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Activity-promoting gaming systems in exercise and
rehabilitation.
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| Article Type: | Report |
| Subject: |
Computer entertainment systems
(Usage) Video games (Usage) Video game industry (Training) Exercise |
| Authors: |
Taylor, Matthew J.D. McCormick, Darren Shawis, Teshk Impson, Rebecca Griffin, Murray |
| Pub Date: | 10/01/2011 |
| Publication: | Name: Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development Publisher: Department of Veterans Affairs Audience: Academic Format: Magazine/Journal Subject: Health Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2011 Department of Veterans Affairs ISSN: 0748-7711 |
| Issue: | Date: Oct, 2011 Source Volume: 48 Source Issue: 10 |
| Topic: | Event Code: 280 Personnel administration Computer Subject: Computer-based entertainment system |
| Product: | Product Code: 3651920 Electronic Games NAICS Code: 339932 Game, Toy, and Children's Vehicle Manufacturing SIC Code: 3944 Games, toys, and children's vehicles; 7372 Prepackaged software |
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| Accession Number: | 301479280 |
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INTRODUCTION Commercial activity-promoting gaming systems such as the Nintendo Wii (Nintendo; Redmond, Washington), Dance Dance Revolution (DDR [Konami Digital Entertainment; El Segundo, California], which can be used on a number of game consoles), Sony EyeToy (Sony Computer Entertainment; Tokyo, Japan), and Xbox Kinect (Microsoft; Redmond, Washington) require player motion and, in some cases, weight bearing to control gameplay. The active nature of these gaming systems may offer therapists and patients a number of potential benefits to complement traditional therapies. The Wii (Figure 1(a), which has sold over 75 million units worldwide [1]) uses player movement to control gameplay (via an avatar called a Mii [pronounced "me"], which is an icon or figure representing the player in the game). Movement is controlled by the Wii remote, nunchuk, or balance board (or in combination). The Wii remote (Figure 1(b), 200 g, 160 mm x 40 mm x 30 mm, and similar in size to a television remote control) uses a three-axis accelerometer to translate body movement into onscreen movement. Up to four controllers can be connected wirelessly to the console, allowing group play and social interaction. The Wii remote also provides basic audio and vibration feedback. An expansion device (Wii MotionPlus), which attaches to the Wii remote, allows for more accurate motion capture and complex gameplay. The Wii MotionPlus does this with a single- and dual-axis gyroscope. A secondary controller, the nunchuk (Figure 1(c)), also incorporates motion-sensing technology and provides additional controls. The balance board (Figure 1(d), 3,500 g, 511.0 mm x 316.0 mm x 53.2 mm), incorporates pressure sensors to translate the movement of the player's center of pressure. The signal from the controllers are received by a sensor bar (Figure 1(e)). The console comes with Wii Sports (Nintendo), a game package for the Wii remote and nunchuk with Tennis, Baseball, Boxing, Bowling, and Golf (latter two games are self-paced). Another game, Wii Fit (Nintendo), uses the balance board to incorporate games that test balance, fitness, and strength. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] DDR was initially released as an arcade game but is now commercially available on a number of game consoles. The controller is a floor mat that the player stands on. The player moves his or her feet in a set pattern, responding to arrows that scroll onscreen in time to the general beat of a piece of music. Game difficulty increases with the increase in tempo and number of arrows. The game calculates the accuracy of the player's performance through onscreen feedback. The EyeToy, played on the PlayStation2 (Sony Computer Entertainment), differs from the Wii by using a color video camera (similar to a Webcam) capable of gesture recognition that allows motion-controlled gameplay. PlayStation Move (Sony Computer Entertainment), a competitor to the Wii, also uses motion controllers (wands) during gameplay. It uses the camera technology of the EyeToy to track the wand's position, which detects motion using inertial sensors with a three-axis linear accelerometer and a three-axis angular rate sensor. The Kinect competes with the EyeToy by also using video technology and gesture recognition. This device was recently released and also has controller-free gameplay with the player using his or her body. It was released during the month before the cutoff date for our review, so there is a paucity of relevant literature. The games available on these systems are "entertaining" and distracting and so the patient focuses on gameplay rather than his or her impairment, which in turn results in more enjoyable exercise and improved adherence to and completion of fitness and rehabilitation training [2]. The motion control of the Wii, EyeToy, and Kinect enable users to control and interact without the need to push multiple buttons on a game controller. This allows users with impaired dexterity to access, participate in, and benefit from gameplay. These commercial systems are relatively inexpensive and can be located in a person's home, making "training" more convenient. It may also be feasible to track rehabilitation at home (with specifically designed gaming programs) by the Internet so that a therapist can see if the patient is performing exercises correctly [3]. To reach these training goals, however, sustained gameplay that leads to unique gamingrelated injuries may be required. Therefore, the aim of this review is to synthesize the current research in this growing area of activity-promoting gaming within the context of exercise, injury, and rehabilitation in the adult population. METHODS We chose a scoping study to address the broad topic and different study designs in the literature [4]. This included published and nonpublished papers, abstracts, and review articles in English. We searched relevant review articles for information regarding additional studies. We used the search engine databases PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar. We also carried out Internet searches to observe the prevalence of anecdotal evidence. We searched for the following words and phrases: "active computer games," "exergaming," "computer games and exercise," "Nintendo," "Wii," "Playstation," "Xbox," "Kinect," "Dance Dance Revolution," "EyeToy," "injuries," "energy expenditure," "Playstation Move," "Wiihab," "Wiiitis," "Wiihabilitation," "active video games," "active gaming," "exertainment," and "new-generation computer games." We reviewed only exercise and rehabilitation studies that used adult participants ([greater than or equal to] 18 years old). ENERGY EXPENDITURE WHILE PLAYING ACTIVITY-PROMOTING GAMING SYSTEMS Physical inactivity can lead to major health problems that can be alleviated by at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise 5 days a week [5]. The Wii, EyeToy, DDR, and Kinect are a new generation of gaming systems that use interactive physical activity--"exergaming" [6]--to increase energy expenditure (EE) by incorporating gameplay with exercise. In the literature, exergaming is targeted more towards children than adults. However, it is seen as a convenient activity that can be supervised in the home, and for those with low self confidence, the exercise may provide a means to practice physical activity in familiar surroundings [7]. In 2009, the Department of Health in the United Kingdom gave the Wii its seal of approval by allowing the "Change4Life" brand (a campaign to promote exercise and healthy eating) to be used by Nintendo on the Internet, in