma cells were also positive for S100 and HMB-45 and were negative for cytokeratin (Figures 2 and 3). Patients with PEM had better survival rates (median survival, 24 months) compared with the patients diagnosed with metastatic melanoma to esophagus (median survival, 11 months; P = .03, log-rank test; Figure 4). All patients with metastatic melanoma to esophagus died within 1 year from the time of diagnosis of esophageal metastasis (Table 2). In contrast, 4 (80%) of 5 patients with PEM were alive at least 1 year after diagnosis (Table 2). COMMENT In this study, we compared the clinical and pathologic features of 5 cases of PEM and 5 cases of metastatic melanoma to esophagus to further define the criteria that could be used for distinguishing between the primary and metastatic melanoma of the esophagus. The clinicopathologic features that distinguish PEM from metastatic melanoma identified in this study were compared with those reported in the previously published series on esophageal melanoma and are shown in Table 3. The median age for patients with PEM was older than for those with metastatic melanoma to esophagus in this study. This was corroborated by the previous reports.10-13 Similar to previous reports (Table 3), we found that no history of melanoma was present in any of the 5 patients who were diagnosed with PEM. (10,11,13) In contrast, a history of cutaneous melanoma was present in all 5 patients who had metastatic melanoma to esophagus. However, the difference in a history of melanoma between the PEM and metastatic melanoma groups in this study could be the result of the selection criteria used for PEM. All 5 patients with metastatic melanoma to esophagus had metastasis to at least one other organ at the time of diagnosis of metastatic melanoma to esophagus. Therefore, our data suggest that metastasis to esophagus is a late event during the disease progression of cutaneous melanoma and is often associated with metastasis to other organs at the time of the diagnosis. No distant metastasis was detected at the time of diagnosis in the 5 patients with PEM in this study or in the 6 patients in the Li et al study.13 However, distant metastasis was present in 4 (40%) of the 10 cases of PEM reported by Lohmann et al (11) and 2 (33%) of the 6 cases reported by DiCostanzo and Urmacher.10 Thus, a history of malignant melanoma and metastasis to other anatomic sites or organs is important for distinguishing between PEM and metastatic melanoma to esophagus. In the absence of previous history, a careful physical examination of the skin, eyes, and other organ systems may be needed to rule out a metastatic melanoma from another anatomic site before making a final diagnosis of PEM. [FIGURE 4 OMITTED] The histopathologic criteria for diagnosing PEM have not been clearly established. The most challenging question is how to differentiate a primary esophageal melanoma from a metastatic lesion to the esophagus. In 1953, Allen and Spitz (15) set forth the main diagnostic criteria for primary melanoma of skin and mucous membranes as the presence of a junctional or in situ melanoma component in the intact epithelium that overlays the invasive melanoma. As long as there is no ulceration of the overlying epithelium, the absence of junctional change (in situ melanoma) in the overlying epithelium may be interpreted as very strong evidence for metastasis or recurrence. (15) Consistent with these criteria, we found that in situ melanoma was present in all 5 cases of PEM, and radial growth phase was present in all 3 resected cases and 1 autopsy case of primary lesions. Similarly, in situ melanoma was detected in 9 (90%) of the 10 cases reported by Lohmann et al (11) and 5 (83%) of the 6 cases reported by DiCostanzo and Urmacher (Table 3). (10) The in situ melanoma or radial growth phase were not present in any of the metastatic melanomas to esophagus in this study. It may, however, be difficult to assess this criterion from a small mucosal biopsy or from a tumor that is severely ulcerated. In fact, in situ melanoma was present in only 2 (40%) of the 5 primary cases in the initial mucosal biopsies in our study. Therefore, other histologic features and clinical information should be considered. In 1989, Sabanathan et al, (12) proposed 2 additional criteria for primary esophageal melanoma: presence of esophageal melanocytosis and a diagnosis based on exclusion. Esophageal melanocytosis is characterized by the presence of increased melanocytes/ pigmentation of the keratinocytes in the basal layer of esophageal squamous mucosa, and the melanocytes do not show nuclear or cellular atypia.16 Focal melanocytosis was present in 2 (66.7%) of the 3 resected PEM cases in this study and 2 (33%) of the 6 cases reported by DiCostanzo and Urmacher, (10) but not in either the resected case or the autopsy case of metastatic melanoma in this study. Therefore, the presence of melanocytosis would be helpful in the differential diagnosis between PEM and metastatic lesions, particularly in the resection specimen. However, because