Perioperative practitioners encounter consent issues constantly in their practice, both in terms of the main procedure listed and procedures they will undertake personally to enable the main procedure to be carried out safely. The law on consent has previously been governed by case (common) law but is now also partly ...

Varicose veins are common and often asymptomatic. A variety of treatment methods are available for those who develop symptoms or complications. The traditional open surgical treatment still forms the mainstay of treatment. Endovenous treatment methods offer a new alternative but have their own limitations. Foam sclerotherapy holds much promise as ...

Female C57BLJ6 mice from 13 to 19 weeks of age were given daily PTH (1-34) (20, 40 or 80 [micro]g/kg/day). For three alternate days per week during the last two weeks of this treatment, the tibiae and ulnae on one side were subjected to a single period of dynamic axial ...

In 17 anorexia nervosa (AN) boys and 17 controls 12-19 years, boys with AN had lower BMD and corresponding Z-scores at the spine, hip, femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanteric region, and whole body compared with controls. Height adjusted measures (lumbar BMAD and whole body BMCiheight) were also lower. Bone formation and ...

BMC of the hip over 8 yr in prepubertal children who participated in a 7-mo jumping intervention compared with controls who participated in a stretching program (N=57; jumpers=33, controls=24; 47% of the original participants). After 7 mo, those children that completed high-impact jumping exercises had 3.6% more BMC at the ...

15 women participated in "pelvis release experiments," which safely simulate the impact stage of a sideways fall. During the trials, we measured total impact force and mean pressure over the greater trochanter with the participant unpadded, and while wearing two commercially available soft shell protectors. Mean pressure over the greater ...

Calcium and vitamin D in 208 postmenopausal African-American women where the remodeling transient was considered a priori in the study design. Both groups (calcium alone vs. Calcium +20 [micro]g (800 IU) vitamin D(3)) were ensured a calcium intake in excess of 1200 mg/day. There were no differences between the two ...

302 elderly women (age, 77.2 [+ or -] 4.6 yr) with serum 25(OH)D <60 nM participated in a 1-yr randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. All subjects received 1000 mg calcium citrate per day with either 1000 IU ergocalciferol (vitamin D(2)) or identical placebo (control). At baseline, calcium intake was 1100 mg/d, ...

In 188 residents not receiving vitamin D/calcium [Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody inhibits RANKL, a mediator of osteodast formation, function, and survival, decreases bone turnover and increases BMD. Postmenopausal women with a spine T-score of -1.8 to -4.0 or proximal femur T-score of -1.8 to -3.5 were randomized ...

In 188 residents not receiving vitamin D/calcium [mean age 85 (range 68- 100) years, 75% female] and in 52 residents receiving vitamin D/calcium, in the former, median PTH increased with declining GFR (P<0.0001), particularly as GFR (mL/min/1.73 m(2)) fell below 45. PTH was suppressed by increasing 25-D, but not 1,25-D ...

Medicare enrollees aged 50 and older in a nursing home in North Carolina in 2000 (n=30,655) were identified and hospitalization claims in the preceding 4 years showed hip fracture (n=7257) or other fracture (n=663) cases. We followed participants from nursing home entry until the end of 2002 using Medicare hospital ...

Mechanical loading and nitric oxide (NO) have positive influences on bone mass. NO is induced by strain via upregulation of eNOS mRNA and protein. Strain causes decreased RANKL. Primary Stromal cells from wild-type (WT) and eNOS(-/-) mice showed strain inhibition of RANKL expression was prevented by NOS inhibitors (L-NAME and ...

Serum C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), osteocalcin (OC), and N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (P1 NP), serum calcium, creatinine, phosphate, magnesium, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured in 638 healthy peemenopausal women aged 20-50 years. In 83 women on the contraceptive pill (CP), the levels of the three ...

23-day-old female rats were injected with a GnRH-antagonist at 2 dosage levels (n=15/group). The low dose group (1.25 mg/kg/dose) received daily injections for 27 days (sacrifice 49 days). The high dose group received (5.0 mg/kg/dose) only 5 days per week over a 26 day period (sacrifice 48 days). Significant delays ...

98 community-dwelling osteopenic women aged 41-78 years were randomized into either a control (receiving no intervention), or exercise group (two one-hour exercise sessions per week for 20 weeks with a trained physiotherapist). 98 women (mean age 62.01 years, SD 8.9 years) enrolled. The mean number of classes attended for the ...

Fourteen children aged 4-17 years with chronic hypoparathyroidism were studied in a randomized crossover trial, lasting 28 weeks using once-daily vs. twice-daily PTH1-34. Twice-daily PTH 1-34 increased serum calcium and magnesium levels more effectively than a once-daily dose. PTH 1-34 normalized mean 24 h urine Ca excretion on both treatments. ...