television advertising, and in stores [8]. The general trend these studies found in nonclinical populations was that EE while playing the Wii was not greater than brisk walking and that Wii Sports games were no substitute for the real sporting activity (Table 1). Only the change in EE in adults with cerebral palsy (CP) [9] and intellectual and developmental disabilities [10] while exergaming has so far been reported in the literature (Table 1). Nintendo Wii Versus Walking Table 1 shows that EE was greater when playing the Wii compared with sedentary activities. The EE while playing the Wii for 4 hours per week would be equivalent to walking at 2 mph on a treadmill [11], which is actually slower than an average comfortable walking speed (2.93.1 mph), suggesting a long walk at normal speed may be more beneficial. Willems and Bond compared self-paced brisk walking (speed of walking was not reported) with self-paced Wii gameplay (Tennis, Boxing, and Baseball) in a group of young adults (n = 10, 21 [+ or -] 1 years old [mean [+ or -] standard deviation]) [11]. The group played the games for 10 minutes with 5 minutes of rest between games, totaling 30 minutes of gaming. The study applied the same protocol for the brisk walking. The metabolic equivalents (METs) for Wii Tennis, Baseball, and Boxing were 2.1 [+ or -] 1.2, 2.8 [+ or -] 0.9, and 4.7 [+ or -] 1.4, respectively. These values were 2.6, 2.9, and 1.0 METs lower than self-paced brisk walking, respectively. For health gains, brisk walking for these adult subjects could be met with less than six 30-minute sessions per week. However, a combined session of playing the three games would not meet these guidelines. Wii Boxing appears to be the most beneficial game for EE because of the vigorous nature of the game and the need to use both arms for gameplay. However, only 60 percent of participants would have meet the criteria when playing Wii Boxing for health gains with less than seven 30-minute sessions per week [11], and Lee and Pitchford reported that 10 minutes of playing Wii Boxing and Tennis resulted in METs that were classified as moderate physical activity [12]. Welch et al. noted that Wii Boxing "provided marginal physiological stimulus" for a group of nondisabled university students (n = 23) compared with a fitness boxing video, with mean heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) greater for the latter (HR: 134 [+ or -] 21 vs 163 [+ or -] 13 bpm; RPE: 11.5 [+ or -] 2.7 vs 14.4 [+ or -] 1.8) [13]. For Wii Tennis, Sasser et al. reported that HR scores represented only 50 percent of the age-predicted HR maximum [14]; thus, this may not be a high enough intensity level to elicit health improvements based on American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines. Nintendo Wii Versus Actual Sports At best, Wii games appear to result in moderate increases in EE, and at worst, Pray and Julie compared the EE of Wii Tennis with that of folding laundry or driving a car [15]. The EE of Wii gameplay is also markedly less than taking part in the actual sport. For example (in adolescents), EE per minute playing Wii Boxing was 12.1 kJ versus 26.8 kJ for actual spa boxing, and playing Wii Tennis versus actual doubles tennis was 12.5 and 22.2 kJ, respectively [16]. These games are primarily a form of entertainment that may help with motivation (which is important for rehabilitation). Some form of activity is perhaps better than none, and playing the more active games could counter the effects of a sedentary lifestyle. We found no reports in the literature on the effect of playing the Wii as an intervention study to increase EE in an elderly sedentary population. Because these games may not elicit the same fatiguing response as the actual sport, it is likely, as seen in the next section, that Wii games may be played for longer to facilitate an increase in EE but that this may potentially result in Wii- or other gaming-specific injuries. Nintendo Wii and Cerebral Palsy Hurkmans et al. compared EE while playing Wii Tennis and Boxing for 15 minutes each with inactive sitting and standing in eight adults with bilateral spastic CP (Table 1) [9]. Similar to nonclinical populations, Wii gameplay resulted in greater EE compared with either standing or sitting. The study found that EE for all participants was greater than 3 METs, suggesting that playing the Wii can meet ACSM guidelines to improve and maintain health in this population. Furthermore, the authors hypothesized that because fitness levels in CP are generally lower than nondisabled METs, persons with CP would actually achieve a higher percentage of their peak oxygen consumption (V[O.sub.2]) compared with nondisabled persons, thus resulting in greater health benefits for this population. Other Activity-Promoting Gaming Systems Similar findings of increased EE using the Wii compared with sedentary activities and inactive computer games and EE comparative with walking have been reported for other gaming systems such as DDR [17-19], XaviX Bowling (SSD Company Limited; San Diego, California), the J-MAT (Jackie Chan Studio Fitness, SSD Company Limited) [20], and the EyeToy [21] in children. To date, few studies have compared other gaming systems in adults. Energy Expenditure Associated with Dance Dance Revolution In college students, mean and maximum HR [14] and V[O.sub.2] [22] were greater when playing DDR compared with Wii Tennis. These latter studies suggest that DDR meets ACSM guidelines for physical activity, yet Wii gameplay does not [14,22]. However, Wii Tennis was played in these studies rather than the more active Wii Boxing. Sell et al. compared experienced with inexperienced DDR players [23]. Greater playing experience allowed these participants to work at higher intensities, thereby promoting greater EE. For example, an experienced player with a mass of 68 kg would expend, on average, an additional 102 kCal per 30-minute session compared with an inexperienced player of the same mass [23]. Norlin et al. reported an increase in HR maximum percent, V[O.sub.2] maximum percent, and RPE with increasing difficulty in gameplay mode [24]. The intensity of the "difficult" gameplay mode meets ACSM guidelines for improving cardiorespiratory endurance. The attitudes of 40 postmenopausal women (1 year since last menstrual period, 45-75 years old, and not currently engaged in regular exercise) toward DDR to encourage exercise were generally positive [25]. The most frequently cited advantages were the fun nature of the exercise and its perceived potential to improve coordination, whereas a concern cited was the potentially long and frustrating learning process [25]. This concern may be applicable to all commercial gaming systems that are not specifically designed for clinical populations. Energy Expenditure Associated with Sony EyeToy There appears to be a paucity of research investigating the EE of gameplay using the EyeToy in adults. Rand et al. reported that Kung-Fu Live (Sony Computer Entertainment) for the EyeToy was sensitive enough to elicit differences in RPE between elderly (59-80 years old) and young (21-37 years old) players [26]. The EyeToy has been cited as a possible tool to help improve physical fitness in adults with intellectual and developmental disability [10]. After three 30-minute sessions per week for 5 to 6 weeks, significant improvements in the modified Cooper test (12 min walk/run) were seen in the EyeToy group compared with the control group. Energy Expenditure Associated with Xbox Kinect We found no references to the Kinect in the literature regarding energy expenditure. Play Opponents: Computer or Human Wii, Kinect, and EyeToy games can be played against human or computer competitors. When playing interactive computer games, arousal ratings and physiological responses to gaming were greater when competing against a human than against a computer [27]. The magnitude of EE increase when playing the Wii does not seem to differ when playing against the computer or a human [28], but the social interaction may benefit in enjoyment or adherence to play when competing against a human. Such social interaction may be beneficial for the older population in setting up gaming-derived bowling or golf leagues. "Real World" Gameplay Perhaps a limitation to these gaming studies is the ecological validity of them, i.e., how they are played in the "real world." The studies presented have gameplay lasting no longer than 15 minutes. However, no research has evaluated the free-living patterns of Wii gameplay such as duration and frequency. The playing habits of DDR players have been reported, with most playing 2 to 3 times per week with 22.6 percent playing 4 to 6 times per week [29]. The average gameplay session lasted between 30 and 120 minutes. These survey respondents were both arcade and home users of DDR; therefore, it is possible that home users may play for longer. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVITYPROMOTING GAMING SYSTEMS Injuries specific to games, such as PlayStation thumb [30-31], Nintendonitis [32], and Nintendinitis [33-34] have been reported in the literature. When playing the Wii, bodily movements direct gameplay for the majority of the games. These vigorous movements, along with the repetitive nature of the games, has lead to reports of Wii-specific injuries. "Wiiitis" was first coined by Bonis in describing acute pain of the right infraspinatus as a result of playing Wii Tennis for several hours [35]. Since this first report, a number of other "Wiiitis" conditions have been cited in the literature. Commonly Reported Nintendo Wii Injuries A review of self-reported, Wii-related injuries shows that hand laceration was the most common injury (Table 2) [36]. Interestingly, playing Wii Tennis resulted in nearly half (46%) of all injuries reported. This may be because of the dynamic nature and multiplayer options of this game, which can create collisions with other players, furniture, or walls, resulting in the report of a ruptured extensor pollicis tendon [37]. Furthermore, the majority of Wii injuries reported in the literature were sustained when playing Wii Sports, possibly because this is the introductory game included with the Wii console, and therefore the first game played, and is one of the more dynamic titles. Table 3 presents injures from playing the Wii reported in the literature. The majority of these injures were sustained from excessive gameplay, up to 10 hours in some cases, or resulting from a fall. These injuries are, in part, a consequence of the repetitive nature of the games; the rapid decelerations associated with aggressive gameplay with little resistance from the Wii remote that can result in significant eccentric loading leading to ultrastructural damage [38]; and the engrossment of the player, where unlike with real sports, physical strength and endurance are not likely to be limiting factors. The lack of deceleration, for example, and exaggerated arm swing (to mimic the tennis stroke and provide greater virtual ball velocity) may result in higher cervicothoracic torsion, thus leading to an increased risk of cervical carotid dissection as seen by Faivre et al. [39]. Table 3 describes injuries mainly caused by excessive gameplay; thus, Nintendo's recommendations for gameplay should be adhered to. If the Wii is to be used in rehabilitation and recommended for use as a tool to increase physical activity of otherwise sedentary individuals, then these potential injuries should be considered when designing activities for rehabilitation and exercise. The number of injuries reported for the Wii (compared with other gaming systems) may be in part because of the number of units sold; therefore, an injury is more likely to manifest itself in a larger population of users. Injuries Associated with Dance Dance Revolution DDR injuries have been reported in the literature from an Internet survey with 556 respondents from 22 countries [29]. Similar to the Wii, the injuries reported for DDR were also a consequence of excessive play and poor technique. Also similar to the Wii, a number of accidents while playing DDR (the majority caused by playing for too long) resulted in injuries ranging from cuts and bruises to sprains and broken bones. Injuries Associated with Sony EyeToy It is likely that some of the injures reported for the Wii caused by excessive gameplay would be applicable to other gaming systems such as the EyeToy. However, we found no reports of injuries from using this game platform in the literature. Injuries Associated with Xbox Kinect We found no references to the Kinect in the literature regarding injuries. REHABILITATION WITH ACTIVITY PROMOTING GAMING SYSTEMS Computer-based rehabilitation is not a new phenomena. For example, the EyeToy has shown the potential to promote exercise [40] and enhance upper-limb-related motor functioning in patients with stroke [41]. However, it appears that the Wii has captured the imagination of those in rehabilitation settings as a means to facilitate rehabilitation. One of the main reasons for employing video games in rehabilitation is their ability to increase motivation and produce a distraction from mundane and boring and/or painful treatments [42]. Kato proposed that video games are "play" for adults [42] and that gameplay has the following attributes: voluntary, intrinsically motivating, active (perhaps physical) involvement, and a make-believe quality [43], all of which may help improve psychosocial functioning. Rehabilitation Associated with Nintendo Wii The attraction of activity-promoting gaming systems as a rehabilitation tool is perhaps their relative inexpensiveness, attractive graphics that make playing more enjoyable and potentially aids with adherence to rehabilitation programs, and the relative ease of gameplay that progresses as the player improves. This may not accurately present balance improvement because games can be manipulated, but an independent measure of balance (i.e., with a force plate) can show if balance has improved after training. Simple sophistication and a large user base make the Wii an attractive home- and clinical-based user interface for rehabilitation and exercise [44]. The potential for social interaction as a motivating tool to facilitate rehabilitation must also not be forgotten. Van den Hoogen et al. proposed that gaming systems can be part of an engaging and interactive multiplayer tool to help reconnect patients with their social environments, either with the rehabilitation itself or with partners and children and/or grandchildren. [45] Using the controllers and balance board with Wii Sports and Wii Fit has been cited as a possible tool to enhance the process of rehabilitation. Anecdotally, the Wii is used in a number of settings within the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom (http:// www.wiihabilitation.co.uk/), such as for the elderly and patients with pathologies (stroke, amputation, and Parkinson disease). The Wii has also been employed to facilitate rehabilitation at Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) centers in the United States (Figure 2). In 2007, seven VA facilities reported having a Wii, but by 2008, more than 80 facilities reported having at least one Wii [46]. For patients with amputation, Nintendo requested that Ossur UK (Manchester, United Kingdom), a manufacture of prostheses for people with lower-limb amputation, produce an advisory document on the suitability of Wii Fit exercises as a recreation or rehabilitation tool [47]. These guidelines have been adopted by the British Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Amputee