of the focal nature of melanocytosis, as noted in this study and previous studies, adequate sampling of the uninvolved esophageal mucosa may be needed to document the presence or absence of esophageal melanocytosis. Furthermore, we found that mixed epithelioid and spindle cell morphology was present in 2 (50%) of the 4 primary esophageal melanomas but not present in the 2 metastatic melanomas. The mixed epithelioid and spindle cell morphology may be a helpful feature in the differential diagnosis between primary and metastatic melanoma. Given the limited number of cases examined in this study, additional studies may be needed to further confirm these findings. Malignant melanoma, either esophageal primary or metastatic to esophagus, was also difficult to distinguish from other more common esophageal malignancies clinically and histologically. Grossly, melanoma can be pigmented or amelanotic and covered by squamous epithelium or show surface ulceration. (17-20) Given the rarity of melanoma in esophagus and the deceptive histologic nature of melanoma, which often shows either epithelioid or sarcomatoid features, it is important to differentiate esophageal melanoma from poorly differentiated squamous carcinoma or adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, or sarcoma. In fact, 2 (20%) of the 10 patients in this study had been misdiagnosed as having poorly differentiated squamous carcinoma on initial biopsies. Similarly, melanoma of the esophagus was reported in only 1 (17%) of the 6 cases reported by Li et al (13) and 3 (50%) of the 6 cases reported by DiCostanzo and Urmacher. (10) Therefore, malignant melanoma should be considered when a poorly differentiated neoplasm is encountered on esophageal biopsies and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Most of the patients with PEM had metastasis either to regional lymph nodes or to other distant sites at the time of surgery or diagnosis. Four (80%) of 5 patients had regional lymph node metastasis, which was consistent with the previously reported (10,11,13) 70% to 83% metastasis in either regional lymph nodes or distant sites. The prognosis of patients with PEM is poor. However, the prognosis for patients with metastatic melanoma is worse, with a median survival of 11 months compared with 24 months for patients with PEM in this study. Our data are consistent with the previous reports (17,18) that none of 11 patients with metastatic melanoma to esophagus survived for 1 year. The treatments for PEM include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Most patients undergo surgical resection with a combination of the other 2 modalities. (21) Many patients with esophageal metastases benefit from palliative surgical treatment because of the obstructive nature of these lesions, often causing severe pain and life-threatening problems, such as hemorrhage and difficulty in swallowing. Decisions must be made regarding the probability of benefit versus the expectancy of survival because significant mortality and morbidity exist for this surgical procedure. (22) In summary, melanoma of the esophagus is a rare and aggressive disease. The presence of in situ melanoma, radial growth phase, melanocytosis, and mixed epithelioid and spindle cell morphology, in the context of no prior history of melanoma, may help establish the diagnosis of PEM. This distinction is important because patients with PEM have a better prognosis than patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. Immunohistochemical study for melanoma markers and cytokeratin, careful searching for an in situ component, and review of clinical history are critical to the diagnosis. Accepted for publication March 1 7, 2008. References (1.) Nordlund JJ. The lives of pigment cells. Clin Geriatr Med. 1 989;5:91-108. (2.) De La Pava S, Nigogosyan G, Pickren JW, Cabrera A. Melanosis of the esophagus. Cancer. 1963;16:48-50. (3.) Ohashi K, Kato Y, Kanno J, Kasuga T. Melanocytes and melanosis of the oesophagus in Japanese subjects--analysis of factors effecting their increase. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1990;417:137-143. (4.) Tateishi R, Taniguchi H, Wada A, Horai T, Taniguchi K. Argyrophil cells and melanocytes in esophageal mucosa. Arch Pathol. 1974;98:87-89. (5.) Piccone VA, Klopstock R, LeVeen HH, Sika J. Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus associated with melanosis of the entire esophagus: first case report. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1970;59:864-870. (6.) McCormack PM, Nascimento AG, Bains MS, Knapper WH, Zaman MB. Primary melanocarcinoma of the esophagus. Clin Bull. 1979;9:162-164. (7.) Suzuki H, Nagayo T. Primary tumors of the esophagus other than squamous cell carcinoma--histologic classification and statistics in the surgical and autopsied materials in Japan. Int Adv Surg Oncol. 