ABSTRACT: Dr. Bernard Sarnat is one of plastic surgery's greatest laboratory investigators. His contributions to our understanding of modern craniofacial molecular biology are immense. His landmark studies continue to influence the way we approach and treat patients today. This article outlines his classic investigations of the craniofacial skeleton, with particular ...

Transformation optics represents a new paradigm for designing light-manipulating devices, such as cloaks and field concentrators, through the engineering of electromagnetic space using materials with spatially variable parameters. Here we analyse liquid flowing in an optofluidic waveguide as a new type of controllable transformation optics medium. We show that a ...

The authors used cohort data from the registry of all doctors in Taiwan to determine if the effect of health disparities exists after control of potential confounding by different occupational exposures in different specialties. Retrospective cohort study, 1990-2006. The Taiwan Medical Association. A total of 37 545 doctors from the registry ...

People with cystic fibrosis, who are chronically colonised with the organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, often require multiple courses of intravenous aminoglycoside antibiotics for the management of pulmonary exacerbations. The properties of aminoglycosides suggest that they could be given in higher doses less often. To assess the effectiveness and safety of once-daily ...

Respiratory syncytial virus infection causes acute lung infection in infants and young children worldwide, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. Children with cystic fibrosis are prone to recurrent lung inflammation, bacterial colonisation and subsequent chronic airway disease, putting them at risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus infections requiring intensive care ...

ABSTRACT: The pediatric mandible fracture is a rare occurrence when compared with the number of mandible fractures that occur within the adult population. Although the clinician who manages facial fractures may never encounter a pediatric mandible fracture, it is a unique injury that warrants a comprehensive discussion. Because of the ...

Honey is a natural substance with many medicinal properties, including antibacterial, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, antioxidant and antihypertensive effects. It reduces hyperglycemia in diabetic rats and humans. However, the mechanism(s) of its hypoglycemic effect remain(s) unknown. Honey comprises many constituents, making it difficult to ascertain which component(s) contribute(s) to its hypoglycemic effect. ...

This is an update of the original Cochrane review published in 2005 and updated in 2007. Acute bronchiolitis is the leading cause of medical emergencies during winter in children younger than two years of age. Chest physiotherapy is thought to assist infants in the clearance of secretions and to decrease ...

Robotic surgery is the latest innovation in the field of minimally invasive surgery. In the case of robotic surgery, instead of directly moving the instruments the surgeon uses a robotic system to control the instruments for surgical procedures. Robotic surgical systems have been used in various gynaecological surgeries for benign ...

ABSTRACT: Pneumosinus dilatans (PD) represents a rare lesion of unknown etiology in which progressive enlargement of an air-filled paranasal sinus results in cosmetic and functional complications. The absence of pathologic mucosa has traditionally been considered a hallmark of this disorder. A 24-year-old man presented with 2 years of chronic rhinosinusitis ...

Tissue analysis of bone regenerate has suggested an intense vascular response after mandibular distraction osteogenesis (DO). Quantifying and three-dimensionally imaging this vascular response could be of immense clinical import in efforts to advance the utility of bone regeneration and repair. Conventional quantification of vascular responses has heretofore focused on inexact, ...

ABSTRACT: We devised a new technique of anchoring temporalis muscle to a porous polyethylene sheet (Medpor) fixed at the temporal crest in the temporal depression.A coronal incision was made, and subgaleal dissection was continued to the undersurface of the superficial temporal fascia. Contracted temporalis muscle was freed from the temporal ...

Sickle cell disease comprises a group of genetic blood disorders. It occurs when the sickle haemoglobin gene is inherited from both parents. The effects of the condition are: varying degrees of anaemia which, if severe, can reduce mobility; a tendency for small blood capillaries to become blocked causing pain in ...

Thalassemia is a hereditary anaemia due to ineffective erythropoiesis. In particular, people with thalassaemia major develop secondary iron overload resulting from regular red blood cell transfusion. Iron chelation therapy is needed to prevent long-term complications.Both deferoxamine and deferiprone have been found to be efficacious. However, a systematic review of the ...

The purpose of this study was to explore a new method to repair mild mandibular asymmetry using computer-aided design technique. Medical three-dimensional image reconstruction and mirror technique were applied to design individual Medpor implant before operation. A surgical procedure was performed in 9 patients with mild mandibular asymmetry according to ...

ABSTRACT: Over the past years, computer-assisted surgery has gained more importance in craniomaxillofacial surgery, especially in primary and secondary treatment of head and neck malignancies. The basis for oncologic treatment of the head and neck region requires detailed planning using computed tomography, cone-beam computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging in ...