Rehabilitation, who produced a document aimed at guiding therapists using Wii Fit with patients with amputation in the NHS [48]. However, we found no research into the feasibility and/or effectiveness of the Wii in amputation rehabilitation. [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] Only recently has the use of activity-promoting gaming been reported in the scientific literature as a tool incorporated into rehabilitation (Table 4), and the majority of these studies have been case studies. In community-dwelling fallers (>70 years old), a 12-week training session (twice a week) reported significant improvement in the mean Berg Balance Scale score after 4 weeks compared with baseline. However, this improvement was not carried though to the end of the 12-week training program and possibly reflects the inadequate increase in exercise intensity. The authors found no improvement in the Tinetti Balance Test or Fall Efficacy Scale International scores compared with baseline [49]. Of the patients, 92 percent expressed a desire to exercise with the Wii in the future; however, negative recurring themes were pain and/or discomfort and difficulties attending sessions in the clinic [49]. A case study of an 89-year-old multiple faller who attended six 1-hour treatment sessions of Wii Bowling also showed improved balance (Berg Balance Scale, Timed "Up and Go" test [TUG], and Dynamic Gait Index scores) and possibly reduced the risk of falls [50]. Two studies used Wii Fit in patients with stroke. Sugarman et al. [51] carried out a feasibility case study of an 86-year-old female with a diagnosis of a vertebro-basilar cerebral vascular accident that took place 5 weeks before the intervention. This patient played four games (Table Tilt, Balance Bubble, Tightrope Walk, Lotus Focus) for 45 min on four consecutive training days. The patient also performed normal physical therapy. An advantage of using Wii Fit appears to be its novelty; the patient reportedly enjoyed the Wii sessions and felt that she received up-to-date treatment. The patient improved her TUG score by 10 seconds, she was able to play the games with no external support after the fourth session, and her ambulation improved (qualitatively). Furthermore, she also reported that she felt more successful in "catching herself." Duetsch et al. compared standard care with the Wii Fit for two patients poststroke [52]. The Wii Fit patient (48-year-old male, 10 years post ganglia cerebral infarction) and the standard care patient (34-year-old female, 7 years post subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke) undertook three 1-hour sessions per week for 4 weeks. The Wii Fit patient trained on a number of games (Boxing, Bowling, Baseball, Ski Jump, Ski Slalom, Tightrope Walk, Lunge, and Park Stroll). Posttraining, gait speed improved by 19 percent for the Wii Fit patient and 12 percent for the standard care patient; the TUG score also improved by 23 percent for the Wii Fit patient and 15 percent for the standard care patient. Even though these initial rehabilitation findings are promising, we found no randomized crossover design studies reported for the Wii against traditional rehabilitation. Only after such a study can a comparison between these two rehabilitation methods be made. Saposnik et al. reported a proposed clinical trial protocol for patients with stroke, but the results from this study have not yet been reported [53]. Furthermore, it may be difficult to deny a patient group a tried and tested training method for a novel, yet untested, training modality. It may be more likely that the Wii is used complementary to traditional methods rather than as a replacement, either in a clinical setting or in the home. Response to Using Nintendo Wii Fit in Nondisabled Adults Structured research investigating the effectiveness of the Wii in improving balance and its use in rehabilitation is a relatively new area. Nitz et al. showed that two 30-minute sessions over a 10-week period using Wii Fit did improve balance and lower-limb muscle strength in eight nondisabled females (aged 46.6 [+ or -] 9.9 years) [54]. The games played by these subjects (at home) were not controlled, and they chose which games they played. The training regime needed to include Wii Fit activities from the yoga, strength, balance, and aerobic options. The authors also encouraged subjects to increase the level of difficulty as the training duration increased. This is the first reported study in the literature that has attempted to carry out a controlled trial demonstrating the effect of using the Wii on balance. These results are encouraging, but the subjects were nondisabled, active, and relatively young adults. Furthermore, the training regime was not controlled or supervised, with only three subjects completing all training sessions. It is possible that a greater effect would be seen in subjects who are relatively sedentary, are older, and have more structured training sessions. Rehabilitation Associated with Using Dance Dance Revolution Brumels et al. compared the efficacy of traditional and game-based (Wii and DDR) balance programs in a population of 18 to 24 year olds [55]. Training was undertaken 3 days per week for 4 weeks, and each session lasted between 12 to 15 minutes. Postural sway in the sagittal plane, measured by a force plate, significantly improved for the DDR and Wii only. The authors reported no statistical differences in postural sway between the Wii and DDR. Furthermore, game-based balance programs were perceived as less difficult, more engaging, and enjoyable compared with the traditional program. Brumels and Young have developed preventative and rehabilitative exercises using DDR [56]. Even though these exercises are designed to help bridge a gap between static and functional movement, the effectiveness of such exercises has yet to be reported. Rehabilitation Associated with Using Sony EyeToy Rand et al. reported that elderly (70.0 [+ or -] 5.7 years old) nondisabled participants enjoyed using the EyeToy and found it easy to use [26]. Furthermore, they found the EyeToy, and in particular Kung Fu Live, sensitive enough to distinguish between younger and older participants, as well as between patients with chronic and acute stroke. However, even though the patients with stroke reported enjoyment using the EyeToy, it did appear to be less suitable for patients with acute stroke who experienced severe unilateral weakness. These patients expressed frustration when not able to interact with the game using the weaker side. Such frustrations may be exacerbated when using handheld controllers such as the Wii remote. Rand et al. therefore suggest that the EyeToy has greater potential for patients with chronic stroke [26]. Flynn et al. reported a case study for a 76-year-old female who experienced a right hemorrhagic stroke 17 months before the start of the study [57]. She undertook 20 1-hour sessions over 4.5 weeks using the EyeToy. Training was carried out in the patient's home, and the research team did not supervise the training sessions. She played 15 different games 108 times (in total) over the 4.5 weeks (~5.5 games per session). After training, the authors saw clinically relevant improvements in the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, Berg Balance Scale, Upper Extremity Functional Index, Motor Activity Log, and Beck Depression Inventory. Furthermore, no adverse effects, such as falls or increased pain, during the gaming sessions suggests that self-directed training in the home environment can be relatively safe. However, before retirement the patient was a physical therapist and professor of physical therapy; thus, whether such self-directed training using gaming systems can be applicable to a population that lacks this expertise has yet to be explored. Hemiparetic