1980;3:73-109. (8.) Turnbull AD, Rosen P, Goodner JT, Beattie EJ. Primary malignant tumors of the esophagus other than typical epidermoid carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 1973; 15:463-473. (9.) Dasgupta TK, Brasfield RD. Metastatic melanoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Arch Surg. 1964;88:969-973. (10.) DiCostanzo DP, Urmacher C. Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus. Am J Surg Pathol. 1987;11:46-52. (11.) Lohmann CM, Hwu WJ, Iversen K, Jungbluth AA, Busam KJ. Primary malignant melanoma of the oesophagus: a clinical and pathological study with emphasis on the immunophenotype of the tumours for melanocyte differentiation markers and cancer/testis antigens. Melanoma Res. 2003;13:595-601. (12.) Sabanathan S, Eng J, Pradhan GN. Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989;84:1475-1481. (13.) Li B, Lei W, Shao K, et al. Characteristics and prognosis of primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus. Melanoma Res. 2007;17:239-242. (14.) Hsu SM, Raine L, Fanger H. The use of antiavidin antibody and avidinbiotin-peroxidase complex in immunoperoxidase technics. Am J Clin Pathol. 1981;75:816-821. (15.) Allen AC, Spitz S. Malignant melanoma; a clinicopathological analysis of the criteria for diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer. 1953;6:1-45. (16.) Chang F, Deere H. Esophageal melanocytosis morphologic features and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130:552-557. (17.) Eng J, Pradhan GN, Sabanathan S, Mearns AJ. Malignant melanoma metastatic to the esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg. 1989;48:287-288. (18.) Schneider A, Martini N, Burt ME. Malignant melanoma metastatic to the esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;55:516-517. (19.) Schuchter LM, Green R, Fraker D. Primary and metastatic diseases in malignant melanoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Oncol. 2000;12:181 185. (20.) Wood CB, Wood RA. Metastatic malignant melanoma of the esophagus. Am J Dig Dis. 1 975;20:786-789. (21.) Archer HA, Owen WJ. Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus. Dis Esophagus. 2000;13:320-323. (22.) Caputy GG, Donohue JH, Goellner JR, Weaver AL. Metastatic melanoma of the gastrointestinal tract: results of surgical management. Arch Surg. 1991;126: 1353-1358. == Amy A. Sanchez, MD; Tsung-Teh Wu, MD, PhD; Victor G. Prieto, MD, PhD; Asif Rashid, MD, PhD; Stanley R. Hamilton, MD; Huamin Wang, MD, PhD From the Department of Pathology, the University of Texas Medical School, Houston (Dr Sanchez); the Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (Dr Wu); and the Department of Pathology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (Drs Prieto, Rashid, Hamilton, and Wang). The authors have no relevant financial interest in the products or companies described in this article. Reprints: Huamin Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, Unit 85, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 (e-mail: hmwang@mdanderson.org). Table 1. Clinical Features of 5 Primary and 5 Metastatic Malignant
Melanomas of the Esophagus *
Case No. (Report)
Primary
1 (Resection) 2 (Resection) 3 (Resection)
Age, y/sex 59/F 62/F 62/F
Symptoms Dysphagia Dysphagia Dysphagia
Location of tumor Middle third Distal third Distal third
History and site of No No No
previous melanoma
Distant metastasis at No No No
time of diagnosis
Time to esophageal NA NA NA
metastasis
AJCC stage I IIB III
Treatment S S, CT S, CT
Site of recurrence Liver, 24 mo Liver, 14 mo Local, 7 mo
Survival DOD, 36 mo DOD, 24 mo DOD, 17 mo
([double dagger])
Case No. (Report)
Primary
4 (Autopsy) 5 (Biopsy) 6 (Resection)
Age, y/sex 45/M 89/M 30/M
Symptoms Dysphagia Dysphagia Dysphagia
Location of tumor Proximal third Distal third Distal third
History and site of No No Yes, scalp
previous melanoma
Distant metastasis at No No Unknown
time of diagnosis
Time to esophageal NA NA 50 m
metastasis
AJCC stage III ([dagger]) III ([dagger]) IV
Treatment S, RT None S
Site of recurrence Neck LN, 3 mo NA NA
Survival DOD, 9 mo LWD, 17 mo DOD, 12 mo
([double dagger])
Case No. (Report)
Metastatic
7 (Autopsy) 8 (Biopsy)
Age, y/sex 41/F 58/M
Symptoms Dysphagia Dysphagia
Location of tumor Middle third Distal third
History and site of Yes, R back Yes, L shoulder
previous melanoma
Distant metastasis at Liver Left axilla and lung
time of diagnosis
Time to esophageal 40 m 55 m
metastasis
AJCC stage IV IV
Treatment CT, RT, IT CT
Site of recurrence NA NA
Survival DOD, 4 mo DOD, 11 mo
([double dagger])
Case No. (Report)
Metastatic
9 (Biopsy) 10 (Biopsy)
Age, y/sex 50/M 67/M
Symptoms Dysphagia Lower back pain
Location of tumor Distal third Distal third
History and site of Yes, L upper back Yes, forehead
previous melanoma
Distant metastasis at Lung, multiple Left parotid, spinal bone
time of diagnosis subcutaneous
Time to esophageal 62 m 11 m
metastasis
AJCC stage IV IV
Treatment CT, RT None
Site of recurrence NA NA
Survival DOD, 12 mo DOD, 2 mo
([double dagger])
* NA indicates not applicable; AJCC, American Joint Committee on
Cancer; S, surgery; CT, chemotherapy; RT, radiation therapy; IT,
immunotherapy; LN, lymph node; DOD, dead of disease; and LWD, live
with disease.