ABSTRACT: Myiasis is a parasitic infestation of vital tissue of humans or other mammals by dipterous larvae. Human myiasis is a rare clinic condition but more frequently seen in tropical and subtropical areas, in patients who have poor hygiene, have bad housing conditions, are with mental retardation, or have advanced ...

Diarrhoea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Most deaths are caused by dehydration and are easily preventable by using oral rehydration therapy. Early management and recognition of danger signs are key strategies in treating diarrhoeal diseases at home. This study assessed the knowledge and health-care seeking ...

Although the importance of smoking as a risk factor for coronary heart disease is beyond doubt, the speed and magnitude of risk reduction when a smoker with coronary heart disease quits are still subjects of debate. To estimate the magnitude of risk reduction when a patient with CHD stops smoking. ...

Erosive lichen planus (ELP) affecting mucosal surfaces is a chronic autoimmune disease of unknown aetiology. It is often more painful and debilitating than the non-erosive types of lichen planus. Treatment is difficult and aimed at palliation rather than cure. Several topical and systemic agents have been used with varying results. ...

Some of the most problematic craniofacial injuries in pediatric plastic surgery are large calvarial defects in children who have passed the age of maximal dural osteogenic potential and yet are too young to yield split calvarial grafts. Porous polyethylene (Medpor; Porex) is an alloplastic material that can be customized to ...

During stress, bacteria undergo extensive physiological transformations, many of which are coordinated by ppGpp. Although ppGpp is best known for enhancing cellular resilience by redirecting the RNA polymerase (RNAP) to certain genes, it also acts as a signal in many other cellular processes in bacteria. After a brief overview of ...

To explore the feasibility of producing small-area geospatial maps of chronic disease risk for use by clinical commissioning groups and public health teams. Cross-sectional geospatial analysis using routinely collected general practitioner electronic record data. Tower Hamlets, an inner-city district of London, UK, characterised by high socioeconomic and ethnic diversity and ...

Hypertrophy of the masticatory muscles may affect the temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles in several different combinations. A case of bilateral temporalis muscle hypertrophy, with masseter and pterygoid involvement, in a 26-year-old white woman in the fourth month of gestation is reported. Magnetic resonance imaging and physical examination were used ...

Vaccination is the most effective preventive strategy against rotavirus disease. Regional differences in prevalent rotavirus genotypes may affect vaccine efficacy. Pre-vaccine surveillance for burden of rotavirus disease, prevalent rotavirus genotypes, and association between rotavirus disease and intussusceptions helps in monitoring the impact of vaccination. A prospective study was conducted from ...

Acute ureteric colic is commonly associated with severe and debilitating pain. Theoretically, increasing fluid flow through the affected kidney might expedite stone passage, thereby improving symptoms more quickly. The efficacy and safety of interventions such as high volume intravenous (IV) or oral fluids and diuretics aimed at expediting ureteric stone ...

Congenital choanal atresia is a rare abnormality characterized by unilateral or bilateral lack of patency of the posterior end of the nasal cavity. With an incidence of 1:5000 to 1:8000 births, it is twice as prevalent in females as it is in males. Surgical procedures aim to provide adequate functional ...

ABSTRACT: Many different materials are proposed for reconstruction of traumatic orbital floor defects. Donor-site morbidity of autologous transplants and infections or extrusions of nonresorbable implants lead to a widespread use of resorbable, alloplastic materials such as polydioxanone (PDS). The goal of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of orbital ...

Gene therapy in the craniofacial region provides a unique tool for delivery of DNA to coordinate protein production in both time and space. The drive to bring this technology to the clinic is derived from the fact that more than 85% of the global population may at one time require ...

Significant challenges exist in providing safe, effective, and culturally sound mental health and psychosocial services when an unforeseen disaster strikes in a low-resource setting. We present here a case study describing the experience of a transnational team in expanding mental health and psychosocial services delivered by two health care organizations, ...

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the commonest skin cancer in the white population. It is traditionally treated by surgical excision (SE) or by Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS).   The objective of this review was to compare the effectiveness, cost, complications and acceptability of periocular BCCs when operated by MMS or ...

ABSTRACT: The specialty of craniofacial surgery is broad and includes trauma, aesthetics, reconstruction of congenital deformities, and regeneration of tissues. Moreover, craniofacial surgery deals with a diverse range of tissues including both "soft" and "hard" tissues. Technological advances in materials and biological sciences and improved surgical techniques have remarkably improved ...

Lung ischaemia-reperfusion-induced oedema (LIRE) is a life-threatening condition that causes pulmonary oedema induced by endothelial dysfunction. Here we show that lungs from mice lacking nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox2(y/-)) or the classical transient receptor potential channel 6 (TRPC6(-/-)) are protected from LIR-induced oedema (LIRE). Generation of chimeric mice ...