inpatients (n = 20, 12 months poststroke, mean age 61.1 years) took part in a 4-week training program [41]. In addition to the conventional program, half the group received 30 minutes of treatment with the EyeToy (5 games that all trained the upper limb) while the remaining half received a placebo of watching the games for the same duration without any physical involvement. Upper-limb motor function benefited more from EyeToy games in addition to the conventional rehabilitation program than rehabilitation without the EyeToy. This effect carried over during the 3-month follow-up. Rehabilitation Associated with Using Xbox Kinect We found no studies using the Xbox Kinect reported in the literature regarding rehabilitation. Applications--Hardware and Software Commercial activity-promoting gaming systems are primarily entertainment systems, not specifically designed to be rehabilitation tools. However, a number of studies have adapted the hardware and developed software to turn the Wii into a more useful rehabilitation tool. Matamoros et al. customized the Wii remote and nunchuk for patients with stroke so that it could transmit physiological data, such as grip strength and finger force, while performing therapy in a virtual environment [58]. Martin-Moreno et al. proposed a similar application for the Wii remote as a tool to aid physiotherapy exercise movements by providing intuitive and interactive software for the patient that allows progression, adherence, and technique to be monitored remotely by the Internet [3]. The rehabilitation studies mentioned earlier have used the Wii "off-the-shelf," using the games that come with the Wii console. These games are perhaps not designed to facilitate rehabilitation goals; thus, specifically designed games may be needed. Games for healthcare have been designed for patients with burns, diabetes, asthma, and bladder and bowl dysfunction. For example, the game SnowWorld (developed by Professors Hunter Hoffman and David Patterson, University of Washington Harborview Burn Center, Seattle, Washington), a game designed to reduce body motion with "cool" (temperature) imagery, i.e., ice and snow, showed a 20 percent reduction in subjective reports of pain compared with standard analgesia [59]. Games like Packy and Marlon (Raya Systems, Inc, now Health Hero Network; Mountain View, California) and Bronkie and Bronchiasaurus (Raya Systems, Inc), both on the Super Nintendo console (Nintendo), are designed to provide education in the management of diabetes and asthma, respectively [60-61]. Both games have been reported to improve self-efficacy, self-management, and self-care behaviors compared with nongaming controls. For the Wii, the development of health-specific games in the manner of those described appears to be in its infancy. CONCLUSIONS Activity-promoting gaming systems may encourage activity (especially in sedentary individuals) and complement rehabilitation. Both the Wii and DDR have shown to increase EE compared with inactive video games and are comparable with walking (but not with actual sports). Improving physical activity in the sedentary elderly may be the next focus of research. The literature also shows that gaming-related injuries are usually a consequence of excessive gameplay. It must be remembered that the injuries we present, though serious, are rare when considering that, for example, 75 million Wii consoles have been sold worldwide. In rehabilitation settings, anecdotal evidence and a series of case studies have provided encouraging results supporting the use of gaming. However, there is a paucity of work investigating its use in larger-scale studies. A potential limitation of the available commercial games and gaming systems, even though they encourage improvements in balance, strength, and fitness, is that they are not necessarily designed for rehabilitation. Future work may wish to design more specific games to complement rehabilitation that are focused on the needs of the user. For example, Gonzalez-Fernandez et al. developed an easy Balance Virtual Rehabilitation System (the eBaViR System), which uses specific games designed for the rehabilitation of balance disorders [62]. at a Glance [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Activity-promoting computer games such as the Nintendo Wii, Sony EyeToy, Dance Dance Revolution, and Xbox Kinect use player movement to control the action onscreen. It has been suggested that these gaming systems can be used as tools to increase activity levels in otherwise sedentary computer gamers and also be an effective tool to aid rehabilitation in clinical settings, although they can bring about their own injuries. The Nintendo Wii is currently used in medical centers as a tool to aid rehabilitation in both the United Kingdom and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Therefore, the aim of this work is to review the growing area of activity-promoting gaming in the context of exercise, injury, and rehabilitation. Abbreviations: ACSM = American College of Sports Medicine, CP = cerebral palsy, DDR = Dance Dance Revolution, EE = energy expenditure, HR = heart rate, MET = metabolic equivalent, NHS = National Health Service, RPE = rating of perceived exertion, TUG = Timed "Up and Go" test, VA = Department of Veterans Affairs, V[O.sub.2] = oxygen consumption. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Author Contributions: Study concept and design: M. J. D. Taylor, M. Griffin. Acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data: M. J. D. Taylor, M. Griffin, D. McCormick. Drafting of manuscript: M. J. D. Taylor, M. Griffin, T. Shawis, R. Impson. Critical revision of manuscript for important intellectual content: M. J. D. Taylor, M. Griffin, T. Shawis, R. Impson, D. McCormick. Obtained funding: M. J. D. Taylor, M. Griffin, T. Shawis, R. Impson. Financial Disclosures: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Funding/Support: This material was based on work supported by a Colchester Hospital University Trust post-graduate award and the University of Essex Research Endowment Fund. Submitted for publication September 3, 2010. Accepted in revised form April 27, 2011. REFERENCES [1.] Consolidated financial highlights [Internet]. Kyoto (Japan): Nintendo; 2010. Available from: http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ ir/pdf/2010/101028e.pdf [2.] Lange B, Flynn SM, Rizzo AA. Game-based telerehabilitation. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2009;45(1):143-51. [PMID: 19282807] [3.] Martin-Moreno J, Ruiz-Fernandez D, Soriano-Paya A, Jesus Berenguer-Muralles V. Monitoring 3D movements for the rehabilitation of joints in physiotherapy. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2008;4836-39. 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[PMID: 9183781] http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14639239709089835 [61.] Lieberman DA. Management of chronic paediatric diseases with interactive health games: Theory and research findings. J Ambul Care Manage. 2001;24(1):26-38. [PMID: 11189794] [62.] Gonzalez-Fernandez M, Gil-Gomez J, Alcafiiz M, Noe E, Colomer C. eBaViR, easy Balance Virtual Rehabilitation System: A study with patients. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2010;154:61-66. [PMID: 20543271] Matthew J. D. Taylor, PhD; (1) * Darren McCormick, BSc; (1) Teshk Shawis, MBChB, FRCP; (2) Rebecca Impson, MSc; (2) Murray Griffin, PhD (1) (1) Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK; (2) Care of the Elderly, Colchester Hospital University Foundation Trust, Colchester, Essex, UK * Address all correspondence to Matthew J. D. Taylor, PhD; Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, UK CO43SQ; +44(0)1206-872818; fax: +44(0)1206-872592. Email: mtaylor@essex.ac.uk DOI: 10.1682/JRRD.2010.09.0171 Table 1.