([dagger]) Clinical stage.
([double dagger]) The survival time was calculated from the time of
diagnosis of melanoma in esophagus to the time of death.
Table 2. Pathologic Features of 6 Resected or Autopsy Cases of
Esophageal Melanomas *
Case No.
1 2 3
Gross Polypoid Polypoid Fungating
Size (cm) 5.7 6.0 7.0
Depth of invasion Submucosa Submucosa MP
Morphology Spindle Spindle and Epithelioid
epithelioid
In situ component Present Present Present
RGP Present Present Present
Ulceration Present Present Present
Breslow thickness 17 mm 35 mm 4.8 mm
determined
LVI No Yes No
LN Negative Positive Positive
(0/26) (3/25) (5/24)
Satellitosis Present Absent Absent
Pigments Present Present Present
Melanocytosis Present Present Absent
Immunohistochemistry
S100 Positive Positive Positive
HMB-45 Positive Positive Positive
Cytokeratin Negative Negative Negative
Case No.
4 (Autopsy) 6 7 (Autopsy)
Gross Ulcerated Exophytic Multinodular
Size (cm) 9.0 1.0 4.0
Depth of invasion Neck MP MP
Morphology Spindle and Epithelioid Epithelioid
epithelioid
In situ component Present Absent Absent
RGP Present Absent Absent
Ulceration Present Present Present
Breslow thickness Cannot be 10 mm 8.0 mm
determined
LVI No No No
LN Positive Negative (0/14) Positive
Satellitosis Absent Absent Absent
Pigments Present Present Present
Melanocytosis Absent Absent Absent
Immunohistochemistry
S100 NP Positive Positive
HMB-45 NP Positive Positive
Cytokeratin NP Negative Negative
* MP indicates muscularis propria; RGP, radial growth phase; LVI,
lymphovascular invasion; LN, lymph node; and NP, not performed.
Values in parentheses are number/total number.
Table 3. Literature Review of Primary Esophageal Melanoma and
Metastatic Melanoma to Esophagus *
History of Melanoma
Source, y No. of Cases Melanoma In Situ
DiCostanzo and 6 PEM 0/6 5/6
Urmacher, (10)
1987
Lohmann et al, 10 PEM 0/10 9/10
(11) 2003
Li et al, (13) 2007 6 PEM 0/6 NA
Eng et al, (17) 1989 1 MetM 1/1 0/1
Schneider et al, 10 MetM 10/10 NA
(18) 1993
Present study 5 PEM 0/5 5/5
Present study 5 MetM 5/5 0/5
Source, y Melanocytosis Survival, mo
DiCostanzo and 2/6 1 DOD at 23.0; 2 alive at
Urmacher, (10) 5.5 and 11; 3 DPOC
1987
Lohmann et al, NA Median 12.0 (range: 1-108)
(11) 2003
Li et al, (13) 2007 NA Median 8.0 (range: 5-204)
Eng et al, (17) 1989 NA DOD at 8.0
Schneider et al, NA Median 3.0 (range: 1-11)
(18) 1993
Present study 2/3 Median 24.0 (range: 9-36)
Present study 0/2 Median 11.0 (range: 2-12)
* PEM indicates primary esophageal melanoma; DOD, dead of disease;
DPOC, died of postoperative complications; NA, not available; and
MetM, metastatic melanoma to esophagus. |
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