In 37 specimens of trabecular bones from upper parts of fresh human femurs., 8 mm diameter cylindrical cores were extracted. All QUS parameters correlated to BMD (R=0.83 for nBUA, R=0.81 for 505 and R=0.69 for BUB) and to microarchitectural parameters (R=-0.79 between nBUA and Tb.Sp, R=-0.81 between 505 and Tb.Sp, ...

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type I (MEN type-I) is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome presented mostly by tumours of the parathyroids, endocrine pancreas and anterior pituitary. Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common clinical expression in affected patients, present in more than 90% of cases. Osteoporosis is a frequent and ...

Although osteoporosis is defined as being a painless and progressive condition, one special subtype of osteoporosis is reversible and painful. Because it isn't permanent and is obvious in the hip joint, this condition is called transient osteoporosis of the hip. Typically, the patients are women in the third trimester of ...

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyse bone mineral density (BMD) in the patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to compare the results with those of control group's; to investigate the bone loss related factors.

Aim: Osteoporosis (OP) is a skelatal disease of bone fragility resulting from micro-architectural deteriotarion and decreased bone mass. There are many studies in literature that show high sensibility and specifity of quantitative ultrasonography (QUS). Recently many comparatives studies of QUS and dual energy X-ray absorbtiometry (DEXA) have been made. In ...

The worldwide temperate subtribe Poinae comprises the largest grass genus, Poa (500+ species), and multiple additional small genera. We explore generic boundaries and relationships among genera of Poinae using nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer data (ITS) and plastid tmT-trnL-tmF (TLF) sequence data. ITS and TLF analyses are mostly congruent with ...

We used flow cytometry, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), and macromorphology from field and common garden specimens to delimit and identify parental taxa of three polyploid species of Puccinellia from the North American Arctic. Tetraploid Puccinellia bruggemannii T.J. Sorensen, hexaploid Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) E.L. Rand & Redfield, and octoploid ...

Black-fruited hawthorns in North America comprise two taxonomic groups within the genus Crataegus, section Brevispinae and section Douglasianae. The first of these has recently been shown to be monospecific, consisting of the blueberry haw, Crataegus brachyacantha Sarg. & Engelm., of Louisiana and Texas. Crataegus section Douglasianae, however, comprises several taxa ...

The study of sympatric populations of closely related plant species often reveals evidence of hybridization. Mechanisms that reduce outcrossing (e.g., selfing, apomixis) may allow co-occurrence without gene flow. In this study, we describe patterns of genetic variation in two contact zones, each comprising three closely related morphological types, that key ...

The eurybioid asters Oreostemma, Herrickia, Eurybia, and Triniteurybia form a complex that is part of the North American clade of tribe Astereae. They comprise 31 species of perennial herbs that are widely distributed on the continent. Previous analyses had shown poor resolution among the four genera and among the species, ...

Between 1948 and 2008, 668 chromosome number determinations have been reported for individuals of the goldenaster genus Heterotheca Cass. (Asteraceae: Astereae) from Canada, Mexico, and the United States, including 285 newly reported here. This common group of mostly western North American herbaceous annuals and perennials is subdivided into three sections, ...

Two rare tetraploid fawn-lilies, Erythronium elegans P.C. Hammond & K.L. Chambers in western Oregon and Erythronium quinaultense G.A. Allen in northwestern Washington, are hypothesized to be of hybrid origin, on the basis of morphological evidence. I tested these hypotheses using DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal ITS region and of ...

Polyploidy is a prominent mechanism of speciation in plants that can lead to novel phenotypes. Polyploidy is characterized by novel genetic and genomic consequences that provide raw material for morphological evolution. Polyploids often exhibit changes in genome organization and gene expression compared with their diploid progenitors. The five allopolyploid cotton ...

The frequency and relative importance of hybridization in plants has been an area of intense debate. Although this evolutionary phenomenon has received considerable attention from plant biologists, there are no well-supported cases of reticulate evolution involving parasitic plants, to date. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that the subgenus Grammica, the ...

We used a combination of morphology, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), and restriction-site data from 252 individuals from 51 populations to investigate species limits and hybridization in the Carex complanata complex. Principal coordinate analysis of the morphological data shows clear separation of entities corresponding to Carex bushii Mackenzie and Carex ...

Erigeron trifidus Hook. (Asteraceae) is a rare species in Alberta thought to have originated via hybridization between Erigeron compositus Pursh and Erigeron lanatus Hook., and is disjunct in three alpine regions of Alberta. An analysis of uni- and bi-parentally inherited molecular markers from E. trifidus and its putative parents yielded ...