Energy expenditure (EE) studies.
Author Design Sample
Lanningham- Single- group 34 [+ or -] 11 yr; n
Foster et comparative study = 20 (10 M, 10 F)
al. [1]
Willems Comparative study, 21 yr; n = 10 (7 M,
and Bond convenience sample 3 F)
[2]
Lee and Convenience sample, 29.1 [+ or -] 7.4
Pitchford counterbalanced yr; n = 8 (3 M, 5 F)
[3] design
Welch et Comparative study, 21 yr; n = 23
al. [4] convenience sample,
random control
Sasser et Comparative study College students (18
al. [5] yr; n = 29)
Hennig et Comparative study, College students (18
al. [6] convenience sample yr; n = 29)
Hurkmans Cross- sectional Bilateral spastic CP
et al. [7] study and ambulatory
ability (36 [+ or -
] 7 yr; n = 8 [5 M,
3 F])
Lotan et Comparative study Exercise group:
al. [8] Moderate IDD level
(52.3 [+ or -] 5.8
yr; n = 28 [16 M, F
12]) Control group:
Age, IDD level, and
functional abilities
matched (54.3 [+ or
-] 5.4 yr, n = 31
[15 M, 16 F])
Sell et Comparative study DDR players (21.8 [+
al. [9] or -] 3.5 yr)
Experienced: n = 12
M; inexperienced: n
= 7 M
Author Method Measure
Lanningham- EE and PA measured Accelerometer,
Foster et resting, standing, inclinometer, data
al. [1] watching television logger, and indirect
seated, playing SVG calorimeter
(PS2*) and AVG
(Wii ([dagger])
Willems Compared EE during EE (measured with
and Bond three 10-min portable metabolic
[2] sessions (5-min rest system) and MET
periods) of brisk
treadmill walking or
Wii (Tennis,
Baseball, and
Boxing ([double
dagger]))
Lee and Compared quiet EE, V[O.sub.2], and
Pitchford sitting with Wii HR
[3] (Tennis, Bowling,
and Boxing) for 10
min each
Welch et Compared 30 min HR and RPE
al. [4] sessions of Wii
Boxing, brisk
walking, and fitness
boxing video
Sasser et Five 5 min game Mean and peak HR
al. [5] conditions (Super
Mario Bros. 3,
([dagger])
Super Mario Bros. 3
while standing,
Guitar Hero ([section])
while
standing, Wii
Tennis, DDR11)
([paragraph]) and
control
Hennig et Five 5 min game Mean and peak
al. [6] conditions (Super V[O.sub.2]
Mario 3, Super Mario
3 while standing,
Guitar Hero while
standing, Wii
Tennis, DDR) and
control
Hurkmans EE by V[O.sub.2] EE and MET
et al. [7] while sitting and
during Wii (Tennis
and Boxing, each
played for 15 min in
random order)
Lotan et Fitness program (5-6 EE, modified Cooper
al. [8] wk); three 30 min test, and THBI
Eye-Toy * sessions
per week (self-
selected games)
Sell et Maximal V[O.sub.2] HR, RPE, RER, and
al. [9] assessments and 30 V[O.sub.2]
min DDR session
Author Result
Lanningham- Mean EE over resting
Foster et (148 [+ or -] 71
al. [1] kCal/h) and movement
increased
significantly (p <
0.001) above all
activities when
playing Wii.
Willems METs significantly
and Bond higher for brisk
[2] walking compared
with Wii (p < 0.05).
METs significantly
higher for Wii
Boxing vs Wii Tennis
and Bowling.
Gameplay in young
adults may not be
sufficient to meet
ACSM guidelines for
physical activity of
moderate intensity
that provides health
benefits.
Lee and METs score (p <
Pitchford 0.001) and HR (p <
[3] 0.01) of all
activities
statistically
different from quiet
sitting. METs score
(p = 0.013) and HR
(p = 0.001)
significantly
different among
activities.
Welch et Significant
al. [4] difference between
HR for all modes of
activity (p < 0.05).
RPE significantly
less than Wii Boxing
and fitness boxing
video. Wii Boxing
may provide marginal
physiological
stimulus.
Sasser et DDR yielded highest
al. [5] mean and peak HR (p
< 0.05). HR for DDR
represented 60% of
age-predicted HRmax.
Wii represented 50%,
which may not be
sufficient intensity
for ACSM guidelines.
Hennig et DDR yielded highest
al. [6] mean and peak VO2
compared with all
other modes (p <
0.05), corresponding
with 3.4 and 4.2
METs. DDR would meet
ACMS guidelines. Wii
would require almost
double time per week
to elicit benefit.
Hurkmans Wii (Tennis and
et al. [7] Boxing) determined
moderate intensity
physical activity.
Lotan et Exercise group:
al. [8] significant
improvements in
modified Cooper test
and THBI (p < 0.05),
but not EE.