The Ho Chi Minh Youth cohort study aimed to assess the change in nutritional status; indicators of adiposity; diet; physical activity and sedentary behaviours; home, neighbourhood and school microenvironments and their complex relationships in adolescents in urban areas of Ho Chi Minh City. Prospective 5-year cohort. Systematic random sampling was ...

This study aimed to determine the resistance patterns of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in Mexico to several antibiotics and research some therapeutic options. Positive cultures for E. coli isolated from bronchial secretions, urine, central catheter, blood, and infected wounds in the Culiacan General Hospital, Sinaloa, Mexico from 30 June 2004 ...

Mumps, measles and rubella (MMR) are serious diseases that can lead to potentially fatal illness, disability and death. However, public debate over the safety of the trivalent MMR vaccine and the resultant drop in vaccination coverage in several countries persists, despite its almost universal use and accepted effectiveness. To assess ...

Inhalation of hypertonic saline improves sputum rheology, accelerates mucociliary clearance and improves clinical outcomes of people with cystic fibrosis. To determine whether the timing of hypertonic saline inhalation (in relation to airway clearance techniques or in relation to time of day) has an impact on its clinical efficacy in people ...

Objective: To review recent literature on the limitations of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) as a marker of glycemic control.Methods: English-language literature published between 1985 and 2011 was reviewed specific to analyses of major trials relating glycemic control to complications of diabetes mellitus, as expressed through HbA1c as a marker of glycemic ...

ABSTRACT: Lymphatic malformations (LMs) in soft tissues tend to enlarge over time, causing distortion, obstruction, and functional problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the natural progression of LMs to facilitate patient counseling, gain insight into pathophysiology, and guide therapy.Our Vascular Anomalies Center database was reviewed for patients ...

ABSTRACT: No single biomaterial is optimum for every craniomaxillofacial application. Instead, surgeons should consider the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative in a given clinical situation, and select the material with lowest overall cost and morbidity, and the highest likelihood of success. Autogenous bone is still considered the gold standard ...

ABSTRACT: Sinonasal inverted papilloma (IP) is noted for its high rate of recurrence. Although many clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of the endoscopic approach for IP, only a few published reports have studied the efficacy of endoscopic surgery for recurrent IP, and the surgical approach has been the subject ...

The use of botulinum toxin as an investigative and treatment modality for strabismus is well reported in the medical literature. However it is unclear how effective its use is in comparison to other treatment options for strabismus. To evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin in the treatment of strabismus compared ...

Migraine is a highly disabling condition for the individual and also has wide-reaching implications for society, healthcare services, and the economy. Sumatriptan is an abortive medication for migraine attacks, belonging to the triptan family. Intranasal administration may be preferable to oral for individuals experiencing nausea and/or vomiting, although it is ...

The masseter muscle is one of the muscles involved in mastication. Transposition of this muscle has been used for dynamic reanimation of facial palsy since the early years of the 20th century. We present an anatomic study of the masseter muscle and its neurovascular bundle to determine the possibility of ...

Among U.S. and foreign-born Hispanic/Latino older adults living in the United States, associations of dietary acculturation and health outcomes have yielded no consistent findings. The purpose of this review was to present current knowledge and research disparities on acculturation, dietary intake, and health outcomes among the fastest growing minority group ...

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) are essential components of nucleic-acid-based adaptive immune systems that are widespread in bacteria and archaea. Similar to RNA interference (RNAi) pathways in eukaryotes, CRISPR-mediated immune systems rely on small RNAs for sequence-specific detection and silencing of foreign nucleic acids, including viruses and plasmids. ...

ABSTRACT: Microvascular free tissue transfer (FTT) is an increasingly used method of reconstruction for traumatic defects of the head and neck. We describe the immediate management, FTT reconstruction techniques, and outcomes of 6 individuals who sustained maxillofacial gunshot trauma and were treated at a single tertiary-care level I trauma center. ...

The development of systemic therapy drug resistance for breast cancer treatment is an ongoing problem, thus, so are the potential molecular mechanisms of it. AZD6244 is a novel ATP-uncompetitive inhibitor to MAP/ERK kinase (MEK) 1/2 which has been demonstrated to be potent, selective and safe in the clinical trials and ...

Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is one of the major contributors to maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Active management of the third stage of labour has been proven to be effective in the prevention of PPH. Syntometrine is more effective than oxytocin but is associated with more side effects. Carbetocin, a long-acting ...

Many women would like to avoid pharmacological or invasive methods of pain management in labour, and this may contribute towards the popularity of complementary methods of pain management. This review examined currently available evidence supporting the use of manual healing methods including massage and reflexology for pain management in labour. ...