Exergaming
intervention
suitable for adults
with IDD and can
result in
significant
improvements in
physical fitness
levels.
Sell et Significantly higher
al. [9] (p < 0.05) exercise
HR, RPE, RER,
V[O.sub.2],
total and relative
EE, and exercise
intensity and less
time and steps to
expend 150 kCal.
* Sony Computer Entertainment; Tokyo, Japan.
([dagger]) Nintendo; Redmond, Washington.
([double dagger]) Wii Sports (Nintendo).
([section]) Harmonix; Cambridge, Massachusetts.
([paragraph]) Konami Digital Entertainment; El Segundo, California.
(1.) Lanningham-Foster L, Foster RC, McCrady SK, Jensen TB,
Mitre N, Levine JA. Activity-promoting video games and
increased energy expenditure. J Pediatr. 2009;154(6):819-23.
[PMID: 19324368]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.009
(2.) Willems ME, Bond TS. Metabolic equivalent of brisk
walking and playing new generation active computer games in
young-adults. Medicina Sportiva. 2009;13(2):95-98.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10036-009-0015-4
(3.) Lee M, Pitchford AE. Energy expenditure of an
interactive video game: A preliminary study. Med Sport Sci
Exerc. 2009;41(5):551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/
01.MSS.0000356228.90186.41
(4.) Welch JM, White J, Nixon NA. Physiological cost of an
active video game versus other exercise modes in university
students. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(5 Suppl 1):551.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000356227.52069.70
(5.) Sasser K, Eller S, Dragoo K, Ulbright J, Robinson T,
Silvers MW. Heart rate responses with various modes of video
game interaction. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(5 Suppl
1):552-53.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000356231.74939.8c
(6.) Hennig L, Olsen C, Felerman K, Ulbright J, Rees S,
Harshman J, Silvers MW. Oxygen consumption with various
modes of video game interaction. Med Sci Sports Exerc.
2009;41(5 Suppl 1):551-52.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000356229.90186.08
(7.) Hurkmans HL, Van den Berg-Emons RJ, Stam HJ. Energy
expenditure in adults with cerebral palsy playing Wii
Sports. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91(10):1577-81. [PMID:
20875517]
(8.) Lotan M, Yalon-Chamovitz S, Weiss PL. Improving
physical fitness of individuals with intellectual and
developmental disability through a virtual reality
intervention program. Res Dev Disabil. 2009;30(2):229-39.
[PMID: 18479889]
(9.) Sell K, Lillie T, Taylor J. Energy expenditure during
physically interactive video game playing in male college
students with different playing experience. J Am Coll
Health. 2008;56(5):505-11. [PMID: 18400662]
http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/JACH.56.5.505-512
ACMS = American College of Sports Medicine, AVG = active
video game, CP = cerebral palsy, DDR = Dance Dance
Revolution, EE = energy expenditure, F = female, HR = heart
rate, [HR.sub.max] = maximum heart rate, IDD = individuals
with intellectual and developmental disabilities, M = male,
MET = metabolic equivalent, PA = physical activity, PS2 =
PlayStation2, RER = respiratory exchange ratio, RPE = rating
of perceived exertion, SVG = static video game, THBI = total
heart beat index, V[O.sub.2] = oxygen consumption.
Table 2.
Self-reported Nintendo Wii-related (Nintendo; Redmond,
Washington) injuries between November 2006 and 2008.
Adapted from: Sparks D, Chase D, Coughlin L. Wii have
a problem: A review of self-reported Wii related
injuries. Inform Prim Care. 2009;17(1):55-57.
[PMID: 19490774].
No. Type
17 Hand laceration/bruise
5 Periorbital haematoma
3 Forehead bruise/laceration
2 Metacarpal fracture
2 Patellar dislocation
2 Ankle sprain/fracture
1 Chin laceration
1 Tooth avulsion
1 Quadriceps sprain
1 Lip laceration
1 Clavicular fracture
1 Epistaxis
1 Metatarsal fracture
1 Wrist strap injury
Table 3.
Nintendo Wii-related (Nintendo; Redmond, Washington) injuries.
Author Condition Game Patient
Bonis [1] Acute "Several hours" 29 yr, M
tendonitis of playing Wii
right Tennis
infraspinatus
Bhangu et al. Acute Wiiitis "Aggressive 22 yr, M
[2] of left play" of
shoulder Brunswick Pro
Bowling
Hipara and Dislocation of Fall while 18 yr, F
Abouazza [3] left patella playing Wii
(Wii knee) Tennis
Faivre et al. Internal 3 h consecutive 47 yr, F
[4] carotid artery Wii Tennis play
dissection
Almedghio et Medial meniscal Wii Bowling 23 yr, F
al. [5] tear
Meeke and Retroperitoneal "Aggressive" Age not
Gonzalez [6] hemorrhage from Wii gameplay reported,
ruptured renal "young
angiomyolipoma female"
Low [7] Right-side Extended 46 yr, M
primary gameplay of Wii
spontaneous Sports (game
pneumothorax not specified)
Peek et al. [8] Traumatic Wii Tennis 55 yr, F
hemothorax
following
fall
Boehm and Pugh Acute onset of 6-8 h Wii 19 yr, F
[9] carpel tunnel Bowling for
syndrome 10 d
secondary to
gaming
* Crave Entertainment, Inc; Santa Ana, California.
[1.] Bonis J. Acute Wiiitis. N Engl J Med.
2007;356(23):2431-32. [PMID: 17554133]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc070670
[2.] Bhangu A, Lwin M, Dias R. Wimbledon or bust: Nintendo
Wii related rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon.
J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2009;34(3):399-400. [PMID: 19457909]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193408098906
[3.] Hipara KM, Abouazza OA. The "Wii knee": A case of
patella dislocation secondary to computer video games.
Injury Extra. 2008;39:86-87.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2007.07.034
[4.] Faivre A, Chapon F, Combaz X, Nicoli F. Internal
carotid artery dissection occurring during intensive
practice with Wii video sports games. Neurology.
2009;73(15):1242-43. [PMID: 19822875]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181bc0172
[5.] Almedghio SM, Shablahidis O, Rennie W, Ashford RU. Wii
knee revisited: Meniscal injury from 10-pin bowling. BMJ
Case Rep. 2009; 2009.pii:bcr11.2008.1189. [PMID: 21686424]
[6.] Meeke JJ, Gonzalez CM. Retroperitoneal haemorrhage from
ruptured angiomyolipoma while playing Wii video games. BMJ.
2008;336.
[7.] Low AC. Wii-related pneumothorax. BMJ. 2008;336.
[8.] Peek AC, Ibrahim T, Abunasra H, Waller D, Natarajan R.
White-out from a Wii: Traumatic haemothorax sustained
playing Nintendo Wii. Ann R Coll Surg Engl.
2008;90(6):W9-10. [PMID: 18765020]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147870808X303100
[9.] Boehm KM, Pugh A. A new variant of Wiiitis. J Emerg
Med. 2009;36(1):80. [PMID: 18554849]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.11.104
F = female, M = male.
Table 4.
Use of Nintendo Wii (Nintendo; Redmond, Washington)
in rehabilitation.
Author Design Sample
Williams Comminity-dwelling Wii exercise
et al. [1] fallers, group (76.0 [+
intervention study or -] 5.2 yr, n
= 15); standard
care group
(76.5 [+ or -]
4.8 yr, n = 6)
Clark and Case study Unspecified
Kraemer [2] balance
disorder,
multiple faller
(89 yr, F)
Sugarman Feasibility case Vertebra-
et al. [3] study basilar CVA (86
yr, F)
Deutsch 2 individual case 48 yr (M) and
et al. [4] studies 34 yr (f)
Boyle Convenience sample, 22 yr, n = 10
et al. [5] intervention study
Author Method Measure
Williams Wii exercise FES-I, Berg
et al. [1] group: attended Balance Scale,
individual Tinetti Balance
supervised Scale
exercise twice
weekly for 12
weeks. Games
included Table
Tilt, Soccer
Heading, Ski
Slalom,
Jogging, Hula
Hoop, and Ski
Jump. Standard
care group:
attended
12-week
exercise/
education
program
supervised by
NHS
physiotherapists.
Clark and Six 1 h Berg Balance
Kraemer [2] treatment Scale, DGI,
sessions over 2 TUG, ABC
weeks. Wii
Bowling1
(minimum 2
games per
session)
competed
against
investigator.
Actual minimum
time per
session was 40
min.
Sugarman 4 consecutive Berg Balance
et al. [3] training days Scale,
playing Wii functional
(Table Tilt, reach, TUG,
Balance Bubble, posturography
Tightrope Walk,
Lotus Focus*).
Deutsch Comparison Gait speed,
et al. [4] between 2 distance
stroke walked, DGI,
patients: TUG
standard care
vs Wii-based
care. Three 1 h
sessions per
week for 4
weeks.
Boyle Assessed HR,
et al. [5] patient Sp[O.sub.2],
acceptability BBS, BMS,
and usefulness patient
of Wii for enjoyment
exercise in (directly pre
adults with CF. and post)
Sports
simulation
games played
against
physiotherapist
for average 20
min.
Author Result
Williams Baseline vs
et al. [1] week 4: mean
Berg Balance
Test
significantly
improved. (p =
0.02). No
improvement in
either balance
score in
standard care
group. Wii
deemed
acceptable form
of exercise for
elderly.
Clark and Decrease in
Kraemer [2] falls risk
shown by
increase in
Berg Balance
Scale (4853)
and DGI (19-
21) scores and
decrease in TUG
time (14.9-
10.5 s).
Sugarman 10 s decrease
et al. [3] in TUG time.
Modest
improvement in
Berg Balance
Scale,
functional
reach, and
posturography.
Observational
improvement in
gait. Wii
deemed as
having
potential for
use in clinical
settings.
Deutsch Both
et al. [4] participants
showed
improvement in
all measures.
Wii resulted in
larger gains
posttraining,
but gains not
sustained at
follow-up
compared with
standard care.
Boyle BBS (p = 0.005)
et al. [5] and BMS (p =
0.009) scores
significantly
increased. No
significant
increase in HR
and
Sp[O.sub.2].
Mean patient
enjoyment 9/
10. Wii has
potential as
alternative
form of
exercise.
Use of Nintendo Wii (Nintendo; Redmond,
Washington) in rehabilitation.
* Wii Fit (Nintendo).
([dagger]) Wii Sports (Nintendo).
(1.) Williams MA, Soiza RL, Jenkinson AM, Stewart A.
Exercising with computers in later life (EXCELL)-Pilot and
feasibility study of the acceptability of the Nintendo Wii
Fit in community/dwelling fallers. BMC Res Notes.
2010;3:238. [PMID: 20831836] http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/
1756-0500-3-238
(2.) Clark R, Kraemer T. Clinical use of the Nintendo Wii
Bowling simulation to decrease fall risk in an elderly
resident of a nursing home: A case report. J Geriatr Phys
Ther. 2009;32(4):174-80. [PMID: 20469567]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00139143-200932040-00006
(3.) Sugarman H, Weisel-Eichler A, Burstin A, Brown R. Use
of Wii Fit system for the treatment of balance problems in
the elderly: A feasibility study. Proceedings of the Virtual
Rehabilitation International Conference; 2009 Jun 29-Jul 2;
Haifa, Israel. Los Alamitos (CA): IEEE; 2009.
(4.) Deutsch JE, Robbins D, Morrison J, Guarrera-Bowlby P.
Wii-based compared to standard of care balance and mobility
rehabilitation for two individuals post- stroke. Proceedings
of the Virtual Rehabilitation International Conference; 2009
Jun 29-Jul 2; Haifa, Israel. Los Alamitos (CA): IEEE; 2009.
(5.) Boyle L, Lavery K, Elborn JS, Rendall JC. Use of
Nintendo Wii for exercise in adult CF patients. J Cyst
Fibros. 2009;8(S2):S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
S1569-1993(09)60283-6
ABC = Activities-Specific Balance Scale, BBS = Borg
Breathlessness Scale, BMS = Borg Muscle Fatigue Scale, CF =
cystic fibrosis, CVA = cerebral vascular accident, DGI =
Dynamic Gait Index, F = female, FES-I = Falls Efficacy Scale
International, HR = heart rate, M = male, NHS = National
Health Service, Sp[O.sub.2] = oxygen saturation, TUG = Timed
"Up and Go" test. |
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